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Structural Adjustment and Sustainable Development in Cameroon

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Structural Adjustment and Sustainable Development in Cameroon Overseas Development Institute STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CAMEROON F'lind for Nature Study O) )g r Tchoungui St< ve Gartlan J.A Mope Simo 03 O ^ F( ido Sikod Augijstin Youmbi ^ QC Mich j1 Ndjatsana ^ UJ o u. Jami s Winpenny M LLI •D CO o Working Paper 83 Results of ODI resesirch presented in preliminary form for discussion and critical comment ODI Working Papers 37: Judging Success: Evaluating NGO Income-Generating Projects, Roger Riddell, 1990, £3.50, ISBN 0 85003 133 8 38: ACP Export Diversification: Non-Traditional Exports from Zimbabwe, Roger Riddell, 1990, £3.50, ISBN 0 85003 134 6 39: Monetary PoUcy in Kenya, 1967-«8, Tony Killick and P.M. Mwega, 1990, £3.50, ISBN 0 85003 135 4 40: ACP Export Diversification: Jamaica, Kenya and Ethiopia, Christopher Stevens, 1990, £3.50, ISBN 0 85003 136 2* 41: ACP Export Diversification: The Case of Mauritius, Matthew McQueen, 1990, £3.50, ISBN 0 85003 137 0 42: An Econometric Study of Selected Monetary Policy Issues in Kenya, P.M. Mwega, 1990, £3.50, ISBN 0 85003 142 7 43: Differences in Econometric Performance between Franc Zone and other Sub-Saharan Afiican Countries, Christopher E. Lane and Sheila Page, 1991, £3.50, ISBN 085003 148 6 44: Monetary Policy Effectiveness in Indonesia, 1974-1980, Christopher E. Lane, David C. Cole and Betty F. Slade, 1991, £3.50, ISBN 0 85003 150 8 45: Monetary Control to Ghana: 1957-1988, Nii Kwaku Sowa, 1991, £3.50, ISBN 0 85003 152 4* 46: The IMF hi the 1990s: Forward to the Past or Back to the Future, Graham Bird, 1991, £3.50, ISBN 0 85003 153 2* 47: What Can We Know About the Effects of IMF Programmes?, Tony Killick. Moazzam Malik and Marcus Manuel, 1991, £3.50, ISBN 0 85003 154 0* 48: Country Experiences with IMF Programmes in the 1980s, Tony Killick with Moazzam Malik, 1991, £3.50, ISBN 0 85003 155 9* 49: Evaluatfaig the Impact of NGOs to Rural Poverty AUeviation: India Country Study, Mark Robinson, 1991, £5.00, ISBN 0 85003 157 5 50: Evaluating the Impact of NGOs to Rural Poverty Alleviation: Bangladesh Country Study, Sarah White, 1991, £8.70, ISBN 0 85003 158 3 51: Evaluating the Impact of NGOs to Rural Poverty AUeviation: Uganda Country Study, John de Coninck, 1991, £8.70, ISBN 0 85003 159 1 52: Evaluating the Impact of NGOs to Rural Poverty AUeviation: Zimbabwe Country Study, Ann Muir, 1991, £5.00, ISBN 0 85003 160 5 53: Environmental Change and Dryland Management in Machakos District, Kenya: Envlnmmental Profile, edited by Michael Mortimore, 1991, £4.00, ISBN 0 85003 163 X 54: Environmental Change and Dryland Management in Machakos District, Kenya: Population Profile, Mary Tiffen, 1991, £4.00, ISBN 0 85003 164 8 55: Environmental Change and Dryland Management in Machakos District, Kenya: Production Profile, edited by Mary Tiffen, 1991, £4.00, ISBN 0 85003 166 4 56: Environmental Change and Dryland Management in Machakos District, Kenya: Conservation Profile, F.N. Gichuki, 1991, £4.00, ISBN 0 85003 167 2 57: Environmental Change and Dryland Management in Machakos District, Kenya: Technological Change, edited by Michael Mortimore, 1992, £4.00, ISBN 0 85003 174 5 58: Environmental Change and Dryland Management to Machakos District, Kenya: Land Use Profile, R.S. Rostom and Michael Mortimore, 1992, £4.00, ISBN 0 85003 175 3 59: Environmental Change and Dryland Management to Machakos District, Kenya: Farming and Income Systems, edited by Mary Tiffen, 1992, £4.00, ISBN 0 85003 176 1* 60: Expbdntog Africa's Post-Independence Development Experiences, Tony Killick, 1992, £4.00, ISBN 0 85003 177 X* 61: The Informal Financial Sector: How Does It Operate and Who Are the Customers?, J.J. Thomas, 1992, £4.00, ISBN 0 85003 178 8 Working Paper 83 STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CAMEROON A World Wide Fund for Nature Study Ro*r Tchoungui^i |i li^ y liJ i Si ^ StI |ve Gartlan jjgygjjnent Institute J.A, fMope^mt) Fc ndo Sikod A i QC Augi stin Youmbi U A.^l vo Mich }l Ndjatsana allege cle ••'ark ONLY 'lu. ^07 7413 August 1995 Overseas Development Institute Regent's College Inner Circle, Regent's Park London NW1 4NS UK ISBN 0 85003 224 5 © Overseas Development Institute 1995 Typeset at ODI and printed by Chameleon Press Ltd, London. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. Contents Acronyms 7 Introduction 9 Organisation of the study 9 Acknowledgements 11 1. The Environment of Cameroon 13 1.1 Physical features 13 1.1.1 Geography 13 1.1.2 Geophysical units 16 1.1.3 Hydrology 21 1.2 Meteorology 21 1.2.1 Rainfall 21 1.2.2 Insolation 23 1.3 Biogeography and ecology 23 1.3.1 The Sudanian region 23 1.3.2 The Afro-Montane region 26 1.3.3 The Guineo-Congolian region 26 1.3.4 The marine region 28 1.4 Land use 28 1.4.1 Population and land use 28 1.4.2 Land tenure 29 1.4.3 Protected area system 30 1.5 Impacts on the environment 31 1.5.1 Soil erosion 31 1.5.2 Siltation of waterways 31 1.5.3 Pollution 32 1.5.4 Fertiliser and pesticide use 32 1.5.4 Deforestation 32 1.5.6 Hunting and trapping 33 1.5.7 Uncontrolled urbanisation 34 1.6 Institutional context 34 1.6.1 Institutional aspects 34 1.6.2 Environmental legislation 36 2. Adjustment and the Economy 40 2.1 Economic development - an overview 40 2.2 Design of the structural adjustment programme 41 2.3 Impact of the structural adjustment programmes 43 2.3.1 Background 43 2.3.2 The first Stand-By agreement 45 2.3.3 The second Stand-By agreement 47 2.3.4 The third Stand-By agreement (March 1994) 49 2.4 Impact of January 1994 devaluation 51 3. Case Studies on the Effects of Structural Adjustment on Farming Systems and Village Social Structures 53 3.1 North-West Province 53 3.1.1 Introduction 53 3.1.2 Profile of Kilum massif 55 3.1.3 The structure of societies in North-West Province 56 3.1.4 Changes in the socio-economic status of the study populations since 1980 57 3.1.5 Socio-economic changes, structural adjustment, and its impact on the Kilum forest area 63 3.1.6 Conclusion 67 3.2 Far North 69 3.2.1 Introduction 69 3.2.2 Economic activities 70 3.2.3 Economic reforms 71 3.2.4 Agricultural production 71 3.2.5 Implications of changes in land use for the environment and sustainability 78 3.3 The Impact of Structural Adjustment on the Cocoa Growers of East Province 80 3.3.1 General background 80 3.3.2 Changes in the economic situation of cocoa growers since 1980 82 3.3.3 Adjustment measures and their impact on cocoa growers: environmental consequences 85 3.4 The effects of structural adjustment on the Cameroon forestry sector, with particular reference to South Province 90 3.4.1 Introduction 90 3.4.2 Deforestation in South Province and encroachment on protected areas 90 3.4.3 Reafforestation and regeneration 91 3.4.4 National forestry policy 92 3.4.5 Forestry and land use 94 3.4.6 A new legal framework 97 3.4.7 Contribution of the colonial heritage on forest policy 100 3.4.8 Management of the forests 101 3.4.9 Reforming the forestry tax system 102 3.4.10 Conditions for a more efficient Forestry Code in Cameroon 103 3.4.11 Conclusion 103 4. Analysis of Adjustment-Environment Links 105 4.1 Previous economic strategy 105 4.2 Effects of adjustment 106 4.2.1 Relevant features of SAP design 106 4.2.2 Economic and social impact of adjustment 107 4.3 SAP measures and the environment 109 4.4 Adjustment and the environment: the grassroots perspective 112 4.4.1 Unsustainable agriculture 112 4.4.2 Unsustainable forest use 117 4.5 Conclusion: Provisional judgement on adjustment and the environment 118 5. Scenarios for Sustainable Development 121 5.1 Towards sustainable development 121 5.2 The political future of reform 122 5.3 Requisites for the sustainable development of agriculture and forestry 124 5.4 Implications for the design of adjustment and development programmes, and complementary actions 125 5.5 Prospects for the adoption of sustainable development policies 126 References 128 Tables 3.1 North-West Province: Agricultural statistics showing the switch from coffee to food crop production 1985/6-1989/90 64 3.2 North-West Province: Declining Trends in Arabica Coffee Production, 1986/87-1989/90 66 3.3 Far North: Production under varying cultivation conditions and percentage sold, 1991/92 73 3.4 Far North: Changes in area under production for selected crops, 1985-92 ('000 ha) 74 3.5 Far North: Returns to selected crops, 1991/92 75 3.6 Far North: Prices/kg of selected crops, 1980-92 76 3.7 Far North: Cotton - area cultivated, production, yield, FOB price, producer price, and PP/FOBP, 1980-92 77 3.8 Far North: Demand (consumption) and supply (production) of fuelwood, 1987-2000 ('000 m^) 77 3.9 Far North: Number of tree permits issued, 1985/86-1991/92 78 3.10 Far North: Authority to decide on who exploits village forests 79 3.11 East Province Population and Population Density, 1987 81 3.12 East Province: Breakdown of uninhabited areas by district 82 3.13 East Province: Distribution of schools and number of pupils at different levels of education 83 3.14 East Province: Production of cocoa in Upper Nyong district, 1982-92 84 3.15 East Provinces: Cocoa prices in Mbang district, 1980-94 (CFAF/kg) 85 3.16 East Province: Expenditure of cocoa and coffee growers 86 3.17 East Province: Food crop production, 1980-90 86 3.18 South Province: Land allocation by category 96 4.1 Adjustment components and the environment 113 Maps 1 Administrative map of Cameroon 12 2 Administrative units and population
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