Canadian Military History

Volume 19 Issue 1 Article 2

2010

“For God’s Sake send help” HMCS Galiano, Pacific Navigation and life in the West Coast Reserve fleet, 1913-1918

Richard O. Mayne

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Recommended Citation Richard O. Mayne "“For God’s Sake send help” HMCS Galiano, Pacific Navigation and life in the West Coast Reserve fleet, 1913-1918." Canadian Military History 19, 1 (2010)

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Canadian Military History by an authorized editor of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. : HMCS Galiano, Pacific Navigation and life in the West Coast Reserve fleet, 1913-1918 “For God’s Sake send help” HMCS Galiano, Pacific Navigation and life in the West Coast Reserve fleet, 1913-1918

Richard O. Mayne

n 30 October 1918, Arthur for all activities related to ’s Ashdown Green, a wireless Abstract: HMCS Galiano is remembered oceans and inland waters including O mainly for being the Royal Canadian operator on Triangle Island, British Navy’s only loss during the First World the maintenance of navigation Columbia, received a bone-chilling War. However, a close examination aids, enforcement of regulations signal from a foundering ship. of this ship’s history not only reveals and the upkeep of hydrographical “Hold’s full of water,” Michael John important insights into the origins and requirements. Protecting Canadian identity of the West Coast’s seagoing Neary, the ship’s wireless operator sovereignty and fisheries was also naval reserve, but also the hazards and desperately transmitted, “For God’s navigational challenges that confronted one of the department’s key roles, Sake send help.” Nothing further the men who served in these waters. and thanks to American poaching in was heard, suggesting that the ship The aim of this article, therefore, is to the second half of the 19th century had already slipped below the cold determine how particular navigation it was a task that represented a challenges affected Galiano’s and storm-tossed surface. One can constant problem for the young commanding officer to the point where only speculate what horrible images they contributed to the ship’s sinking. Dominion. As the department’s haunted Green at that moment, It also proposes that the waters of maritime vanguard, the Fisheries the more so since he and his fellow British Columbia were witness to a Protection Service, which had operators had a heart-wrenching remarkable evolution that effectively undergone a significant expansion gave birth to a proto sea-going reserve decision to make. W.C. Neary, one from one to nine ships in 1886, was fleet on the West Coast well before of their colleagues at the station, the establishment of the modern naval the key organization responsible for was asleep in the next room. After reserves in 1923. containing these encroachments. By a short discussion they came to the 1904 the Fisheries Protection Service conclusion that they would wait until that the (RCN) had grown even further to a total morning to tell Neary that his brother faced on the West Coast in an era eight armed “cruisers,” and the rest – along with 30 eight other shipmates before radar, modern navigation aids of the government fleet included six from the Canadian warship HMCS and forecasting equipment. Yet there icebreakers, and 18 other vessels. Galiano (as well as one civilian) - had are other aspects of Galiano’s history Prime Minister saw likely fallen victim to a particularly that deserve closer scrutiny. Little a need for Canada to have its own vicious Pacific storm.1 has been written on Canadian Pacific national navy and logically it should Galiano was an unlucky ship. coastal operations between 1914 and be developed from those civilian Aside from the unfortunate distinction 1918 (most likely since that presence vessels.2 of being the only Canadian warship was so small), and as a result a study Increasing tensions in Europe, lost during the First World War, she of Galiano is critical because her particularly from an upstart Germany also struck a rock off the appropriately evolution from a Fisheries Protection and its growing naval ambitions, had named Disappointment Inlet and Ship into a naval vessel gives new forced the (RN) to turn its grounded twice – all within the span insights into the life, origins, and attention to home waters and abandon of three years. A portion of this article, roots of Canada’s West Coast reserve many of its imperial commitments. therefore, will argue that there was navy. Fleet units and personnel were actually a correlation between these For the first 43 years of its subsequently reassigned from the RN incidents and Galiano’s sinking. It will existence Canada did not have a navy bases in Halifax and Esquimalt, and also show how these incidents were of its own. Instead it relied on the that fact – along with Laurier’s desire reflective of the navigation challenges Department of Marine and Fisheries to promote nationalism through the

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“The Navy Plan, 1909. For Canada and the Empire.” A political cartoon by Fergus Kyle published in the Toronto Globe showing Wilfrid Laurier on the bridge of a ship.

Director of the Naval Service (DNS) in addition to his continuing command of the Fisheries Protection Service.

Library and Archives Canada (LAC) C-150798 Canada (LAC) Library and Archives As a result, the fate and organization of the navy and Fisheries Protection Service were closely linked and Kingsmill certainly had his work cut out for him. Ambitious plans to acquire a sizable naval fleet were sadly reduced to the purchase of the two aged RN cruisers, HMCS Rainbow creation of truly Canadian institutions were hard to dismiss. In fact, some and Niobe, while the militarization of – was forcing the young country argued that this not only resulted in the Fisheries Protection Service not to develop the means to protect its crews of questionable quality, but only occurred at a slow pace but its own interests. As a result, Laurier, also led to an exodus of men who future acquisition program was also along with the minister of marine would take their Canadian training limited to a handful of new ships. and fisheries, Raymond Préfontaine, and use it to make a better future for As small as that expansion may revitalized an earlier plan that called themselves in the United States Navy. have been, Robert Mayes Pope for the Fisheries Protection Service More severe criticisms, however, was nonetheless excited when he slowly to be converted into a fighting were heaped upon the department discovered in early 1913 that the force. This would not only provide itself, which British officials decried Fisheries Protection Service was the core organization for a naval as “one of the worst-run ministries in acquiring two new ships to augment service, but it would also create a a country they described as one not its small West Coast fleet. And since base from which a future naval militia noted for efficient, principled public the RCN was responsible for the could be trained. 3 To achieve these administration.”5 administration of this organization aims Préfontaine would champion The findings of the 1908 royal and the direction of its vessels he the Naval Militia Bill of 1904, while commission on public administration contacted Kingsmill, asking that he the Fisheries Protection Service spurred Laurier and Préfontaine’s be considered for command. Nor did acquired two new cruisers that were successor, L.P. Brodeur, to clean he stop there. Having learned that to be “run like crisply disciplined shop at the Department of Marine Kingsmill was coming to the West navy ships.”4 and Fisheries. Commander O.G.V. Coast in May, Pope made a point The failure of Préfontaine’s bill, Spain, an ex-RN officer who had of calling upon the DNS in effort to which, had it become law would have commanded the Fisheries Protection plead his case in person. Kingsmill laid the foundation for a Canadian Service as the Director of Marine liked what he heard. In fact, Pope was naval reserve, was a serious setback Services since 1893, was one of so eager that he told the DNS: for the nation’s maritime ambitions. the first to go. His replacement, a More bad news followed as the Canadian-born retired RN officer, … he [Pope] is prepared to pay department was rocked by scandalous Rear , his passage to England, if he is charges suggesting that its senior was a well-connected and capable favourably considered, and to bring managers were incompetent and its man who, along with the new deputy out one of these [new] ships, waiving sailors demoralized. Whether the minister, G.J. Desbarats, would get all claim on the Agents for return latter allegations were accurate was the department running smoothly. passage to England. I think that this hard to determine, but stories about So much so, in fact, that when the matter might easily be arranged with low wages and unfair patronage Canadian navy came into existence the Builders, and it would be of great appointments where politicians had on 4 May 1910 there was no doubt advantage to us to have the Captain the final say on the hiring of personnel that Kingsmill would become the in the Ship from the start.6

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Kingsmill was equally impressed nevertheless proved exceedingly being a member in my Constituency with Pope’s sea-going career which difficult, particularly since Kingsmill I have pleasure in backing up his dated back to 1884. Although Pope had warned the deputy minister that application. I trust when the other had been ashore for almost nine “from personal conversations on the appointments are being made that years, Kingsmill was quick to point [West] Coast we are likely to get a great you will kindly consider the above out to the deputy minister that this many recommendations on behalf of mutual arrangement. 12 candidate had extensive time with old gentlemen whose principle time various steamship companies, the for some years has been spent in But Kingsmill was in no position to Royal Naval Reserve (RNR) and Victoria or .”11 The key to make any promises and he said as the Canadian marine and fisheries Pope’s appointment, however, rested much to Shepherd: department, which included time with the Member of Parliament from (mostly as a second mate) on ships his constituency in Nanaimo, the I do not see exactly how this is going sailing from Great Britain to India Honourable F.H. Shepherd. Shepherd to be worked, because the Cruisers as well as Esquimalt to Africa. He had no problem recommending Pope, are destined for work all over the also served as a on four but he reminded Kingsmill that: British Columbia Coast. Perhaps it warships. While Pope’s experience would be as well that they should ended after he had risen to the rank The patronage of the cruiser destined be allotted to the Members by name. of first mate on the “Dominion for the southern waters falls to the The Ships “Estevan” and “Quadra” Government Ship” Quadra between member of Naniamo [Shepherd], do not come under this Department April 1902 and May 1904, Kingsmill and that for the cruiser destined at all.13 emphasized to the deputy minister for the northern waters of BC to that all these appointments had the member for Comox-Atlin. The In the end, Kingsmill secured resulted in a slew of “excellent Estevan, and Quadra of Victoria falls Shepherd’s support, and that was certificates” and positive performance to the member for Victoria. This is by all that mattered. Pope was slated reviews, adding that Pope “is a mutual arrangement. Captain Pope for command of the government man of some education, and in my opinion would be a suitable Officer to command one of [our new] ships.”7 Such accolades certainly helped Pope’s application, but it may have been age that served him best.8 Kingsmill wanted relatively younger men to command these vessels, and LAC PA 108013 PA LAC since one of the frontrunners was close to retirement age, the forty- two year old Pope suddenly found himself in the second slot behind the top candidate, Mr. Holmes Newcomb, who was already an experienced officer with the Fisheries Protection Service.9 Indeed, Kingsmill coached Pope on how to play the patronage game associated with the politicized appointments to the Fisheries Protection Service.10 Getting Pope a command appointment

Rear Admiral Charles E. Kingsmill, a Canadian-born former Royal Navy officer, commanded the Fisheries Protection Service and was appointed the Director of the Naval Service upon the creation of the Canadian Navy on 4 May 1910.

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HMCS Galiano

ship Galiano while Newcomb had the Roman as well as the recently British Pacific Squadron (the sloops already been given her sister ship, accepted Malaspina.18 It was a good HMS Algerine and Shearwater), as Malaspina.14 introduction particularly since the well as a ragtag fleet consisting of Much like today’s Maritime men and ships of the protection ships from the Canadian Fisheries Coastal Defence Vessels (MCDV) and service often worked closely together Protection, Queen Charlotte Island ORCAs, the Auxiliary Patrol Ships while patrolling up and down British Fisheries, former Grand Trunk Pacific (APS) Galiano and Malaspina were Columbia’s coastal waters looking company, and civilian chartered constructed to civilian standards so for illegal fishing activities. Wartime vessels (collectively these ships were as to be “as simple as practicable,” conditions, however, would offer the Galiano, Malaspina, Newington, and had their naval armament Pope and his crew – along with the Restless, Estevan, Protesilaus, added separately from the original other west coast Fisheries Protection Prince George (hospital ship), Aid construction. 15 Built by Dublin vessels – new challenges. and Gannett). There was also the Dockyard Company and noted for Eighteen days after Canada went submarines CC 1 and CC 2, which, the innovation of being “electrically war with Germany in August 1914, originally having been built by a lighted throughout,” the 160-foot Commander Charles Trousdale, RN, Seattle company for the Chilean navy, long, 26½-foot wide, and 700-ton conducted a survey of the forces, were independently procured by the Galiano and Malaspina were billed facilities, and personnel available province of British Columbia at the as very modern ships.16 That Pope to the RCN for the protection of the time of the declaration of war.19 was taking over such a new ship Pacific Coast. Barely four years had Without the sailors to man after a lengthy absence from the sea passed since the birth of the RCN and most of these ships, the RCN’s West did cause the DNS some concern. it was clear from Trousdale’s report Coast fleet was certainly fortunate Kingsmill told the deputy minister that the service was still very much to have the Fisheries Protection that this new officer would need in its infancy. With a total strength Service as well as a cadre of men, thorough refresher training before of less than 350 officers and ratings who, as members of the Royal taking charge.17 The deputy minister and Rainbow its only true West Coast Naval Canadian Volunteer Reserve agreed and Pope was informed warship, the regular force RCN was (RNCVR), were more than willing that in the three months prior to desperately short of personnel and to take up the slack.20 That these Galiano’s arrival on 27 February 1914 ships. The situation was indeed individuals were available for service he would receive mentoring from grim, as aside from Rainbow the was not the product of deliberate Newcomb as well as a refresher defence of the West Coast rested in planning. Since the previous attempts on life at sea through service on the hands of the remnants of the old to establish a naval militia had failed

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the Naval Service Act of 1910 did this reason that the RNCVR, which isolation, which triggered a desire to have provisions for the creation of a would come to represent 8,000 of the augment the federal government’s naval reserve and volunteer reserve, RCN’s 9,000 wartime personnel, did relatively miniscule presence on the but a lack of government funding was not survive as a national institution West Coast through the purchase of making it difficult for the young RCN once the emergency created by the CC1 and CC2 as well as the formation to ensure its own survival let alone First World War was over. Upon of the RNCVR. Indeed, providing the creation of a part-time force. Once closer examination, however, there is for British Columbia’s maritime again, much like the acquisition of compelling evidence which strongly security requirements was not easy the submarines, CC1 and CC2, British suggests that the RNCVR – along with for either an aging Empire or an Columbians did what they could segments of a militarized Fisheries inspiring young Dominion. Laurier’s to help. In particular, some keen Protection Service – came together and Kingsmill’s vision of turning the Victoria business and yachtsmen, to become more of a sea-going Fisheries Protection Service into a

Department (DND) E-46568 of National Defence most notably Dr. J. Harper, R. Ponder, Canadian reserve force on the Pacific paramilitary force certainly helped G. Edwardes, and S. Greary, sent an coast (as well as a pivotal component to provide some measure of security application to Prime Minister Robert to the province’s maritime defence) to the West Coast, but it was not Borden in May 1913 asking permission than previously believed. nearly enough. Unlike Kingsmill, to establish a local volunteer reserve The citizens of British Columbia who had looked to the Fisheries unit. It took another year before a had good reason to worry about their Protection Service to act as a local Privy Council order granted this maritime security. The province’s reserve defence force, Hose was request by authorizing the formation remote location from either Imperial more in tune with what the patriotic of the RNCVR, but that did not stop or Canadian naval re-enforcements citizens of British Columbia were these enthusiasts – most of who ensured that sufficient forces would trying to achieve with the creation of did not even have uniforms – from not be readily available to counter the RNCVR. While holding the rank conducting training and rudimentary potential encroachments by hostile of commander and having captained drill nights on their own and without raiders. It was the fear of such danger, Rainbow since June 1911, Hose did pay. 21 in addition to the province’s sense of what he could to support their Although one scholar would aptly characterize Rear-Admiral ’s establishment of a truly national naval reserve force in 1923 as a “restart” of these earlier pioneering efforts, the standard

historical narrative often portrays 031 DND Shearwater the RNCVR as little more than an imperial defence force designed to augment the Royal Naval (RN) and RCN in times of war. 22 There is some truth to this interpretation as the RNCVR did in fact serve as a nation- wide manning pool that took civilians who would fight for the duration of hostilities-only and directly fed them into the immediate war-time DND E-42424A naval requirements of the Empire. And it could be argued that it is for

Above right: HM Ships Algerine, Shearwater and Egeria at anchor in Comox Harbour, BC circa 1909. Right: HMS Algerine with submarines CC1 and CC2 alongside, HMCS Shearwater astern - circa 1914 - 1917.

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HMCS Rainbow (top) entering Esquimalt Harbour, BC, for first time 7 November 1910. HMS Shearwater is dressed overall to mark the occasion. Right: Commander Walter Hose on the quarterdeck of HMCS Rainbow.

fledgling efforts, going so far as to The RNCVR wasted no time give the Pacific RNCVR opportunities making their Pacific presence felt. to train at the Esquimalt naval base. With the Shearwater and Algerine off He also made his ship available to the coast of Mexico and in the same 141880 PA LAC them and allowed his officers and general proximity as the German petty officers to act as instructors. 23 cruisers Leipzig and Nuremburg, naval His efforts and belief in the RNCVR authorities in Ottawa borrowed I am sure that we shall put Leipzig paid off. Within weeks of the onset from the traditions of the RN by out of business in a fairly short time of hostilities, 95 of the RNCVR’s 140 telling the under-manned and after we get within 6,000 yds. of her, members in British Columbia found hopelessly outclassed Rainbow to and I can assure you that I shall get themselves in seagoing billets where go to their rescue with the stirring into that position at the very earliest they filled desperate crew shortages words: “remember Nelson and opportunity after I hear that war is on Rainbow as well as the former the British Navy. All Canada is declared. …The Naval Volunteers civilian vessels Aid and Prince George. watching.”25 Hose, who made a have been invaluable, fortunately Nor did their direct contribution to potentially suicidal dash towards the I had already embarked 46 for the Canada’s west coast sea going fleet area, fully recognized that over one Bering Sea Cruise before the war stop there as in time they would also third of Rainbow’s crew (which was news came. 26 provide entire ships’ companies for already sailing at half her normal the submarines CC1 and CC2 along complement) consisted of local Hose suggested that the search with various Fisheries Protection RNCVRs: for Algerine and Shearwater would ships such as Galiano. 24

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not have been possible without the than anything they ever have to do brought some comfort to a nervous volunteers’ assistance: in their lives. …My word it was a West Coast population, but that fortunate day for Canada when did not mean there was no longer a I am dreadfully anxious about she decided to approve the Naval Canadian naval requirement in these Algerine + Shearwater, if they have Volunteers for we could not have waters. Regular patrols of the area steamed straight along for Esquimalt been here now without them.27 were still needed and this was a duty and the Germans have been chasing that would fall largely to the Galiano, them we cannot meet in time. It is Hose certainly appreciated the Malaspina, Newington and Restless. like a nightmare this running to save value of Canadian citizen-sailors and While beginning the war as Fisheries DND Shearwater 008 DND Shearwater those two ships with the hopeless his desire to develop a truly national Protection ships, it would not take feeling I have about it if the Germans reserve force in the 1920s clearly can long before RNCVRs would integrate are on their tracks. But I assure you be traced to these early experiences with this small force of patrol vessels that of those two ships are lost to with the West Coast RNCVR. Yet to such an extent between 1914 and us either interned, captures or sunk even before Hose’s vision took root, 1917 that they would collectively that the Nuremberg and Leipzig the West Coast was well on its way to become a proto West Coast sea-going will be brought to book by Rainbow developing a seagoing reserve force reserve fleet. as early as is humanly possible, to of its own. The concept that a proto- reach those two ships is the one and Although no German warship naval reserve fleet was serving the only objective in my mind, and by would come within 2,500 miles waters off British Columbia is new, Heavens nobody shall laugh at “the of British Columbia, the fear of particularly since accounts within the Rainbow” again. I wish you could see commerce raiding or even the direct literature, which are the product of the ships company, not one sick all bombardment of Vancouver and research originally done in the 1940s, as happy as larks and working like Victoria was only eased once the generally portray these vessels’ Trojans, the Volunteers are splendid, powerful RN Bristol class cruiser, conversion to naval ships as a sudden it is wonderful how they stand the HMS Newcastle, arrived in provincial affair that only came about when they work of trimming down coal, etc waters later in the month. 28 Japan’s were commissioned into the navy considering it is all so much harder entry into the war as a British ally in late 1917. Moreover, this older

HMCS Malaspina

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intercepting ships to inspect their A recruiting poster for the RNCVR papers and cargoes, was another of overseas division whose request for her primary roles; although it was Canadians to serve with the “Imperial ironic that the “regulations of traffic Royal Navy” emphasizes the stereotype that the RNCVR was little more than a in time of war” (as well as fears of feeder force for the empire. upsetting a neutral United States) led to a somewhat unusual policy where Galiano’s six-pound quick to institute a naval routine on firing gun would be removed while board Galiano, and as a result she was performing these duties.32 his rules tended to be stricter Minesweeping was an additional key than the other captains in the task that Galiano as well as Malaspina Fisheries Protection Service. practiced at least once or twice per Nor did he hesitate to purge year, while the Newington, on the his ship of troublemakers other hand, had been fitted out as

DND/CF and non-conformists, as a minelayer so that she could “lay a over a one year period defensive minefield in the Johnstone Pope dismissed at least Strait, should the need arise.”33 Other seven men on various typical responsibilities that Galiano charges of drunkenness, performed included re-supplying incompetence, desertion, the province’s wireless stations, r e f u s i n g d u t y a n d ferrying military VIPs to various i n s u b o r d i n a t i o n . ports, responding to search and A l t h o u g h P o p e rescue calls, delivering confidential undoubtedly had good reason mail, and acting as a target tow for to release these men, his routine went Rainbow. interpretation further argues too far for some civilian members of Galiano was also called upon to that Galiano and Malaspina, as well the crew; so much so, in fact, that the conduct some rather unorthodox as the Restless and Newington, were ship experienced an abnormally high missions. The fact 75 percent of the actually civilian-manned Canadian number of resignations during the province’s army deserters had sought government ships that only spring of 1915.31 Others decided to refuge in coastal ports that were hard occasionally conducted military join their naval crewmates who were to reach from land resulted in cruises operations throughout the course of on loan to the Fisheries Protection where parties of Military Police the war.29 Yet the evidence that these Service by enrolling in the RNCVR. joined both Galiano and Malaspina in Fisheries Protection Vessels had been As a result, Galiano’s crew was taking an effort to track these men down.34 effectively converted into proto-naval on such a reserve flavour that there While such sweeps did lead to reserve ships well before the time of were only a small handful of men numerous arrests, another unique their commissioning into the RCN is who had to be transferred from search – this time involving reports strong. the Fisheries Protection Service to of marooned German infiltrators Galiano was particularly quick the RNCVR when the vessel was – proved fruitless.35 Requests that off the mark in this regard. When officially commissioned into the navy Pope be given the powers of a justice Kingsmill was recommending Pope (and in doing so changing her “APS” of the peace so as to maintain order for the command of the Galiano he designation to “HMCS.”) and deal with “[a] certain amount advised the deputy minister that Although Galiano did perform of unrest among [the] inhabitants he wanted a man who could be a civilian fisheries patrol duties for the of the Queen Charlotte Islands disciplinarian and had had naval bulk of her sea-time throughout the since the outbreak of hostilities” training; most notably because the war – the highlight of which came on show that Galiano also played a DNS knew that as much as one- 17 August 1915 when she seized the critical constabulary function.36 An third of the crew would immediately US registered, Solano, fishing within important point emerges; namely, and Military Museum (ENMM) No.VR999.684.1 Naval CFB Esquimalt consist of naval personnel who would Canadian waters – she actually that with a few exceptions, Galiano, be lent to the Fisheries Protection found herself conducting functions Malaspina, Restless, and Newington Service. Pope proved the perfect that were more military in nature were performing many of the same candidate.30 Soon after the start of the as the war progressed. Acting as an tasks that today’s MCDVs and war Pope used his RNR experience examination vessel, which involved ORCAs are playing on the West

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Coast. Acting as a harbinger of things descendants of today’s MCDVs and on the verge of running out of much to come, Kingsmill even went so far as ORCA classes. needed supplies and gasoline. This to create a plan in March 1918 which The destruction of Von Spee’s put naval officials in Esquimalt in a was designed to take advantage of squadron off the Falkland Islands difficult position. Weather reports the navigationally challenging waters early in the war, and later America’s suggested that there was a small off British Columbia to train RNCVR entry into the conflict, meant that window of opportunity to get a ship watch-keeping officers on Malaspina this proto-reserve fleet had little to out to the island before the storm and Galiano. Using language that fear from any German threat, but arrived.39 A decision was therefore actually describes aspects of modern there were other dangers associated made to send Malaspina, but thanks officer training on the west coast, with sailing in these waters. The to a collision with a jetty that crushed Kingsmill noted that the ships were October 1918 storm that sank Galiano her bow, Galiano was sent instead. “to cruise among the Islands in was certainly a good example of the Although Galiano was in need of order that they may have practical extreme weather that often plagued her own maintenance – boiler work instruction in navigation as far as the area. Packing winds of over 100 and repairs to the main bearing of is practical. A class of six [RNCVR knots and with seas reaching 45 feet, her tail shaft – it was deemed that officers] should be sent at a time. the colossal storm of 1918, which she was seaworthy and up to the The vessel[s] to return to Esquimalt one observer described as “just one task. This did little to alleviate the each evening.”37 It is these types of mass of white foam,” was responsible crew’s concerns. Some were even similarities with today’s west coast for many deaths - including the 350 scared. The area between Cape Scott reserve fleet that further suggests passengers and crew of the CPR ship and Cape St. James, which they that Galiano, Malaspina, Newington Sophia.38 Galiano’s involvement with simply called “the Triangle,” had a and Restless had not only evolved this storm began with an urgent reputation as being “the worst piece into a proto west coast naval reserve signal from the Triangle Island of water on the Pacific Coast,” and fleet, but also makes them direct wireless station advising that it was reports that the approaching storm

An undated photo of the ship’s company of HMCS Galiano. CFB Esquimalt Naval and Military Museum (ENMM) No.VR999.684.1 Naval CFB Esquimalt

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had already devoured a large victim lay ahead: “We are running into from New Brunswick), strongly like the steamer Sophia only made very stormy weather since leaving suggests that RNCVR manning on matters worse. Many crewmembers Vancouver. I don’t think we will be the Pacific coast was a local affair, wrote home and confided their fears home until the end of November…I the more so since various newspaper to loved ones. “[We are] leaving on dread the Triangle.”41 Unfortunately, reports were quick to emphasize ‘a dangerous trip’ to carry food and for too many British Columbian the local connections between the supplies to the civilians [on Triangle families this was the last they would province and its missing reservists. Island]” 16-year-old Roderick hear from their loved ones. Headlines such as “Victorians McLeod wrote to his family, a concern The fact that 25 of her 39 sailors shocked” and “Vancouver Men that was echoed by shipmate James had listed their next of kin as residents on board” were followed by vivid Reeves who told his wife that “This of British Columbia (compared to personal stories about the crew and is going to be an awful trip.”40 But it three from Alberta, six from the their grieving communities. The was James Aird who best captured United Kingdom, two from Quebec, town of Nanaimo was particularly the crew’s apprehension about what two from the United States and one hard hit after it was discovered

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that four of its citizens had been province and country that had sent loss was in no way attributed to any serving on the ship. A well-known them to war. Yet it was a relative of failure on the part of the machinery member of the RNCVR orchestra, Able Seaman William Stafford who or weakness of the hull and structure 21-year-old George Douglas Stanley best captured the appreciation that of the vessel; immediately before Bate was remembered for his days was felt for Galiano’s lost reservists. encountering their heavy gale, she learning the candy-making trade in After recording that the telegram was to all intents and purposes a Nanaimo as well as his ability as an informing him of his brother’s sound and efficient vessel.48 amateur actor and director of the death was a “grief to my heart,” New Westminster Dramatic Society. he continued with the patriotic No one disagreed with the notion that New Westminster, on the other observation that “like others we must the storm was the primary cause of hand, was mourning its own loss. bravely pay the price of freedom.”45 the loss, but theories quickly emerged Affectionately known throughout As with those on the Galiano, on possible contributing factors. the town as “Tabe,” Arthur Hume, the RNCVRs serving on the other Much of this was the product of who had been a fireman on the Great ships of the West Coast’s proto- Galiano’s reputation as a particularly Northern railway before joining the reserve fleet were also facing the seaworthy ship. Stories about Galiano RNCVR, was a popular figure whose possibility that they too might have encountering “fierce storms” while mother received tremendous local to pay the ultimate price. Their fates, rounding Cape Horn on her maiden support after her son’s body was fortunately, were not nearly so tragic. voyage from Ireland stood as a one of the few that were recovered. Newington, for instance, reverted to testament to her ability to survive Similar stories of grief and loss were government work until she was sold rough weather. Indeed, Galiano’s played out all over the province and to commercial interests in 1937, while first officer, who was one of those in other parts of Canada, the US and Restless’s log entry for 31 December who had missed the sinking due to the UK, but some accounts were more 1918 captured her inglorious last the flu, had trouble believing that heart-wrenching than others. None, day in the RCN, simply observing she had foundered, telling the Board however, was more painful than the that “the Restless was paid off PM that “I say and have always said Nanaimo mother who successfully today. This log kept by VGL Larsen that I would go around the world in petitioned the navy to have her son Maker who has been demobilized.”46 her at any time.” Holmes Newcomb transferred from the east to west coast Malaspina would continue her service agreed. Having commanded which, while bringing him closer to in the navy until 31 March 1920 at Galiano’s sister ship, Malaspina, for home as she had hoped, effectively which point she reverted back to the past five years, Newcomb told led to his death on the ill-fated being a Canadian Government Ship. a Victoria reporter that he believed Galiano.42 Malaspina still carried out some “it was hardly possible for Galiano to Fate was also wonderfully naval work providing sea-training founder without striking the rocks” merciful on that day. The Spanish Flu, for cadets from the Royal Naval while another sailor made a similar

Map drawn by Mike Bechthold ©2010 Mike by Map drawn which would claim approximately 18 College of Canada in addition to her statement claiming that “she must million victims world-wide, actually fisheries patrol work. She would not have struck something as this is the proved a lifesaver for at least eight be paid off until 24 January 1945 after only way she could have sunk.”49 members of the Galiano’s crew who serving once again as an HMC ship Another theory held that a rogue found themselves laid up in the base’s performing patrol, examination, and wave must have overwhelmed the hospital rather than at sea with the training duties during the Second ship by breaking over Galiano’s ship.43 Of course, their replacements World War.47 The storm of October stern and flooding her holds. The were not nearly so lucky. Indeed, 1918 robbed Galiano of the chance to evidence to support this theory was the people of South Vancouver were share this future. best summarized by the captain of the saddened to discover that Joseph According to the findings of the trawler, GE Foster, who, after finding Gilbert, a “well known” citizen and navy’s board of inquiry, Galiano was the body of one of Galiano’s crew father of four, was on Galiano rather lost around 0320 hours on 30 October members as well as some wreckage, serving in his usual capacity as a approximately 20 miles off Cape St. argued that: reservist on Rainbow.44 Other accounts James. Without survivors no definite described some of those lost as cause could be attributed to the there seems to be no doubt to me but “leading citizens” or “popular young sinking, but the available evidence that the vessel has foundered in the Victorian[s]” who had joined the led to the conclusion that: heavy seas…It is possible that one RNCVR “to serve Canada” further of these unlucky seas was shipped illustrate that Galiano’s reserve crew ….she foundered in terrific weather. by the Galiano and with the weight were truly representative of the It may safely be assumed that the of water rolling around inside her,

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her bulkheads would soon give have come back to haunt the ship. the vessel, and it is principally for way, causing her to roll more and The steamship Gray, after spotting the this reason that we wish to reduce ship other seas. The man we picked Galiano heading West North West, at the deadweight asked for. …Our up had on a lifebelt, which had 2200 hours, reported that the warship calculations however allow for no evidently been fastened in a hurry, was travelling at an unusually slow margin and it is in view of this that as it was not done correctly, and speed. Proponents of this version of we submitted these alternatives to his clothes bore the appearance of the sinking, however, could never Mr. Newman, and we also propose having been hurriedly put on, as if he explain why Pope would not have to increase the beam by a further 4” had tumbled out of his bunk before reported such a malfunction while or 5”.52 rushing on . There is every he had the chance. probability that as the ship filled, the A search of Galiano’s construction This, however, was not enough air in her cabins blew the skylight, files yields yet another hypothesis for Newman, who, after further which we picked up.50 which suggests that the ship’s design examining the builders’ specifications, possibly was a contributing factor observed that “the boat as designed is The captain of the Foster, at least, in her loss. This new theory was the stable under all conditions other than was convinced that Galiano had product of concerns over Galiano and at light draft, when the G.M. becomes minus 0.6 of foot. …for safety I would strongly recommend that if possible the beam be made 27 feet.”53 An official notation on this memo shows that Canadian authorities agreed with Newman’s assessment, and as a result the builders were asked to ENMM No.VR992.84.14 extend the beam by another half a foot. In fairness to the builders, the

“Five little sailor boys” - APS Galiano.

Canadians had asked for a number of changes and additions to the original design and consequently the Dublin Dockyard Company’s swamped. Malaspina’s stability that were first response simply claimed that the That enough water could get expressed by the superintendant stability issue “has already been fully into the ship to completely flood the of construction and Canada’s chief dealt with, and it’s quite impossible holds proved a difficult pill for some naval architect, Mr R. Newman. to [further] alter the beam at this to swallow, particularly since the Having had a chance to discuss these stage.”54 The builder had a point. recovered skylight was fastened tight, matters with Newman, the Dublin Dublin Dockyard Company had evidence that the ship was battened Dockyard Company reported back already placed orders for steel down for rough weather. As a result, to Ottawa that: based on agreed requirements and a third theory emerged suggesting satisfying the Canadian requests for Galiano had been somehow disabled, …his [Newman’s] points were alterations was proving exceedingly leaving her “helpless in the face of mostly with reference to stability difficult. They were, however, willing the storm and pounded by the terrific of the vessel, due to the higher to entertain some of these suggestions seas she may have foundered.”51 centre of gravity of the Single Screw for change from Canada. Newman There was some evidence to support engines, the slightly larger boiler, was not impressed and he expressed this theory as well. As a result of very heavy boats, teak bridge deck, his concerns at every opportunity Malaspina’s accident, Galiano never etc., the stability of the vessel does to the point where the builders had a chance to get either the boiler not compare very well… even complained to Canada that: work or the repairs on her tail though we have increased the beam shaft’s main bearing done prior to as suggested by 2’. We are now We see no reason for Mr. Newman sailing, meaning that some problem providing for the fitting of 20 to to become uneasy as everything is emerging from these defects may 30 tons of permanent ballast into going on satisfactory, unless with

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respect to the suggestion to change problems had largely “vanished.”57 particularly since the confidential the beam… We would like you to The fact that these stability issues mail that he was delivering to the give Mr. Newman assurance that were never fully addressed (and that station was not so important as we are making satisfactory progress, Galiano’s beam was not extended to to justify his heading into such a and that there is really no need for his the full degree recommended) was fierce storm. In their search for a presence here at present. We regret to significant. Moreover, it is intriguing solution, the board members turned notice that Mr. Newman is somewhat that Galiano, which had just unloaded to the men who knew Pope best. impatient but do not think there is at Triangle, would have been at Newcomb was the first man on their the slightest reason for it.55 light draft, meaning that Newman’s list, but unfortunately his answer original fears about that the vessel’s only added to the mystery of why a That the Dublin shipbuilders were negative stability in an unloaded normally cautious commander had growing frustrated with Newman’s state may have been well-founded. taken such a risk. When asked what comments was obvious when they Of course, the navy was not aware course he would steer to make Cape began chastising the Canadian St. James light, Newcomb was direct government for a situation where in responding: it was asking for changes to the design on the one hand, while on Unless I could possibly help it I the other one of its representatives wouldn’t make the run from Triangle was complaining that these same at night at this time of year… I modifications were putting these consider this one of the worse ships’ stability at risk. This explains pieces of water that it is possible why Dublin Dockyard Company sent to imagine… On account of the a message to Ottawa warning that: strong tides and currents and heavy confused sea between Cape St. James There are many cases before our and Triangle, and I wouldn’t like to minds where contractors unwittingly cross there except in daylight and in fine weather. 58 “The Bosun lost at sea” - APS Galiano. With each witness the mystery allowed owners to go on piling continued to deepen. For instance, ENMM No.VR992.84.57 up weights with most disastrous when Pope’s former first officer, results in the end, and discredit to E.G. Alcock was asked if it was “the all concerned. It has always been our practice of Captain Pope to do this practice in the past to watch this most trip from Triangle to Ikeda regardless carefully, and we would be much of weather” Alcock answered with obliged for your kind assistance. an emphatic “No.” Four years of If the speed has been designed for sailing together had left Alcock with a speed of 11 or 12 knots, liberties of these earlier disputes nor was it the single impression that Pope was could have been taken with them interested in exploring any theory a “very cautious” commander, and that are not possible with the subjects which could not be supported by as a result the attempt to reach Ikeda before us.56 sufficient evidence. was not only out of character, but also There was, however, one mystery simply did not make sense.59 Other Worse yet, the company would that did catch the board’s attention. former crew members made similar go so far as to tell the Canadian On the day before the sinking Pope statements and an explanation of government they were “a little sent a message to Esquimalt from why this cautious commander made surprised that so many alterations Triangle Island noting that the a seemingly mad dash across a from the proposals” was approved approach of threatening weather treacherous stretch of water with an by the department which was was forcing an early departure, and approaching storm remained elusive. “causing a great deal of uncertainly as a result he had little choice but Yet a careful examination of Pope’s and much delay,” and that many to leave some of the supplies he command of Galiano does offer some of the company’s suggestions to had just delivered below the high clues as to why he took such a risk. meet the stability issue were not water mark. What the board could One event in particular, which only being ignored, but also that not understand, therefore, was why occurred in a gale on the morning their “hopes” of rectifying these Pope was even sailing for Ikeda, of 10 January 1915, appears to have

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a direct bearing on the since he had determined events of 29-30 October Galiano’s grounding took 1918. After receiving orders place “under extraordinary to investigate a vessel conditions and not in reportedly dragging her the ordinary course of cable off Royal Roads, navigation.” Moreover, as Pope set sail only to end up Kingsmill would further grounding his own ship. explain to the deputy The damage to Galiano minister, Pope was “a good was considerable and DND/CF CN-3326 officer and his services have the subsequent Board of been very useful.”62 Inquiry into this incident Kingsmill’s defence of was merciless, concluding his officer, which resulted that the stranding “was in a lesser punishment due to want of almost every of the loss of two years proper precaution on the seniority and a warning to part of the Commanding be cautious in the future, Officer.” Worse, they went was appreciated, but Pope even further by observing could not forgive himself. that Pope’s “gross neglect He therefore sent a heart- of duty” should result in filled apology to Kingsmill, his being permanently explaining that: relieved of command. Kingsmill, however, came I feel that it is necessary to to Pope’s rescue and while write to you to express my he agreed with the general regret for the accident that findings of the court he befell this ship. I am sorry was not convinced that the that I have jeopardized the punishment fit the offense.60 confidence that I felt you had The DNS’s defence of Pope in me, that I feel more than was understandable. Not anything else and can only only had he handpicked hope that my work in the Pope for command, but future will restore it.”63 Kingsmill had himself once grounded a ship, off Souris Pope’s confidence was Point, Chaleur Bay, in clearly shaken but two other 1906. That earlier incident, incidents, both in June 1918, which was the product of an only made matters worse. unfortunate string of events The first occurred on 22 June where the navigating officer when Galiano ran aground misidentified a number of off Disappointment Inlet, key landmarks, nonetheless and then the vessel struck had a negative impact on a rock on the following Kingsmill’s career prospects day. Once again, Pope was in the RN as he was found responsible as this eventually relieved of his Board of Inquiry concluded command of HMS Dominion that he had made an “error for an older battleship of in judgement” in not giving the Royal Sovereign class.61 the extending shoal a wide Kingsmill’s personal enough berth, while a failure c o m m a n d h i s t o r y , This man’s cap-tally, which reads “RNCVR Pacific,” to correct his charts – which perfectly captures the link between the RNCVR and its therefore, likely play a role showed a spar rather than role in providing for the local maritime defence needs of in his sympathetic attitude British Columbia. a new can buoy – resulted towards Pope, the more so in the rock strike. Pope

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actually had a legitimate defence in was trying to reach the relatively a group of Victorian patriots one the second incident where he argued safe waters of Ikeda where his ship decade earlier. And perhaps that that, regardless of the actual type, the would be in a much better position is the way their contribution to the buoy marking the rock was not in its to weather the storm. For the Victoria early defence of Canada’s West Coast charted position – a claim that was media, however, Pope had taken a should be remembered. later verified by federal officials. 64 considerable risk on that day, telling However, this did not change the fact their readers that “The men of the that Galiano was kept alongside for 30 Galiano… have ventured into rough Notes days to repair the $25,000 damage for places [before]... This time they took which the navy had told Pope he was a chance and lost.” Such a conclusion 1. “Unsung Heroes of the Airwaves,” The to blame. 65 is one-sided and perhaps even a little Daily Colonist, 6 October 1963. I would like to thank Mr. Rick James for bringing The impact of repeatedly being harsh – anchoring at Triangle could this article to my attention. This article, reprimanded and told to be more have also led to disaster – but the which includes an interview with Syd cautious appears to have had a true significance of Pope’s experience Elliott who was on duty at the Triangle Station on the night of the sinking, makes significant effect on Pope, who, is that it shows exactly how Pacific clear that the popular account that WC according to one of his subordinates, navigation and weather conditions Neary had received the message from was already an overcautious haunted one particular RNCVR his brother is untrue. The story that WC Neary had copied Galiano’s signal was commander: “in very bad weather – officer and impacted his decisions. likely the product of over-enthusiastic thick weather he was a bit nervous. I Galiano’s story is also important journalists who may have jumped to have found it more so after running because of what it reveals about the conclusions when they learned that WC Neary was serving at the radio telegraph on the rock on the west coast…Any seagoing history of the West Coast’s station at the time of the sinking. little thing that happened he was early naval reserve. An analysis of 2. Tony German, The Sea is at our Gates: The irritable.”66 As a result, a mixture of Galiano’s activities throughout the History of the Canadian Navy (Toronto: McClelland and Steward, 1990), p.23; bad encounters with Pacific weather war shows that this ship, along with Marc Milner, Canada’s Navy: The First and difficult navigation conditions Malaspina, Restless and Newington, Century (Toronto: University of Toronto had conspired to turn a good and experienced an evolutionary process Press, 1999), p.8; Roger Sarty, The Maritime Defence of Canada (The Canadian Institute solid commander into a somewhat that effectively saw the Pacific of Strategic Studies, 1996), p.4. erratic one. Upon closer examination, RNCVR merge with the men of the 3. Richard Gimblett, “Admiral Charles E. Kingsmill, Forgotten Father,” in Michael Pope should not have been so tough Fisheries Protection Service to create Whitby, Richard Gimblett and Peter on himself. Other commanders had a proto sea-going reserve fleet on Haydon, eds., The Admirals: Canada’s certainly had their fair share of the West Coast. Carrying out many senior naval leadership in the twentieth century (Dundurn, Toronto, 2006), p.43.; incidents. Moreover, the fact that of the same functions as the modern Michael Hadley and Roger Sarty, Tin-pots Galiano and Malaspina’s builders West Coast seagoing reserves, this and Pirate Ships: Canadian Naval Forces and were specifically told in 1912 that small First World War patrol force German Sea Raiders, 1880-1918 (Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1991), the Canadian government wanted represents a direct descendent of p.14. a robust design because “much of today’s Pacific MCDVs and ORCAs. 4. German, pp.23-27. the water in which these boats will Moreover, as was illustrated by 5. Hadley and Sarty, p.17. 6. Kingsmill to DM, 15 May 1913, Library operate has not yet been charted” the response to Galiano’s loss, the and Archives Canada [LAC], RG 24, is even more significant since it contribution that the ships of this Accession 1992-93/169, Vol.172. represents a clear indication that early reserve fleet made to the local 7. Kingsmill to DM, 15 May 1913, LAC, RG 24, Accession 1992-93/169, Vol.172; the Fisheries Protection Service maritime defence of the province was “Ship’s Complement,” The Daily Colonist, understood the danger these ships not forgotten by the population of Victoria, 31 October 1918. 67 British Columbia as their presence set 8. “Ship’s Complement,” The Daily Colonist, would confront in British Columbia. Victoria, 31 October 1918. When viewed through the prism a powerful example for the reservists 9. Pope to Rear-Admiral Kingsmill, 24 of the navigational challenges that who followed in their footsteps. Yet February 1913, LAC, RG 24, Accession 1992-93/169, Vol.172. commanding officers faced on the their efforts were important for other 10. For more information on the political West Coast, Pope’s actions on the reasons as well. The fact that the patronage process of the Department night of the sinking are easier to RCN had ships manned exclusively of Marine and Fisheries see Hadley and Sarty, p.18. explain. Rather than running the risk with Canadian reservists protecting 11. Kingsmill to DM, 15 May 1913, LAC, RG of a fourth incident – Triangle Island British Columbian waters suggests 24, Accession 1992-93/169, Vol.172. was a notoriously bad anchorage that the birth of the modern naval 12. Kingsmill to DM, 15 May 1913; Burrell to Hazen, 13 June 1913; Hon. F.H. Shepherd where dragging cable and grounding reserves began not with Walter to Kingsmill, 13 July 1913, LAC, RG 24, in a storm were real possibilities – the Hose’s efforts in 1923, but rather Accession 1992-93/169, Vol.172. available evidence suggest that Pope with the pioneering enthusiasms of 13. Kingsmill to DM, 15 May 1913, LAC, RG 24, Accession 1992-93/169, Vol.172.

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14. Kingsmill to DM, 15 May 1913; Burrell to Ottawa, December 1914, LAC, RG 24, 54. J. Smellie Dublin Dockyard Co. to F.L. Hazen, 13 June 1913; Hon. F.H. Shepherd Vol.5660, file NSS 58-38-1; DNS to CinC, Warren, 11 September 1912, LAC, RG 23, to Kingsmill, 13 Jul 1913, LAC, RG 24, Dockyard, 3 September 1914, LAC, Vol.454, file 707-51-2 (5). Accession 1992-93/169, Vol.172. RG 24, Vol.3966, file 1047-3-1; Notes 55. Dublin Dockyard Co. to F.L. Warren, 12 15. P.C. Howe memo, 6 May 1912; on the Galiano, CGS Galiano, DHH, October 1912, LAC, RG 23, Vol.454, file Specification of a Steel Screw Steamer 81/520/8000, Box 39, File 1; Message 707-51-2 (5). for Canadian Fishery Board, 1 June 1912, to Malaspina and Galiano, 16 October 56. Letter (probably Dublin Dockyard Co.) LAC, RG 23, Vol.454, file 707-51-2 (3); G.J. 1917, LAC, RG 24, Vol.11,903, file AE 10- to F.L. Warren, 16 Oct 1912, LAC, RG 23, Desbarats memo, 10 April 1912, LAC, RG 2-5; Admiral Superintendent to Pope, 12 Vol.454, file 707-51-2 (5) 23, Vol.454, file 707-51-2 (1). I would like February 1915, LAC, RG 24, Vol.11899, 57. J. Smellie (Dublin Dockyard) to F.L. to thank Mr. Gord Miller for drawing file 2-7-1. Warren, 17 October 1912, LAC, RG my attention to Galiano’s and Malaspina’s 34. Chief inspector to captain superintendent, 23, Vol.454, file 707-51-2 (5); J Smellie construction files. 2 September 1918; Captain superintendent (Dublin) to DM, 30 November 1912, LAC, 16. HMCS Malaspina, Directorate of History to asst. prevost marshall, 13 June 1918; RG 23, Vol.454, file 707-51-2 (5). and Heritage [DHH], 81/520/8000, Box Kingsmill memo, 6 June 1918 and Major 58. Board of Inquiry into the loss of APS 62, file 1. to captain superintendent, 11 June 1918, Galiano, 18 November 1918, LAC, RG 24, 17. Kingsmill to DM, 3 November 1913, LAC, LAC, RG 24, Vol.11902, file AE 7-7-13. Vol.5671, file NSS 80-5-98, Vol.1. RG 24, Accession 1992-93/169, Vol.172. 35. Pope to Esquimalt, 2 May 1916, LAC, RG 59. Ibid. 18. A Brief History of HMCS Galiano, CGS 24, Vol.11903, file AE 10-2-4; and various 60. Admiral superintendent to Kingsmill; Galiano, DHH, 81/520/8000, Box 39, File documents on LAC, RG 24, Vol.11903, file Kingsmill to deputy minister, 17 January 1; Kingsmill to DM, 3 November 1913, AE-9-2-2. 1915, LAC, RG 24, Accession 1992-93/169, LAC, RG 24, Accession 1992-93/169, 36. DM to Minister of Justice, 28 May 1915; Vol.172. Vol.172; Kingsmill to Pope, 11 November Deputy Minister of Justice, 2 June 1915, 61. Robert Davison, “A Most Fortunate Court 1913, LAC, RG 24, Accession 1992-93/169, LAC, RG 24, Acc 1992-93/167, Vol.172. Martial: The Trial of Captain Charles Vol.172. 37. Kingsmill memorandum, 18 March 1918, Kingsmill,” The Northern Mariner, Vol. 19. Commander C.W. Trousdale to CinC LAC, RG 24, Vol.11912, file E26-13-1. XIX, no.1, (January 2009), pp.57-61. HMC Dockyard, 22 August 1914, CGS 38. “Captain tells of Search for Galiano,” The 62. Admiral superintendent to Kingsmill; Galiano, DHH, 81/520/8000, Box 39, File 1. Daily Colonist, Victoria, 7 November 1918. Kingsmill to deputy minister, 17 January 20. German, p.33. 39. District superintendent to captain 1915, LAC, RG 24, Accession 1992-93/169, 21. Fraser McKee, Volunteer for Sea superintendent, 17 October 1918, LAC, Vol.172. Service, (Toronto: Houstons Standard RG 24, Vol.11903, file AE-10-2-6. 63. Pope to Kingsmill, 13 February 1915. Publications, 1973), pp.6-10. 40. “Well Equipped,” The Daily Colonist, 31 January 1915, LAC, RG 24 Accession 22. Frederick Longstaff, HMCS Naden: Naval October 1918, Victoria; “A Dangerous 1992-93/169, Vol.172. Barrack (Victoria: King George Terrace, Trip,” The Daily Colonist, Victoria, 31 64. Captain superintendent to sec Dept 1952), p.47. October 1918. of Naval Service, 30 July 1918, LAC, 23. German, pp.27, 30. 41. “James Aird,” The Daily Colonist, Victoria, RG 24, Vol.5671, file NSS 80-5-23. This 24. Commander C.W. Trousdale to CinC November 1918. letter clearly seems to exonerates Pope’s HMC Dockyard, 22 August 1914, CGS 42. AE Plaula to Minister of Marine and argument as the “Department of Marine, Galiano, DHH, 81/520/8000, Box 39, File Fishers with notation by Kingsmill, nd, Victoria” reported that Browning passage 1; Fraser McKee, Volunteer for Sea Service, LAC, RG 24, Accession 1992-93/169, buoy was 30 feet to the South West of its pp.6-10. Box 234. proper position. 25. German, pp.36-7; J. Mackay Hitsman, 43. “A Dangerous Trip,” The Daily Colonist, 65. Yarrows to E.H. Martin, 9 August Canadian Naval Policy, MA thesis, Queen’s Victoria, 31 October 1918. 1918; Director naval service to Captain University, April 1940, p.125; Milner, 44. “Ship’s Complement,” The Daily Colonist, Superintendent, 17 July 1918, LAC, RG Canada’s Navy, p.35. Victoria, 31 October 1918. 24, Vol.11903, file AE 10-4-14. 26. Walter Hose to Kingsmill, 3 August 1914, 45. JA Stafford to Ballantyne, 2 November 66. Board of Inquiry into the loss of APS Un-accessioned item, Naval Museum of 1918, LAC, RG 24, Accession 1992-93/169, Galiano, 18 November 1918, LAC, RG 24, Alberta. I am grateful to Rich Gimblett Box 200. Vol.5671, file NSS 80-5-98, Vol.1. who provided me with photocopies of 46. Restless Ship’s Log, LAC, RG 24, Vol.7796. 67. Dublin Dockyard memo, 26 August 1912, this correspondence. 47. A Brief history of HMCS Malaspina, LAC, RG 23, Vol.454, file 707-51-2 (4). 27. Walter Hose to Kingsmill, 6 August 1914, HMCS Malaspina, DHH, 81/520/8000, Un-accessioned item, Naval Museum Box 62, file 1. of Alberta, Courtesy of Rich Gimblett. 48. Memo to the director of naval service, 14 Emphasis in original. January 1919, LAC, RG 24, Vol.5671, file 28. German, p.39; Hitsman, Canadian Naval NSS 80-5-98. Dr. Richard Mayne is a historian and Policy, pp.125-127. 49. Board of Inquiry into the loss of APS defence analyst at the Directorate Future 29. HMCS Malaspina, DHH, 81/520/8000, Galiano, 18 November 1918, LAC, RG Security Analysis at National Defence Box 62, file 1. 24, Vol.5671, file NSS 80-5-98, Vol.1.; Headquarters, Ottawa. 30. The Daily Colonist, Victoria, 3 November “A Staunch craft,” The Daily Colonist, 1918; and Kingsmill to DM, 15 May 1913, Victoria, 31 October 1918; “Must have LAC, RG 24, Accession 1992-93/169, hit rocks,” The Daily Colonist, Victoria, Vol.172; Kingsmill memo, 18 November 1 November 1918,; “Little Hope of the 1913, LAC, RG 24, Vol.11903, file AE 9-3-2. Galiano,” Nanaimo Free Press, 31 October 31. Various documents on file LAC, RG 24, 1918. Vol.11903, file AE 10-3-3. 50. “Captain tells of Search for Galiano,” The 32. DNS to CinC, Dockyard, 3 September Daily Colonist, Victoria, 7 November 1918. 1914, LAC, RG 24, Vol.3966, file 1047-3- 51. “A Single Call for Help,” The Daily 1; HMCS Malaspina, DHH, 81/520/8000, Colonist, Victoria, 31 October 1918. Box 62, file 1. 52. Dublin Dockyard Co. to DM, 13 August 33. Ken Macpherson and John Burgess, The 1912, LAC, RG 23, Vol.454, file 707-51-2(5) Ship’s of Canada’s Naval Forces, 1910-1993, 53. R. Newman to deputy minister, 16 August (St. Catharines, ON: Vanwell Publishing, 1912, LAC, RG 23, Vol.454, file 707-51- 1994), p.19; Admiral Superintendent to 2(4).

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