DOCSLIB.ORG

FORESTS and WATER. Effects of Forest Management on Floods, Sedimentation, and Water Supply

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FORESTS and WATER. Effects of Forest Management on Floods, Sedimentation, and Water Supply FORESTS AND WATER. effects of forest management on floods, sedimentation, and water supply HENRY W. ANDERSON, MARVIN 0. HOOVER, KENNETH G. REINHART PACIFIC SOUTHWEST Forest and Range Experiment Station FOREST SERVICE. U. S.DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE P. 0. BOX 245, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 94701 USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PSW- 18I1976 CONTENTS Page Introduction.............................................. 1 I-Hydrologic Processes ................................... 3 Hydrology in the Forest ................................ 6 Water Inputs ......................................... 6 Precipitation Measurement ........................... 6 Snowfall ........................................... 7 Interception Processes ................................. 7 Snow Interception ................................... 8 Interception and Floods .............................. 8 Variability of Interception ............................ 9 Surface Storage .......................................10 Infiltration Processes .................................. 11 Watershed Storage ..................................12 Subsurface Flow ....................................15 Peak Flows .........................................15 Evapotranspiration ....................................17 Transpiration.......................................17 Evaporation ........................................20 Water Yield ..........................................20 Groundwater .......................................20 Streamflow.........................................20 Modifiers of the Forest Influence ........................23 Storm Size .........................................23 Watershed Size .....................................23 Physiography.......................................23 Geology ........................................... 24 Forest and Frost .................................... 24 Forestry, Erosion. and Water Quality ....................25 Erosion and Sedimentation ........................... 25 Water Temperature ..................................27 Water Chemistry ....................................27 Integrating Hydrologic Processes ........................28 11-Forest Treatment and Water ............................. 30 Timber Harvesting ....................................30 Interception ........................................30 Snow Accumulation .................................30 Surface Detention ................................... 32 Infiltration. Overland Flow. Erosion. and Sedimentation . 32 Evapotranspiration..................................37 Soil-Water Storage .................................. 37 Quantity of Streamflow .............................. 38 Peak Flows and Stormflow Volumes ................... 42 Water Temperature.................................. 44 Water Chemistry .................................... 45 Summary .......................................... 45 Regeneration and Tree Planting ......................... 46 Interception ........................................ 46 Infiltration. Overland Flow. Erosion. and Sedimentation ..... 47 Soil-Water Storage .................................. 47 Evapotranspiration and Streamflow .................... 48 Peak Flows ......................................... 48 Summary .......................................... 49 Type Conversions ..................................... 49 Fertilizers. Herbicides. and Insecticides ................... 52 Fertilizers .......................................... 52 Herbicides ......................................... 52 Insecticides......................................... 52 Fire ................................................. 53 Interception ........................................ 53 Infiltration. Overland Flow. Erosion. and Sedimentation . 53 Soil-Water Storage ..................................55 Evapotranspiration..................................56 Quantity of Streamflow ...............................56 Peak Flows .........................................56 Summary ..........................................57 Grazing..............................................57 Interception and Evapotranspiration ................... 57 Infiltration. Overland Flow. Erosion. Sedimentation. and Peak Flow .................................... 57 Summary .......................................... 58 Forest-Land Disposal of Wastes .......................... 58 Insects. Diseases. and Weather ..........................59 Minimum-Treatment Management .......................60 111-Special Problems .....................................61 Southern California and Arizona Chaparral ...............61 Fire-Flood Erosion ..................................61 Erosion Without Fire ................................62 Erosion After Fire ...................................63 Control and Rehabilitation ........................... 63 Arizona Chaparral .................................. 64 Wetland Forests .......................................65 Wetflats ...........................................65 Bays ..............................................65 Swamps and Upland Ponds ...........................65 Bottomlands .......................................66 Phreatophytes ........................................66 Surface Mining .......................................67 IV-Potentials for Management ............................. 68 Conflicting Objectives ................................. 68 Management for Water Yield ........................... 68 Management for Maximum Water Yield ................ 69 Water-Yield Increase Resulting from Multiple Use ........ 69 Cost of Increasing Water Yield ........................ 70 Management for Flood Reduction ....................... 71 Forest Management and Rainfall Floods ................71 Conversion of Open Land to Forest .................... 72 Snow Management .................................. 72 Management for Maintaining Water Quality ................ 72 Erosion and Sedimentation ........................... 73 Erosion Control-Logging ........................... 74 Microbiological..................................... 75 Erosion Control-Fire ............................... 75 Regional Characteristicsand Possibilities: The East ......... 76 Water Chemistry and Temperature..................... 77 Northeastern Conifers and Hardwoods .................78 Central-Southeastern Hardwoods ...................... 80 Southeastern Pines .................................. 81 Regional Characteristics and Possibilities: The West ........82 West Coast Forests .................................. 83 Rocky Mountain Forests ............................. 87 Southwestern Brushlands ............................. 89 V-Tomorrow's Forestry and Water ......................... 91 Water Yield ..........................................91 Selection of Areas for Cutting .........................91 Antitransoirants andAntievaporants ...................91 Recreation Use and Environmental Quality ............... 92 Comparison with Alternatives ......:..................92 Potential Role of the Forest ...........................93 Flood Prevention...................................... 93 Forest Role ......................................... 93 Protection and Reforestation.......................... 93 Research ...........................................94 Erosion-Sedimentation-Water Quality .................94 VI- Literature Cited ...................................... 96 Anderson, Henry W., Marvin D. Hoover, and Kenneth G. Reinhart. 1976. Forests and water: effects of forest management on floods, sedimentation, and water supply. USDA Forest Sew. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-18, 115 p., illus. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Exp. Stn., Berkeley, Calif. From the background of more than 100 years' collective experience in watershed research and from comprehensive review of the literature of forest hydrology, the authors summarize what is known about the forest's influence on the water resource, particularly the effects of current forestry practices. They first examine the fundamental hydrologic processes in the forest. They then discuss how water supply, floods, erosion, and water quality are affected by timber harvesting, regeneration, tree planting, type conversion, fire, grazing, and the application of fertilizers and pesticides. They consider and present the special problems of fire-prone chaparral, phreatophytes, wetland forests, and surface-mined sites. Finally, they assess potential increases in water yield that might be achieved by forest management in each of six major forest regions in the United States and venture some predictions about future management of watersheds. Nearly 600 references provide a fairly comprehensive overview of the literature. Oxford; 116.1 907.3 :(73) Retrieval Terms: forest influences, water yield, flood control, erosion, sedimentation, water quality, multiple-use, watershed management, forest fire, logging, forest grazing, wetlands, phreatophytes, surface mining. The Authors were, until their retirement, research hydrologists with various Experiment Stations of the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. HENRY W. ANDERSON served at the Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, headquartered in Berkeley, California, from 1946 to 1976. He was formerly in charge of the Station's research on hydrologic processes in mountain watersheds. He earned bachelor's (1943) and master's (1947) degrees in forestry at the University of California, Berkeley. MARVIN D. HOOVER served on the research staff on the Southeastern Forest Experiment
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Quantitative Importance of Stemflow: an Evaluation of Past Research and Results from a Study in Lodgepole Pine (Pinus Contorta Var
    THE QUANTITATIVE IMPORTANCE OF STEMFLOW: AN EVALUATION OF PAST RESEARCH AND RESULTS FROM A STUDY IN LODGEPOLE PINE (PINUS CONTORTA VAR. LATIFOLIA) STANDS IN SOUTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA by Adam Jon McKee B.A. Thompson Rivers University, 2008 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE) Thesis examining committee: Darryl Carlyle-Moses (Ph.D.), Thesis Supervisor, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Geography, Thompson Rivers University Karl Larsen (Ph.D.), Committee Member, Associate Professor, Dept. of Natural Resource Sciences, Thompson Rivers University Rita Winkler (Ph.D., R.P.F.), Committee Member, Adjunct Professor, Dept. of Natural Resource Sciences and Research Hydrologist, BC Ministry of Forests and Range Delphis F. Levia (Ph.D.), External Examiner, Associate Professor, Depts. of Geography & Plant and Soil Science, University of Delaware Spring Convocation 2011 Thompson Rivers University © Adam Jon McKee, 2010 Thesis Supervisory Committee ________________________ Dr. Darryl Carlyle-Moses, Supervisor ________________________ Dr. Karl Larsen, Committee Member ________________________ Dr. Rita Winkler, Committee Member This thesis by Adam Jon McKee was defended successfully in an oral examination on December 9, 2010 by a committee comprising: ________________________ Dr. Delphis F. Levia, External Examiner ________________________ Dr. Darryl Carlyle-Moses, Supervisor ________________________ Dr. Karl Larsen, Committee Member ________________________ Dr. Rita Winkler, Committee Member ii ________________________ Dr. Lauchlan Fraser, Chair/Coordinator of Graduate Program Committee ________________________ Dr. Tom Dickinson, Dean of Science ________________________ Dr. Peter Tsigaris, Chair of the Examining Committee This thesis is accepted in its present form by the Office of the Associate Vice President, Research and Graduate Studies as satisfying the thesis requirements for the degree Master of Science, Environmental Science.
    [Show full text]
  • Opzet Draaiboek STAR-FLOOD
    Strengthening and Redesigning European Flood Risk Practices Towards Appropriate and Resilient Flood Risk Governance Arrangements Analysing and evaluating flood risk governance in England – Enhancing societal resilience through comprehensive and aligned flood risk governance arrangements Alexander, M., Priest, S., Micou, A.P., Tapsell, S., Green, C., Parker, D., and Homewood, S. Date: 31 March 2016 Report Number: D3.3 Milestone number: MS3 Due date for deliverable: 30 September 2015 Actual submission date: 28 September 2015 STAR-FLOOD receives funding from the EU 7th Framework programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement 308364 Document Dissemination Level PU Public Co-ordinator: Utrecht University Project Contract No: 308364 Project website: www.starflood.eu ISBN: i Cover photo left: Thames Barrier (Dries Hegger, 2013) Cover photo right: City of London (Dries Hegger, 2013) Document information Work Package 3 Consortium Body Flood Hazard Research Centre, Middlesex University Year 2016 Document type Deliverable 3.3 Date 11th September 2015 (With amendments made in February 2016) Author(s) Alexander, M., Priest, S., Micou, A., Tapsell, S., Green, C., Parker, D., and Homewood, S. Acknowledgement The work described in this publication was supported by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme through the grant to the budget of the Integrated Project STAR-FLOOD, Contract 308364. We would like to acknowledge and offer our gratitude to the flood risk professionals and academic experts who participated in this research. We also appreciate the valuable critique provided by Prof. Edmund Penning-Rowsell. Disclaimer This document reflects only the authors’ views and not those of the European Union. This work may rely on data from sources external to the STAR-FLOOD project Consortium.
    [Show full text]
  • Meteorological Influences on Stemflow Generation Across Diameter Size Classes of Two Morphologically Distinct Deciduous Species
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260683953 Meteorological influences on stemflow generation across diameter size classes of two morphologically distinct deciduous species Article in International Journal of Biometeorology · March 2014 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-014-0807-7 · Source: PubMed CITATIONS READS 13 52 3 authors, including: John Toland Van Stan Jarrad Van Stan Georgia Southern University Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Gen… 64 PUBLICATIONS 398 CITATIONS 25 PUBLICATIONS 105 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Canopy influences over microbial processes in forest critical zones View project Effects of Urbanization on Forest Canopy Ecohydrology View project All content following this page was uploaded by John Toland Van Stan on 16 July 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Int J Biometeorol (2014) 58:2059–2069 DOI 10.1007/s00484-014-0807-7 ORIGINAL PAPER Meteorological influences on stemflow generation across diameter size classes of two morphologically distinct deciduous species John T. Van Stan II & Jarrad H. Van Stan & Delphis F. Levia Jr. Received: 15 November 2013 /Revised: 11 February 2014 /Accepted: 19 February 2014 /Published online: 11 March 2014 # ISB 2014 Abstract Many tree species have been shown to funnel sub- meteorological conditions). Multiple regressions performed on stantial rainfall to their stem base as stemflow flux, given a leafless canopy stemflow resulted in an inverse relationship favorable stand structure and storm conditions. As stemflow is with wind speeds, likely decoupling stemflow sheltered solely a spatially concentrated flux, prior studies have shown its on bark surfaces from VPD influences.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrient Cycling by Throughfall and Stemflow Precipitation in Three Coastal Oregon Forest Types
    NUTRIENT CYCLING BY THROUGHFALL AND STEMFLOW PRECIPITATION IN THREE COASTAL OREGON FOREST TYPES by ROBERT F. TARRANT, K. C. LU, W. B. BOLLEN, and C. S. CHEN PACIFIC NORTHWEST U.SD.A. FOREST SERVICE FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION RESEARCH PAPER PNW-54 U S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE • FOREST SERVICE 1968 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3 Nitrogen 3 Total Dissolved Solids 4 Acidity of Precipitation 5 CONCLUSIONS . .... ..... 6 LITERATURE CITED 7 Robert F. Tarrant and K C. Lu are, respect- ively, Principal Soil Scientist and Microbiolo- gist, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Sta- tion, Corvallis, Oregon. W. B. Bollen and C. S. Chen are, respectively, Professor and Research Assistant, Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. This study was supported, in part, by the National Science Foundation, Grant No. GB- 3214. INTRODUCTION In the Pacific Northwest, where annual pre- cipitation ranges from about 40 to 120 inches per year in commercial forest areas, rainfall washing through the forest canopy returns a part of the nutrient capital of the ecosystem to the soil. Nitrogen is of special interest in this connection because it is the only nutrient ele- ment thus far found to appreciably stimulate growth of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) when applied as fertilizer (Gessel et al. 1965). A number of tree species throughout the world have been shown to contribute to the en- richment of throughfall and stemflow. 1 but in most studies of this phenomenon, only nonnitro- genous nutrient ions have been determined. Few investigators have determined N content in throughfall and stemflow (Voigt 1960b; Sviridova 1960; Mina 1965; Maruyama et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Rainfall Input, Throughfall and Stemflow of Nutrients in a Central
    Biogeochemistry 67: 73–91, 2004. © 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Rainfall input, throughfall and stemflow of nutrients in a central African rain forest dominated by ectomycorrhizal trees G.B. CHUYONG1,2,4, D.M. NEWBERY2,3,* and N.C. SONGWE1 1Institute of Agronomic Research, Forest Research Station Kumba, PMB 29 Kumba, Cameroon; 2De- partment of Biological and Molecular Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK; 3Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern, CH-3013, Switzerland; 4Current address: Department of Life Sciences, University of Buea, POB 63 Buea, Cameroon; *Author for correspon- dence (e-mail: [email protected]; phone: 0041-31-631-8815; fax: -31-332-2059) Received 5 March 2002; accepted in revised form 14 January 2003 Key words: Atmospheric input, Ectomycorrhizas, Korup, Leaching, Phosphorus, Priming effect Abstract. Incident rainfall is a major source of nutrient input to a forest ecosystem and the consequent throughfall and stemflow contribute to nutrient cycling. These rain-based fluxes were measured over 12 mo in two forest types in Korup National Park, Cameroon, one with low (LEM) and one with high (HEM) ectomycorrhizal abundances of trees. Throughfall was 96.6 and 92.4% of the incident annual rainfall (5370 mm) in LEM and HEM forests respectively; stemflow was correspondingly 1.5 and 2.2%. Architectural analysis showed that ln(funneling ratio) declined linearly with increasing ln(basal area) of trees. Mean annual inputs of N, P, K, Mg and Ca in incident rainfall were 1.50, 1.07, 7.77, 5.25 and 9.27 kg ha−1, and total rain-based inputs to the forest floor were 5.0, 3.2, 123.4, 14.4 and 37.7 kg ha−1 respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Flood Risk Management Strategy
    Royal Borough of Windsor & Maidenhead Local Flood Risk Management Strategy Published in December 2014 RBWM Local Flood Risk Management Strategy December 2014 2 RBWM Local Flood Risk Management Strategy December 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART A: GENERAL INFORMATION .............................................................................................8 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................8 1.1 The Purpose of the Strategy ...........................................................................................8 1.2 Overview of the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead ................................................9 1.3 Types of flooding ....................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Who is this Strategy aimed at? .....................................................................................12 1.5 The period covered by the Strategy ...............................................................................12 1.6 The Objectives of the Strategy ......................................................................................12 1.7 Scrutiny and Review ...................................................................................................13 2 Legislative Context ..........................................................................................................14 2.1 The Pitt Review .........................................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Variability of Throughfall and Stemflow Deposition in Pine and Beech Stands ( Czarne Lake Catchment, Gardno Lake Catchment on Wolin Island )
    PrACE GEOGrAfICzNE, zeszyt 143 Instytut Geografii i Gospodarki Przestrzennej UJ Kraków 2015, 85 – 102 doi : 10.4467/20833113PG.15.027.4628 Variability of throughfall and stemflow deposition in pine and beech stands ( Czarne lake catchment, gardno lake catchment on wolin island ) Robert Kruszyk, Andrzej Kostrzewski, Jacek Tylkowski Abstract : The research sought to determine the range of conversion of the chemical composition of precipitation in a beech stand located in the Gardno Lake catchment ( Wolin Island ) and a pine stand in the Czarne Lake catchment ( Upper Parsęta catchment, West Pomerania Province ). The presented results cover three hydrological years : 2012, 2013 and 2014. The research focused on the chemical composition of bulk precipitation ( in the open ), throughfall and stemflow ( in a forest ). The obtained results confirm that after precipitation has had contact with plant surfaces there is an increase in its mineral content. This is due to the process of enrichment of throughfall and stemflow with elements leached out of needles + 2+ + – + 2+ 2– – and leaves ( K , Mg ) and coming from dry deposition ( NH 4, Cl , Na , Mg , SO 4 , NO 3 ) washed out from plant surfaces. The research, based on the canopy budget model, indicates that in the case of potassium, its load leached out of needles and leaves accounted for 75.6 % and 73 %, respectively, of its total deposition on the forest floor. Calcium leaching was not detected in either of the two stands. In comparison with potassium, the range of magnesium leaching was smaller and amounted to 34 % under beech and 26.5 % under pine. As to loads of potassium and magnesium in the beech stand, they were more than twice as large as the ones observed in the pine stand.
    [Show full text]
  • The Interception Process in Tropical Rain Forests: a Literature Review and Critique (*)
    THE INTERCEPTION PROCESS IN TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND CRITIQUE (*) . R. T. Clarke (**) SÜMMARY A noviw oi tht tLtQJioJuAn on m&aAuKem&ntò o{ naln mtzn. íntzucdptÁon ptiocçAòzA by ^oheAtis i& madt. ln{)OtwiaXÁ.on on A^nÁca, C2.ntn.0l and South AmztvLca, and A&ia ÃJ> QÒJ&I. A gene.Aal anatgòLt, lò made. and thz me.d to kun.tho.h. tko.. mimuAomuntò undoA ^toXd condÁ. - txonò ÍÁ òtAQAòzd. BACKGROVm In temperate latitudes, interception as a component of the total evaporative loss from forests has been intensívely studíed (see, for example, Helvey & Patrick, 1965; HeJvey, 1967; Lawson, 7967; BJake, 1975; Calder, 1976, 1978) and its importance welj_ established. Field studies of the interception process have given results which, in rnany cases, have been expressed as empirical regression equations of the form I = aP + b G where I is the depth of water intercepted and lost by evaporaiion, P. is the gross rain b — fali incident upon the forest canopy, and a, b are regression coefficrents; see, for example, Penman (1963)- Many authors, however, Blake (1975) being one, expressed the relation in the alternative form (l/P„) = b/P+a expressing the fact that the percen- G G tage interception loss tends to be hyperbolically related to gross rainfall. In con - trast to this empirical approach, Rutter et ai. (1970, Gash & Morton have constructed physically-based computer models using as inputs rainfal? and the meteorológica! varia- bles controlling evaporation to compute a running water balance of a forest canopy with known structure, thereby producing estimates of interception losses.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Stemflow a Vector for the Transport of Small Metazoans from Tree Surfaces
    Ptatscheck et al. BMC Ecol (2018) 18:43 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-018-0198-4 BMC Ecology RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Is stemfow a vector for the transport of small metazoans from tree surfaces down to soil? Christoph Ptatscheck* , Patrick Connor Milne and Walter Traunspurger Abstract Background: Stemfow is an essential hydrologic process shaping the soil of forests by providing a concentrated input of rainwater and solutions. However, the transport of metazoans by stemfow has yet to be investigated. This 8-week study documented the organisms (< 2 mm) present in the stemfow of diferent tree species. Because the texture of the tree bark is a crucial determination of stemfow, trees with smooth bark (Carpinus betulus and Fagus sylvatica) and rough bark (Quercus robur) were examined. Results: Up to 1170 individuals per liter of stemfow were collected. For rotifers and nematodes, a highly positive cor- relation between abundance and stemfow yield was determined. Both taxa were predominant (rotifers: up to 70%, nematodes: up to 13.5%) in the stemfow of smooth-barked trees whereas in that of the oak trees collembolans were the most abundant organisms (77.3%). The mean number of organisms collected per liter of stemfow from the two species of smooth-barked trees was very similar. A higher number of nematode species was found in the stemfow of these trees than in the stemfow of rough-barked oak and all were typical colonizers of soil- and bark-associated habitats. Conclusion: This pilot study showed for the frst time that stemfow is a transport vector for numerous small metazo- ans.
    [Show full text]
  • Canopy Interception, Stemflow and Streamflow on a Small Drainage in the Missouri Ozarks
    RESEARCH BULLETIN 951 APRIL, 1969 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI - COLUMBIA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ELMER R. KIEHL, Director Canopy Interception, Stemflow and Streamflow on a Small Drainage in the Missouri Ozarks DAVID R. DEWALLE & LEE K. PAULSELL (Publication authorized April 12, 1969) COLUMBIA, MISSOURI TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction ........ ... ........ ... ... ... .... ... ... .... 3 Canopy Interception .. ........... .. ........... .. ........... 3 Study Areas and Design ........... ..... .......... ... .. ... 4 Results .. .. .. ..... .. .... .... .. ...... .. .. ... .. ..... 5 Stemflow ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .... ... ... ... 8 Methods .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... ... ..... .......... 9 Results ...... .. .. , .. ......... ... ... .... .... ..... ... 11 Streamflow ... .... .... ..... ... ... .. .. .. ... ... .. ... .. 13 Gaging Installation D escription .. ... ... ....... ........ ..... 14 Results .... .. .... .. ................ .. ..... ..... ........... 14 H ydrologic Budget .. .. ..... ......... ... .. .... .... .. .......... 20 Methods . .. ... ....... ... ............. ..... .... .. .... 21 Results . .............................. .. ... ... ... ... ... 22 Summary ........... ... .. ... .. ...... .. ... .. .. .. .. ..... ... 25 Literature Cited .... .. .. ...... .. ........ ....... .. .. .. ... ...... 26 Canopy Interception, Stemflow and Streamflow on a Small Drainage in the Missouri Ozarks DAVID R. DEWALLE & LEE K. P AULSELL * INTRODUCTION This report presents an analysis
    [Show full text]
  • Building Flood Resilience in a Changing Climate Insights from the United States, England and Germany
    Building Flood Resilience in a Changing Climate Insights from the United States, England and Germany June 2020 Building Flood Resilience in a Changing Climate Insights from the United States, England and Germany Maryam Golnaraghi, The Geneva Association Swenja Surminski, London School of Economics Carolyn Kousky, Wharton Risk Center, University of Pennsylvania Building Flood Resilience in a Changing Climate 1 The Geneva Association The Geneva Association was created in 1973 and is the only global association of insurance companies; our members are insurance and reinsurance Chief Executive Officers (CEOs). Based on rigorous research conducted in collaboration with our members, academic institutions and multilateral organisations, our mission is to identify and investigate key trends that are likely to shape or impact the insurance industry in the future, highlighting what is at stake for the industry; develop recommendations for the industry and for policymakers; provide a platform to our members, policymakers, academics, multilateral and non-governmental organisations to discuss these trends and recommendations; reach out to global opinion leaders and influential organisations to highlight the positive contributions of insurance to better understanding risks and to building resilient and prosperous economies and societies, and thus a more sustainable world. The Geneva Association—International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics Talstrasse 70, CH-8001 Zurich Email: [email protected] | Tel: +41 44 200 49 00 | Fax: +41 44 200 49 99 Photo credits: Cover page—Matthew Orselli, Shutterstock. June 2020 Building Flood Resilience in a Changing Climate © The Geneva Association Published by The Geneva Association—International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics, Zurich.
    [Show full text]
  • Throughfall and Temporal Trends of Rainfall Redistribution in an Open Tropical Rainforest, South-Western Amazonia (Rondônia, Brazil) S
    Throughfall and temporal trends of rainfall redistribution in an open tropical rainforest, south-western Amazonia (Rondônia, Brazil) S. Germer, H. Elsenbeer, J. M. Moraes To cite this version: S. Germer, H. Elsenbeer, J. M. Moraes. Throughfall and temporal trends of rainfall redistribution in an open tropical rainforest, south-western Amazonia (Rondônia, Brazil). Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, European Geosciences Union, 2006, 10 (3), pp.383-393. hal-00304865 HAL Id: hal-00304865 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00304865 Submitted on 2 Jun 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 383–393, 2006 www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/10/383/2006/ Hydrology and © Author(s) 2006. This work is licensed Earth System under a Creative Commons License. Sciences Throughfall and temporal trends of rainfall redistribution in an open tropical rainforest, south-western Amazonia (Rondonia,ˆ Brazil) S. Germer1, H. Elsenbeer1, and J. M. Moraes2 1Institute of Geoecology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany 2CENA, University of Sao˜ Paulo, Piracicaba, S.P., Brazil Received: 9 November 2005 – Published in Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.: 19 December 2005 Revised: 9 March 2006 – Accepted: 17 March 2006 – Published: 2 June 2006 Abstract.
    [Show full text]