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Quaternary Geology of Ozaukee and Washington Counties, Wisconsin

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Quaternary Geology of Ozaukee and Washington Counties, Wisconsin Quaternary Geology of Ozaukee and Washington Counties, Wisconsin David M. Mickelson Kent M. Syverson Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin 91 ◆ 1997 WISCONSIN GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY James M. Robertson, Director and State Geologist Ronald G. Hennings, Assistant Director Lyle J. Anderson, office manager Rochelle V. Juedes, Map Sales manager John W. Attig, geologist Kathy A. Kane, computer specialist William G. Batten, geotechnician Irene D. Lippelt, water resources specialist Kenneth R. Bradbury, hydrogeologist Kristine L. Lund, soil and water analyst W.A. Broughton, geologist Frederick W. Madison, soil scientist Bruce A. Brown, geologist Kathleen M. Massie-Ferch, subsurface geologist Kim J. Cates, soil scientist Matthew Menne, assistant State Climatologist Lee Clayton, geologist M.G. Mudrey, Jr., geologist Michael L. Czechanski, cartographer Maureen A. Muldoon, hydrogeologist Timothy T. Eaton, hydrogeologist Kim M. Paske, Map Sales assistant Thomas J. Evans, geologist Stanley A. Nichols, biologist Donald W. Hankley, geographic information specialist Deborah L. Patterson, cartographer Rilla M. Hinkes, office manager Roger M. Peters, subsurface geologist Susan L. Hunt, graphic designer Kathy Campbell Roushar, cartographer Mindy C. James, publications manager Alexander Zaporozec, hydrogeologist Marcia J. Jesperson, word processing operator Kathie M. Zwettler, administrative manager plus approximately 10 graduate and undergraduate student workers. RESEARCH ASSOCIATES Gregory J. Allord, USGS James T. Krohelski, USGS Mary P. Anderson, UW –Madison Gene L. LaBerge, UW–Oshkosh Larry K. Binning, UW–Madison Eiliv Larsen, Geological Survey of Norway Michael F. Bohn, Wis. Dept. of Nat. Res. Brian J. Mahoney, UW–Eau Claire Stephen M. Born, UW–Madison Kevin McSweeney, UW–Madison Phillip E. Brown, UW–Madison Christine Mechenich, Central Wis. Groundwater Center Charles W. Byers, UW–Madison David M. Mickelson, UW–Madison William F. Cannon, USGS Donald G. Mikulic, Ill. Geol. Survey Kevin Connors, Dane Co. Land Conserv. Dept. William N. Mode, UW–Oshkosh C. Patrick Ervin, Northern Ill. Univ. James O. Peterson, UW–Madison Robert F. Gurda, Wis. State Cartographer’s Office Jeffrey K. Postle, Wis. Dept. Ag., Trade & Consumer Nelson R. Ham, St. Norbert Coll. Protection Mark T. Harris, UW–Milwaukee Kenneth W. Potter, UW–Madison Karen G. Havholm, UW–Eau Claire Todd W. Rayne, Hamilton Coll. Randy J. Hunt, USGS Allan F. Schneider, UW–Parkside Mark D. Johnson, Gustavus Adolphus Coll. Byron H. Shaw, UW–Stevens Point John Klasner, Western Ill. Univ. J. Antonio Simo, UW–Madison James C. Knox, UW–Madison Kent M. Syverson, UW–Eau Claire George J. Kraft, Central Wis. Groundwater Center Jeffrey A. Wyman, UW–Madison The Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey also maintains collaborative relationships with a number of local, state, regional, and federal agencies and organizations regarding educational outreach and a broad range of natural resource issues. Quaternary Geology of Ozaukee and Washington Counties, Wisconsin David M. Mickelson Kent M. Syverson Funding for this project was provided by the Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin 91 ◆ 1997 Published by and available from University of Wisconsin–Extension Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey 3817 Mineral Point Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-5100 ☎ 608/263.7389 FAX 608/262.8086 http://www.uwex.edu/wgnhs/ COOPERATIVE EXTENSION James M. Robertson, Director and State Geologist ISSN: 0375-8265 This report is an interpretation of the data available at the time of preparation. Every rea- sonable effort has been made to ensure that this interpretation conforms to sound scientific principles; however, the report should not be used to guide site-specific decisions without verification. Proper use of this publication is the sole responsibility of the user. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin–Extension, Cooperative Extension. University of Wisconsin–Extension provides equal opportunities in employment and programming, including Title IX and ADA requirements. If you need this information in an alternative format, contact the Office of Equal Opportunity and Diversity Programs or the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey (☎ 608/262.1705). Mission of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey The Survey conducts earth-science surveys, field studies, and research. We provide objective scientific information about the geology, mineral resources, water resources, soil, climate, and biology of Wisconsin. We collect, interpret, disseminate, and archive natural resource information. We communicate the results of our activities through publications, technical talks, and responses to inquiries from the public. These activities support informed decision-making by government, industry, business, and individual citizens of Wisconsin. ii ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Scope of this report 1 Pre-Quaternary history 2 Summary of glacial events 4 SURFICIAL MATERIALS 5 Classification of sediment 5 Lithostratigraphic units 7 Explanation of units 7 Methods 10 Zenda Formation 10 Tiskilwa Member 10 Holy Hill Formation 12 Horicon Member 12 New Berlin Member 12 Undifferentiated sediment in the Kettle Moraine area 12 Waubeka Member 13 Oak Creek Formation 13 Kewaunee Formation 14 Ozaukee Member 14 Postglacial sediment 14 LANDFORM REGIONS 15 Origin of glacial landforms 15 Moraines 15 Kettles 16 Outwash plains and pitted outwash plains 16 Ice-walled-lake plains 16 Interlobate moraines 17 Moulin kames 17 Drumlins 17 Tunnel channels 19 Eskers 19 Meltwater channels 19 Glacial lake plains 19 Landforms associated with Horicon Member 20 Landforms associated with undifferentiated Horicon and New Berlin Members (Kettle Moraine) 23 iii Landforms associated with New Berlin Member 29 Landforms associated with Waubeka Member 30 Landforms associated with Oak Creek Formation 34 Landforms associated with Ozaukee Member 35 LATE PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE HISTORY 35 Early advances of ice 35 The glacial maximum 41 Retreat from the interlobate zone 41 Rivers and lakes along the ice margin 41 Ice advance from the northeast 42 Rapid readvances of ice 43 The final retreat 44 SUMMARY 45 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 46 REFERENCES 46 APPENDIX: FORMAL DEFINITIONS OF NEW LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS 49 FIGURES 1. Geologic time scale. 3 2. Glacial lobes in Wisconsin. 4 3. Diagrammatic cross sections of glacial deposits and the underlying bedrock surface in Ozaukee and Washington Counties. 5 4. Bedrock topography map of Ozaukee and Washington Counties. 6 5. Physiographic regions of Ozaukee and Washington Counties. 8 6. Triangular diagrams showing distribution of sand, silt, and clay for till and other diamicton. 11 7. Sketch of ice sheet at maximum extent and the distribution of landforms left after ice retreat. 15 8. Formation of outwash plain, pitted outwash plain, and hummocky topography. 16 9. Formation of Kettle Moraine. 18 10. Model of moulin kame formation. 19 11. Part of Campbellsport Quadrangle, Wisconsin, showing closely spaced drumlins. 21 12. Part of Allenton Quadrangle, Wisconsin, showing tunnel channel and associated eskers. 22 13. Photograph of esker in tunnel channel. 23 14. Part of Campbellsport and Allenton Quadrangles, Wisconsin, showing extensive lake plain at Wayne Marsh. 24 iv 15. Part of Hartford East and Merton Quadrangles, Wisconsin, showing Holy Hill moulin kame complex. 26 16. Part of Hartford East Quadrangle, Wisconsin, showing the steep western front of the Kettle Moraine and esker. 27 17. Part of West Bend Quadrangle, Wisconsin, showing esker, ice-walled-lake plain, and location of West Bend Sand and Stone pit. 28 18. Photograph of cemented gravel and uncemented New Berlin gravel in drumlin core near Newburg, Washington County. 30 19. Part of Merton Quadrangle, Wisconsin, showing the Friess channel. 31 20. Part of Merton and Sussex Quadrangles, Wisconsin, showing the Bark channel system. 32 21. Part of Jackson Quadrangle, Wisconsin, showing the moraine built during the Waubeka advance. 33 22. Part of Newburg Quadrangle, Wisconsin, showing eskers and disintegration ridges near western extent of the Waubeka advance. 34 23. Part of Cedar Grove Quadrangle, Wisconsin, showing wave-cut terraces on Lake Michigan shoreline. 36 24. Maps showing deglaciation history of Ozaukee and Washington Counties 37–40 25. Time-distance diagram illustrating relationships of lake phases and glacial advances. 44 A1. Part of the Hartford East Quadrangle, Wisconsin, showing location of type section of Holy Hill Formation. 50 A2. Map showing Pleistocene lithostratigraphic units of Wisconsin. 52 A3. Part of Newburg Quadrangle, Wisconsin, showing location of type section of Waubeka Member of Holy Hill Formation. 53 A4. A. Part of South Milwaukee Quadrangle, Wisconsin (U.S. Geological Survey, 7.5- minute series, topographic, 1971), showing location of one reference section for Waubeka Member of Holy Hill Formation. 54 B. Part of Port Washington West and Newburg Quadrangles, Wisconsin (U.S. Geological Survey, 7.5-minute series, topographic, 1976), showing location of another reference section. 55 TABLE 1. Properties of till contained in lithostratigraphic units in Ozaukee and Washington Counties. 10 PLATES (inside back pocket) 1. Quaternary geologic map of Ozaukee and Washington Counties, Wisconsin. 2. East –west cross sections of
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