" " U Occuttau'm@Newsteter
Volume III, Number 14 December, 1985
Occultation Newsletter is published by the International Occultation Timing Association. Editor and compos- itor: H. F. DaBoll; 6 N 106 White Oak Lane; St. Charles, IL 60174; U.S.A. Please send editorial matters, new and renewal memberships and subscriptions, back issue requests, address changes, graze prediction requests, reimbursement requests, special requests, and other IOTA business, but not observation reports, to the above.
FROM THE PUBLISHER IOTA NEWS
This is the fourth issue of 1985. David IA. Dunham
If you have ordered any back issues of o.n. which The third annual meeting of IOTA was held at the Ar- you have not received, please advise us, at the mand Bayou Nature Center in Clear Lake City, Texas, above address. Please specify which issues. on 1985 November 16. The official minutes of the meeting will be reported in the next issue. Main When renewing, please give your name and address ex- business highlights were the financial report and actly as they appear on your mailing label, so that the consequent decision to raise the o.n. subscrip- \_ we can locate your file; if the label should be re- tion price (but not IOTA membership rates; see "From vised, tell us how it should be changed. the Publisher" at the beginning of this issue); de- cision to combine the offices of the Treasurer and If you wish, you may use your VISA or MasterCard for Corresponding Secretary to facili'tate processing of payments to IOTA; include the account number, the requests and finances; and fulfilling requirements expiration date, and your signature. Card users for the support test required by the I.R.S. to main- must pay the full prices, which are shown below, tain our tax-exempt status. FOLLOWED BY THE DISCOUNT PRICES IN BRACKETS FOR THE USE OF THOSE PAYING BY CASH, CHECK, OR MONEY ORDER. The combined office of Treasurer and Corresponding Secretary will be called the Secretary-Treasurer. Effective as of the date of publication of this is- H. F. DaBo11 will fulfill this position during ]986. sue, the price of o.n. for North American (U.S.A., Being the main point of contact for IOTA, his ad- Canada, Mexico) subscribers is $1.82[1.75]/issue, or dress follows my name in the articles I publish in $7.28[7.00]/year (4 issues) including any supple- the 1986 January issue of Sky and Telescope. In ments (for North American observers) associated with practice,·a few requests may initially be handled by those issues. The supplements now include compre- Mark Allman, since the Columbus, Ohio, address was hensive asteroidal occultation predictions computed published in the 1986 R.A.S.C. Observers' Handbook, by Edwin Coffin for your region, but we may distrib- whose deadline predated the IOTA meeting. ute some other information via similar supplements in the future. For all other areas, when served by We have ninety days from the end of 1985 to submit surface mail, the price is $1.78[1.71]/issue, or materials to the Internal Revenue Service for the $7.12[6.84]/year, not including any supplements; support test to continue our tax-exempt status. when served by air (AO) mail, add these amounts to Much of this involves financial questions that are the surface prices: for Central America, St. Pierre being answered by DaBo11, Paul Maley, and me. How- \ and Miquelon, Caribbean islands, Bahamas, Bermda, ever, it also involves proving that we are a public "~- Colombia, and Venezuela, 45¢[43¢]/issue, or $1.79 organization. Publication of IOTA'S name by news [1.72]/year (for these areas, any supplements for media in connection with occultation and eclipse ob- North American observers will be available @ $1.23 servations and research are valuable for this. If [$1.18]/year by surface mail, or $1.56[1.50]/year by you have any local publications mentioning IOTA, AO mail); for the rest of South America, Mediterra- such as in newspapers or local astronomical society nean Africa, Europe (except Estonia, Latvia, Lithu- newsletters, please send a copy to: Paul Maley; ania, and U.S.S.R.), 80¢[77¢]/issue, or $3.20[3.08] 15807 Brookvilla; Houston, TX 77059; phone 713,483- per year; for all others, $JJ6[L11]/issue, or 5378. Remember this in the future. When organizing" . $4.63[4.44]/year. Supplements for South America a local occultation expedition, call it an IOTA ex- will be available at extra cost through Ignacio Fer- pedition, or joint IOTA/loca1 astronomical society rin (Apartado 700; Merida 5101-A; Venezuela; for expedition, not just a local expedition. Although Europe, through Roland Boninsegna (Rue dc Mariem- mention of IOTA in fOreign publications helps (we bourg, 33; 8-6381 DOURBES; Belgium); for southern appreciate being sent such references), the I.R.S. Africa, through M. D. Overbeek (Box 212; Edenvale will be more interested in American publications. 1610; Republic of South Africa); for Australia and New Zealand, through Graham Blow (P. 0. Box 2241; The scientific agenda of the meeting will be includ- Wellington, New Zealand); for Japan, through Toshio ed in the next issue. One major item was discussion Hirose (1-13 Shimomaruko 1-chome; Ota-ku, Tokyo 146; of the observations of the grazes of Zubenelgenubi japan). Supplements for all other areas will be at both limits of last May 4th's occultation in Af- (Continued overleaf) rica during the total lunar eclipse. This culminat- ' ! " '" ) 296 '. '
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(FROM THE PUBLISHER, continued) Space Telescope. · available at $1.23[1.18]/year by surface, or $2.04 [1.96]/year by AO mail, from Jim Stam (Rt. 13, Box Berton Stevens sent me a listing of the IOTA records 109; London, KV 40741; U.S.A.). in October. I was surprised to see that there was no station information (primarily longitude, lati- The prices of back issues by surface mail remain as tude, and graze travel radii) for a large fraction follows: $1.04[1.00]/issue through Vol. 2, No. 13; of fully paid IOTA members. If you are in this cat- later issues, through Vol. 3, No. ]3, $1.46[1.40] egory, you are not receiving the predictions to per issue. Air mail shipment of back issues, if de- which you are entitled, and which we want to pro- sired, remains at 47¢[45¢]/issue extra, outside the vide. Those with small travel radii rarely get U.S.A., Canada, and Mexico. graze predictions, but everyone with station data receives planetary/asteroidal appulse local-circum- IOTA membership, subscription and supplement includ- stances calculations from joseph Carroll each year. ed, remains at $11.46[11.00]/year for residents of He now is computing and distributing these predic- North America (including Mexico) and $16.67[16.00] tions for 1986. If you are an IOTA member and do for others, to cover costs of overseas air mail. not receive Carroll's predictions within two weeks For IOTA members, the following items are available of receipt of this issue, chances are very good that without extra charge; non-members pay $1.04[1.00] we do not have station data for you in our computer for local circumstance (asteroidal occultation) pre- records, and you should transmit the information on dictions, and $1.56[1.50] per graze limit prediction. the observer information form to H. F. DaBo]1 to rectify the situation. hie apologize if you had pre- Observers from Europe and the British Isles should viously sent us an observer information form, which join iota/es, sending DM 50.-- to Hans-j. Bode, Bar- may not have reached Berton Stevens through the told-knaust Str. 8, 3000 Hannover 91, German Federal somewhat complex channels in place during the last Republic. Full membership in IOTA/ES includes the two years. We prefer coordinates specified to full supplement for European observers. accuracy (one arc second or better), but less accur- acy is sufficient for predictions. For graze pre- (IOTA NEWS, continued) dictions, your coordinates should be accurate to at ed in a small workshop where we discussed techniques least I' (one arc minute), while for Carroll's pre " for preparing reduction profiles from graze observa- dictions, ]0' is often all right. Coordinates to tions and computer data generated with Van Flan- these accuracies can be found in some of the large dern's OCC program at U.S.N.O. Since then, Paul Ma- encyclopedic atlases; other IOTA members also can Icy has prepared preliminary reduction profiles for help with coordinate determination. each of the May 4th expeditions, some information about which is given in the graze article on p. 300. We have decided on the content for an IOTA member- ship card, and Tony Murray in Georgetown, GA, is We decided to hold the next (fourth) annual meeting preparing a detailed design. These Should be ready in conjunction with the Texas Star Party to encour- for distribution with the next issue of o.n. We are age more participation. The IOTA meeting will be also working on an illustrated one-page handout held during Saturday, May 10th, the last day of the briefly describing lunar grazes and asteroidal oc- Texas Star Party. If you are interested in attend- cultations, their uses, and IOTA, intended primarily ing, contact the organizer for the }986 Texas Star for our contacts with the public during expeditions Party: Carol Rodgers; ]28 N. Comerce; Burleson, TX and advance-planning field work. 76028; phone 817,295-1026. If you want to give a presentation or have a suggestion for an agenda Last October, joan and I made some more updates to item, contact me at P.0. Box 7488; Silver Spring, MD the occultation manual, improving it considerably 20907; phone 301,585-0989. The 1986 meeting is an over the April version. A few copies of this ver- election meeting for officers for the three-year sion were made and distributed at the IOTA meeting. terms 1987-]989. Contact me or one of the other There are still some missing or unfinished sections", IOTA executive comiittee members if you want to nom- which we hope to largely complete during the next inate someone for an office. Ballots and more in- two months. The project has top priority, so there formation will be distributed with the next issue. is a good chance that it will be distributed before, -Or- along with, the next issue of o.m--.-We-pian to ' There also will be an IOTA session held in conjunc- distribute that issue in March, when post-perihelion " tion with the Astronomical League's annual meeting observations will permit a good update of the orbit in Baltimore, MD, early in August. Contact me for of Halley's Comet and refinement of predictions of presentations or agenda items. occultations by Halley.
On December 13 and 14, a meeting was held at the ASTEROIDAL APPULSE AND OCCULTATION OBSERVATIONS Space Telescope Science Institute (STScil) in Balti- more to discuss possible amateur-professional coop- Jim Stamn eration in use of the Hubble Space Telescope. The presidents of the major American amateur astronomi- Beginning with this issue, sumnaries of asteroidal cal organizations attended (the first time that they occultations and appulses will be published in tabu- lisall had(Astronomicalgathered inLeague),one place),JanetincludinMattel {A.A.V.S.O.),George El- lar form. Some groups are so well coordinated that we are beginning to get more reports than can be John \4estfa11 (Association of Lunar and Planetary published comfortably in the old format. We still Observers), jesse Eichenlaub (Independent Space Re- will retain all of the data that are included in the search Group), Stephen Edberg (Western Amateur As- report form, and they will be available to anyone tronomers), Gerald Persha (I.A.P.P.P.), and me. who requests them. It is still important to report Members of the staff of the STScil gave interesting all of the information on the report fonii to us. presentations of the capabilities of the Hubble For events that are well covered, or show interest- ¢ Nr « .
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ing results, I will write up a Europe — Roland Boninsegna separate paragraph or article. J. Aloy Sampson Spain — C. Baetens Boechout, Belgium — In the tabular format, a line D. Baise Hevi11ers, Belgium — 2000 represents a negative visual L. Baldinelli Tignano, Italy -p "P 2040P observation. A "p" follows S. Baroni Milan, Italy — the line for a photoelectric j. Barthes Toulouse, France observation, and a "V" follows P. Barufetti Massa, Italy — the line for a video observa- A. Bertoglio La Balma, Italy — tion. The beginning and end- S. Bruno La Bahia, Italy — ing times of observation are H. Bulder Zoetmeer, Netherlands — above and below the line, re- R. Casas Sabade11, Spain A spectively. A number within a Catania Obs. Catania, Italy =_ _p circle refers the reader to E. Cifuentes Renteria, Spain o the notes given below. The f. Clette Bagneres, France majcv — name following the continent R. Di Luca Tizzano, Italy a - name is the coordinator who C. Gallart Cases Noves, Spain d " — has supplied most of the re- M. Genovese La Balma, Italy = ports. When an event descrip- V. Ghisolfi Savona, Italy —·· tion is preceded by an aster- C. Gualdoni Maggio, Italy — isk, it means that the event V. Hainaut Dourbes, Belgium — also is listed under one or R. Heidmann Vernon, France more of the other continents. N. Jonlet Glons, Belgium — M. Kopp Velbert, West Germany Notes: J. Lecacheux jonvi11e, France — H. Le Ta]1ec Toulouse, France i CD Maksymowicz reported 1- P. Lipski Dresden, West Germany — <.. second occultations beginning P. Louis Dourbes, Belgium — t
at 04:37:19 and 04:40:30. He S. Maksymowicz Chapet, France CD "— I considered at least the last A. Manna Minusio, Switzerland ·— event doubtful because of a M. March Mataro, Spain — bright sky and poor stability. IA. Marine11o Bassano, Italy The observed north shift (o.n. J. Marti Mataro, Spain — — _ 3 (13), 280) placed the pri- Marseille Obs. Marseille, France @ —" &5 mary path over Scandinavia. P. Mazalrey Vernon, France — d, " Meudon Obs. Meudon, France . —v ".A © From the center of Amster- F. Muzzi Bologna, Italy — ,n " dam, under a very clear sky, It Nobel Amsterdam, Netherlands — = '= Serne recorded an occultation R. Nore11i Tignano, Italy m — m from 00:06:11.5 to 00:06:16.1. L. Orsi Bologna, Italy — . £ G. Passerini Bologna, Italy — b · · O @ A total of 22 stations re- Pie du Midi Obs Bagneres, France :9 —v " ported data to Roland Bonin- P. Poitevin Kauli11e, Belgium — segna for this event — the U. Quadri Bassano, Italy — e, -— best-observed event since Feb C. Raffo Massa, Italy — 81 _" 16 Iris (another European ac- G. Raspadori Bologna, Italy — . complishment!). Boninsegna G Riccabone La Balma, Italy — —— A will reduce the data, and I J./C. Royer Saint-Etienne, Fr. — " = will report his results (in- A. Scholten Eerbeek, Netherlands A m cluding Serne's observation) P. Serne Amsterdam, Netherlands \?j in a future issue of o.n. j. Soldevi11a Sampsor, Spain — t P. Soler Vilanova, Spain —— cS m ® Yamaguchi, along with Ed- P. Tanga La Balma, Italy — gar Espinosa and Federico Ar- B. Thooris klervik, Belgium ispe of the Astronomy Associa- T. Toba1 Vilanova, Spain — tion of Bolivia, recorded a 14-second occultation begin- S. Trentini Bologna. Italy !::pEli¢' ning at 02:58:00. The occur- F. Tulipani Bologna, Italy — rence was 7js minutes later P. Vaissiere Ambert, France — _ "" than predicted, the duration 3 L. Zinnermann Hevil1ers, Belgium — seconds longer, and the path ® 85 Aug 15 2601 Bologna SAD 74620 south-shifted 1400 km. 85 Aug 17 270 Ana"iita ? "?" means star 85 Aug 17 28 Be Iona SAD 162924 ® O.N. 3 (13), 280. numbers were 85 Aug 3 2c S Part"ia ? not reported (events 85 Sep 1 230 Athamantis SAD 108346 ® O.N. 3 (13), 281. predicted by Goffin 85 Sep 5 606 Branqane SAD 28195 for which neither Stann 8!1 Sep / 2: 0 Athamantis SAD 108226 G) O.N. 3 (I), IS. nor Dunham have predictions). 85 Sep g 1206 Numeronia , .?.
Notes about individual events not tabulated.
(7) Iris and SAD 94467, Feb 16, 1985: (O.N. 3 (13), 279). Matthias KOpp monitored the star from 21:00 to
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21:30, and recorded an estimated 0.8-0.9-magnitude South America — Ignacio Ferrin drop for 7 seconds, beginning at 21:04:31. j. Balseiro Mercedes, Uruguay — J. dc Campos Rio dc Janeiro,8raz — (746) Marlu and SAD 138569, May I: (O.N. 3 (13), N. Cerruti Dolores, Uruguay '—- 280). Andrea Manna's observation was at Munisio, W. Malony Caracas, Venezuela — Switzerland. D. Marchioro Puerto 0rdaz,Venez E. Netto Rio dc janeiro, Brazil "" 0605 Pluto and 12.8-mag. star, Aug 19: N. Brosch and L. da Silva Poi-to Alegre,Brazi1 0626 H. Mendelson recorded a photoelectric dimning C. Torres Merida, Venezuela --- lasting 80 seconds from Wise Observatory (Mitzpe bl. Yamaguchi La Paz, Bolivia G) Ramon, Israel). The mid-time of the event was 85 May 30 1'15 Adeona SAD 190841 17:59:21, ±2 seconds. The starlight disappeared 85 Jul 18 192 Nausikaa SAD 128570 completely for only about ]4 seconds, indicating 85 Jul 20 145 Adeona SAD 190822 that this was an almost-grazing occultation. This 85 Aug 9 21 Lutetia SAD 93083 may be the first detection of an atmosphere around Pluto. North America . 0844 T. Freeman Berkeley, California 09"54 0315 (2) pallas and SAD 171571, Oct 24: The occulta- R. Harper La Porte, Texas 0840 0340 1152 tion of this 6.4-mag. star was timed from three j. Stamn Tucson, Arizona 0557 · 12]3 s. Shaw Athens, Georgia -p . stationsit the sixthin theobservedBrisbane,occultationQueensland,of a area,star makingby this asteroid, many more than for any other minor ® © planet. The timings, all visual, are listed below: 85 Aug 22 1036 Ganymede SAD 38952 85 Oct 31 159 Aemilia SAD 96895 Peter Anderson 152°55'54:'0 E. D 16h23:2959 ±052 85 Nov 5 70 Panopaea SAD 76770 The Gap 27°27'48'U) S. R 16h23 5854 ±051 85 Nov ID 521 Brixia SAD 80435 ·\, height 176 m duration 2855 ·' Asia I. S. Balinskaya 1943 Charlie Smith }53°05'43!'6 E. D 16h23m31'4 ±0'2 M. Fedyanin Tomsk, w. Siberia 1507 2061 . Hoodbridge 27°38'18!'7 S. R 16h23m5914 ±oh M. Pishnenko Khabarovsk, e.Sib- 1528 (j) height 40 m duration 2850 83 Oct 9 36 Atalante SAD 41289 Steve Hutcheon 153°13'20'Y) E. D ]6h23m31s2 ±OS2 83 Dec 28 776 Berbericia AGK3 '33"0763 Sheldon 27°30'21!'0 S. R 16h23m5814 ±OS2 height 32 m duration 2752 the older orbit in Astron. Papers Prepared for use of the Amer. Ephem. and Naut. Almanac 20, which also Anderson noted in his report that "The asteroid ap- was determined from a very long series of observa- peared blue-green as a contrast effect compared with tions. Dunham further remarks that the Brisbane ob- the K2 star. . . The observers were spaced (west to servations show that Sitarski's orbit already is de- east) at 0, 12, and 27.5 km relative to the almost viating from the true path, which now is represented north-south motion of the asteroid. From these ob- best by Landgraf's orbit. Dunham apologizes to the servations the actual path of the central track Australian observers, who would have mobilized to (some 31 seconds duration) passed some 100 km or secure more chords if the nominal path had been cal- more to the west of Brisbane, which is a displace- culated with Landgraf's orbit (some even preliminary ment of around lt'8 from the predicted (nominal) astrometry on Pa11as also could have spotted the er- track, which was just east of New Zealand." Graham ror in Sitarski's orbit). The observers monitored Blow notes that Sydney also must have been in the the star for at least ten minutes around the time of path, but observers there were clouded out, as were the occultation, and no secondary extinctions were all in New Zealand. David Dunham notes that the seen. large shift can not be due to the star, which has a good position (especially in right ascension) from (89) julia and SAD 41024, Dec 9: Three Lick Observ- the photoelectric, Perth 70 cataln. The orbit used atory exposures of both objects on the same plate on , for the nominal prediction was published by Sitarski Nov. 26 gave a path shift of ]':68 north +O';iO, with — in 1982, using observations from 1960 to 1979, a a time correction of 6.6.+.0.2 minutes early, accord- relatively Short data arc for determining an accur- ing to calculations by David Dunham. This placed ate asteroid orbit. In 1983, it agreed with astro- the path across Canada at about latitude 60° north, metric observations of Pallas better than any other well north of any known occultation observers in available orbit, and served very well for the well- North America. observed occultation of 1 Vulpeculae on May 29th of that year. In 1984, Landgraf determined a new orbit (89) julia and SAD 40525, Dec 20: Dunham gives the for Pallas. Remembering the 1983 astrometry, Dunham following account of the astrometry and one success- figured that Sitarski's orbit was good enough, and ful observation of this occultation: "I combined the decided not to replace it with Landgraf's data for substantial Lick corrections to Julia's ephemeris the 1985 predictions. Experience has shown that the from the Nov. 6 plate [mentioned above] with an im- stationary points of an asteroid's orbit are espe- proved star position from a ]977 Lick plate to de- cially sensitive to astrometric errors. After rive a prediction of 1!'38 N. ±0!'3. Since this path learning of the above observations, Dunham computed crossed the U.S.A., another Lick plate with fOur ex- an ephemeris using Landgraf's orbital elements, and posures was taken on December 11th. The path shifts computed a path for the occuitation in essentially derived from each of the four exposures were'R'72, exact agreement with the Brisbane observations. 1!'44, 1':SS, and 1!'49, all north. The first exposure Landgraf used data for over a century up through disagreed with the last three, the average of which ]983, and his orbit is also in good agreement with gave 1!'49 N. A straight (or "overall") average of
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all four exposures gave i:'SS N. Previous experience near the southern limit. The path center must have has shown that it is usually just as well to use the been close to 1!'49 north, in virtually exact agree- overall average. I decided to include the first ex- ment with the average of the last three Lick expo- posure, but not with full weight, to derive a shift sures of Decanber 11. This path crossed Portland, of 1?53 ±O;'S north and a time correction of 4.9 ±0.2 Oregon, where, unfortunately, the fog was especially minutes early. The central line for this improved thick. path passed near Castle Rock, Washington; The Da11es, Oregon; the southwest corner of Idaho; and near "Brent Sorenson observed a miss during the critical 1Aendover and Salinas, Utah. I told Richard Linklet- minute of closest approach at Cedar City, Utah, us- ter about this shift, so that he might notify poten- ing a fourteen-inch Schmidt-Cass. Four minutes lat- tial observers in Washington and Oregon, and he also er, at about 14h 17m U.T., he saw the star disappear notified three observers in Utah. for a couple of seconds, but observation by then was very difficult, due to the brightening dawn. "On the night of the event, a high pressure area settled over the region after a storm had left much "A few IOTA members, including me, thought of trav- snow and moisture. With the onset of the high, Tem- eling into the path to observe with portable equip- peratures plummeted to well below freezing. Low- ment, but none did, primarily due to the extreme level winds died, while high-level winds brOught pressure of year-end work that had to be completed warm air from the south. The result was a strong, before many took Christmas vacations. Also, by the persistent temperature inversion which kept cold, time we had the December 11 Lick results, tickets moist air in the valleys. Thirteen of fifteen ob- for the few remaining seats on scheduled flights servers in the northwestern U.S.A. notified by Link- were priced at two to three times as much as the letter, failed to observe the appuise, mainly due to normally available discount tickets, due to the hol- fog and smog. Linkletter notes the strength of the iday crunch. If one of us had made the trip, chanc- inversion by the tanperature of 52° f. at the Uni- es are good that we would have obtained a second versity of Oregon's Pine Mountain Observatory at a chord and an estimate of julia's diameter." ' height of 6280 feet, while at the same time at near- g-' by Bend, at about 2000 feet, the temperature was on- (IB) Melpomene and SAD 114658, Dec 30: Dunham re- ly 15° F. At Pine Mountain (at a shift value of ports that William Penha1]ow obtained three expo- about 1!'43 north), Lynn Carroll and Dan Kraus visu- sures on December 22. Using positions for SAD ally timed a 4.22-second occultation starting at jtjh 114658 and SAD stars near Melpomene measured by ]3m 17S, in excellent accord with the time I pre- Klemola from a 1980 Lick plate, Dunham calculated a dicted from the Lick data. Nick Liepin, at Salem, path shift of 0!'07 north ±0'20 and time correction Oregon, saw a miss, showing that Pine Mountain was of 1.2 minutes early ±0.3 minutes.
REPORT ON E. S. 0. P. IV The afternoon session started with a topic by Nor- bert Kordts, "Contrast Effects in Astronomical Ob- Eberhard Bredner servations, or Can you see the Star or Can't you?" He gave a lot of helpful advice to reduce light The Fourth European Symposium on Occultation Predic- scattering. Some slides of "The Solar Eclipse of tions was arranged by josef Van Camp and Edwin Gof- November 22, 1984, in New Guinea" (H.-J. Bode) fin and was held on August 24-25, 1985, in Urania, showed the troublesome travel in a wobbly dugout to the Public Observatory of Antwerp, in Belgium. More mount a camera with a telephoto lens in a swamp. than 25 participants from Czechoslovakia, German Roland Boninsegna showed us "The Organization and Federal Republic, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Den- Activities of GEOS (Groupe Europeen D'Observation mark joined the meeting. Stellaire." More than 150 members have joined the departments of Variable Stars, Photoelectric Photom- We were welcomed very obligingly the evening before etry, and Asteroidal Occu1tations. josef Van Camp the symposium and had a first evening with long- and Pierre Vingerhoets presented the increasing lasting talks on astronomy in a smaller group. French-Belgian-Outch collaboration in observing mi- nor planets. They showed "An Electronic Occultation The symposium was opened by the director of the Timing and Registration Device" that stores 64 tim- " Urania, Marc Gyssens, and by Hans-joachim Bode of ings with the accuracy of an atomic clock. The de- ICTA/ES. The lectures started with a review by Bd- vice will be in stock by the end of 1985 for about humil Malecek on E.S.O.P. III in Czechoslovakia. 120 dollars. The first day ended with a visit to Very impressive slides showed the possibilities of the Town Hall and some astronomical sites of inter- the meeting. Henk Bril gave a report, "Some Inves- est in the little neighboring town, Lier. There we tigations Concerning Reaction Time" depending on had a splendid dinner in a typical comfortable res- more than 2400 measurements. With more than 95% taurant. probability, OS15"reaction time"OS45 is valid; for a skilled observer you can estimate 0521 ±0506. The Edwin Goffin started the next morning after a re- 'grand old man' of occultat'ion, N. P. Wieth-knudsen, freshing night - the accommodation had been chosen showed us "Experiments on the Precision of the Min- very cautiously --with "Predictions of Occultations naert Method" for the timing of solar eclipse con- by Minor Planets." Gordon Taylor finished his mi- ' tacts to reduce the first contact. Hans-joachim nor-planet prediction work, which Landgraf and Gof- Bode explained the "Occultation Work Concerning the fin will continue. "Video Observations of Mutual IHW." He emphasized the necessity of a network of Occultations by jovian Satellites" were shown by observers with photoelectric equipment. jean Bourgeois; they were recorded by an RCA Ultri- con camera with the 100-cm mirror at the Observa- The lunch break was prepared in the Urania Observa- toire Pie du Midi, France. The measured timings were in good agreement with the predictions. Roland tory. Refreshed, we had a guided visit to the Pub- lic Observatory by director Marc Gyssens. Boninsegna discussed "Minor Planet Occultations: 300
Precautions to Take" during visual observations ster, TX 77598; U.S.A. Also sending a copy to ILOC (equipment for timekeeping, recording) and the best is greatly appreciated; their address is; Interna- geographical position for different groups: "Do not tional Lunar Occultation Centre; Geodesy and Geo- try to observe too faint stars!" Edwin Goffin, re- physics Division; Hydrographic Department; Tsukiji- ferring to the topic "An Occultation Premiere," 5; Chuo-ku; Tokyo, 104 Japan. listed the occultations of pairs of minor planets, but most of the events are very hard to observe (see Observers using profiles of the Cassini region sky and Telescope 70 (S), 464 (Nov. 1985)). Bohuniil (identified by limb points coded "3" or "4") should Malecek explained the "Occultation Activities in the be aware of possible spurious features. They arise C.S.S.R.," where in 20 years more than 6500 observa- from the process of combining data from several dif- tions at 58 stations by 447 observers have been re- ferent grazes. If a discontinuity of about one arc corded and sent to Tokyo. second or more is found on one of these profiles, there is a chance that the feature so formed may be Hans-joachim Bode closed the symposium with a survey false. During the graze of ZC 1067 on 1983 Nov 3, of the present situation of IOTA/ES. The problems Don Oliver and I discovered that the large feature with the data on magnetic tapes from David Dunham at Watts angle 182°, longitude libration -6?3, and are very time wasting because the computer systems latitude libration -6?1, either does not exist, or are so different. There are high costs for copies, is much smaller than indicated. For an excellent and the time lag by spreading information over Eu- article on Dr. Watts and how the limb corrections rope is too great. But there is hardly anybody who were measured, see the "Astronomical Scrapbook" in can help to do the work. the February, 1964, issue of Sky and Telescope.
ESOP V is scheduled for Poland (1986), and ESOP VI I would like to emphasize again that the shift of for Denmark (1987). the moon's shadow is the most important result of a graze expedition. Please delay the report in order The symposium was closed with a marvelous lunch in to measure it, if that's what it takes; there is no the great assembly room at Urania Observatory. H.- benefit connected with rushing the report in without j. Bode thanked the organizers for their careful the shift! Plotting the observations after the preparations, and the Urania for providing their ob- graze is the best way to make sure everything corre- servatory for the symposium. lates; the shift is then easily read from the left- hand side of the profile. Progress is being made on Fifteen participants who stayed in Antwerp for an- keypunching the graze tables, so this is becoming other day had a guided visit to the Royal Observa- much more important. When al) the graze tables are tory Brussels (Koninklijke Sterrenwacht van Belgie) in machine-readable form, the list will be sorted by by four heads of departments — Time Service and Geo- star number. Before an upcoming graze, this list detic; Occu1tation Work With Video Camera; Spectros- can be examined to see if the star ever has been ob- copy; and Sunspot Index Data Center - and afterwards served in a graze before. If a shift- were reported, a lunch, with a subsequent walk through the old part the update would be instantly available. If no of the centre of Brussels. shift were reported, a rough one would have to be computed (perhaps with only part of the data). and What a lovely time it was! even this would take some effort. Thus, reporting the observed shift ultimately will benefit the per- GRAZING OCCULTATIONS son filing the report and other expedition leaders.
Don Stockbauer ZC 1093 is a close double. The combined magnitude is 6.4 and the primary's magnitude is 7.2. Since Reports of successful lunar grazing occuitations Dombrowski saw a graze for only the primary star on - Should be sent to me at 2846 Mayflower Landing; Web- October 7, I put 7.2 in the "Mag" column. Observers of the graze of ZC 3052 Star % a # S Ap on November IB timed.a Mo Ql Number Mag Sn1 .C,A, Location .S.t,a. !m. S ,c.m. Organi zer St WA b few events involving the ," " " 8.5-mag. secondary star. ' · 198] 8 23 093938 7.1 44- 9N Delfgauw, Nether. 1 7 I 20 Henk Bulder 350 61 The "Place Name" at the top of the graze report form is the town or vil- 1985 lage nearest the point 4 23 0599 4.5 7' 5N Morton Grove, IL 1 4 2 15 Berton Stevens 1-14 5 4V 2118 2.9 OE 82U HagAbdu11ah,Sudan 4 18 1 5 David Dunham 0 22 -2 of observation. For grazes, it usually will 5 4 2118 2.9 OE 35U Naboomspruit, RSA 7 28 I 0 R. Wallace 15201 -7 differ from the city in 5 4 2118 2.9 OE 35U Naboomspruit,RSA 10 52 1 6 B. Fraser 15201 -7 5 4 2118 2.9 3E 40U Du11stroom, RSA 3 28 I 4 R. Wallace 25201 -7 the address. Its pur- pose is to associate the 5 4 2118 2.9 4E 42U Badplaas, RSA 10 55 1 11 A. C. Voorvelt 15201 -7 5 4 2118 2.9 11E 49U Sodwana Bay, RSA 6 34 1 4 A. Hilton 35201 -7 observation with a geo- 9 12 1408 7.4 7- ]4N Burns, TN 2 21 2 6 Michael Grist 0354-64 graphical location which 10 7 1093 7.2 48- 9N East Hartland, CT 1 4 1 15 Philip Dombrowski is nor readily apparent 10 9 1363 5.2 27- 7N Sumit, MS 2 ]0 1 33 Benny Roberts 2N356-67 from the geodetic coor- 11 3 1067 7.2 73- 5S Ennis, TX 2 4 1 20 Don Stockbauer C5S182-61 dinates alone. ]1 4 1162 8.6 67- 4S Zoetmeer, Nether. 1 2 1 30 Henk Bulder C 182-6] When totaling timings 11 4 1206 5.9 63- 9S Barstow, CA 1 3 1 20 David Werner C 187-66 ]1 17 ]88639 7.6 25' 15S St. Augustine, FL I 2 1 15 Harold Povenmire for an expedition, count ii 18 3052 6.4 36" 16S Titusvi11e, FL 2 14 I 15 Harold Povenmire certainty 1 events as ' one, certainty 2 events 12 8 Mars 1.4 18- -6N Barto, PA I 4 David Blackmore 9-11 30i
as jS, and certainty 3 events as zero; round up any events in o.n. 3 (I), 9. joseph E. Carroll, 4261 fractions. This might explain why the total in the Queen's Way, Minnetonka, MN 55345, computes the ap- graze table is sometimes lower than the one you re- pulse predictions. Specific information about some ported. If you see a gradual disappearance or reap- of the events is given in my article on planetary pearance, and time both the beginning and end of the occultations in the ]986 January issue of Sky and fade, you may count these as two separate timings Telescope, for others at the end of this article, only if the fade's duration was 055 or greater. Al- and for many during the last half of the year, will so, the more information you can provide at the bot- be given in future issues. Some important new tom of the form, the more complete the graze table events or astrometric updates sometimes can be pub- will be. lished in the monthly Sky and Telescope before the quarterly o.n. Sections on reporting observations, 1Ahile the report forms should be filled out in pen- prediction sources, and prediction updates were giv- cil to facilitate corrections, please be sure the en in o.n. 3 (ID), 208 and 209. I understand that print is dark enough to photocopy well. I had to Robert Mi11is, Lowell Observatory, P.0. Box 1269; trace over a few that I received recently. Flagstaff, AZ 86002, is now the chairman of the I.A.U.'S Cormission 20 Working Group on Predictions Please keep the reports coming in; every one is ap- of Occultations by Satellites and Minor Planets. preciated. Under prediction updates, we now can add the Astrono- my Bulletin Board System (ASTBBS) mentioned on p. USNO NEWS 272 Of the last issue.
David W. Dunham This issue of o.n. was delayed much longer than I like, due mainly to the length of time needed to David Herald suggested that accurate stellar appar- prepare the computer database used to generate all ent places be given for "graze nearby" cases in the my detailed solar system occultation predictions and U. S. Naval Observatory's detailed total lunar qc- charts. I had a fairly efficient system of computer /' cu1tation predictions generated mainly by Marie Lu- q programs for generating the stellar data from dif- \~- kac with the EVANS program. .Then people like him, ferent star catalog tapes last spring, but this sys- who have microcomputer programs for computing graz- tem depended on the data being punched on cards, es, could generate their own reasonably accurate which then were shuffled and merged with the differ- path data with the help of lunar data from the As- ent ephemeris datasets. This system ended when the tronomical Almanac. Marie and I updated EVANS to card punch at USNO was removed. An equivalent shuf- print out the seconds of RA. and DEC. to 05001 and fling of the stellar data with disk datasets is very 0'!01 precision, respectively. The full RA. and cumbersome, and often I find it easier just to key Dec. are already printed to 051 and I" accuracy for in all the data for a star directly from the printed each occulted star. Also, the latitude and coeffi- catalogs. But this is time-consuming. A solution cient in the graze-nearby formula were.changed to is to use the software that I use to automatically 0?001 precision. This increased precision should be find occultations of Astrographic Catalog stars and accurate to ±0?005 for most graze-nearby messages. produce appropriate occultation datasets, but before I can do this in general, I need to reformat my star Although MVT now has to be specially installed, it catalog tapes and merge them into a master catalog. still is working, and we still can make 78A OCC I had plans to do that in 1985, but never had time runs; see p. 277 of the last issue. hie will in- to execute them. After Halley's Comet dies down at crease efforts to fix the CMS BOG version of OCC the end of April, I will make time to create the early in 1986, since the CalComp disk drives needed merged master star catalog, which will allow me to to support MVT most likely will be removed in Octo- use my automatic search software for 1987 events and ber. One of the CalComp drives sometimes gave se- eliminate the current time-consuming procedure. lect locks when started during recent uses of MVT, but we always got it to work after one or two addi- Asteroidal Occultations. The main source is Wasser- tional attempts. man, Bowell, and Millis' article, "Occultations of Stars by Solar System Objects. vi. Occultations of SOLAR SYSTEM 0CCEILTAT[ONS DURING 1986 Catalog Stars by Asteroids in 1986 and 1987" in As- C tron. j. 90 (ID),' 2124 (1985 OCt.). G. Taylor first David W. Dunham found five occultations by large asteroids, those on Mar. 21, Apr. 26 (Ceres), Apr. 28, July }1, and July Predictions of occultations of stars by major and 15, as listed in Astron. j. 86 (6), 903. I found minor planets, and by comets, during 1986 are given that two of the events in Wasserman et al'S list in two tables below, which are presented in nearly will not occur: (216) Kleopatra on Feb I} (both Her- the same format as those for last year's events. get's orbital elements, and the new elements given The only difference from last year is that columns in EMP 1986, show a miss by about g") and (602) Mar- in Table 2 relating to the diameter of the occulted ianna on Dec. 29.60, AGK3 N2]° 39 (the same star was star have been eliminated. In practice, these data occulted on the same date at the same time in ]985, are almost never used, and their elimination saves and the event somehow made it into the Lowell 1986 me some work in the current cumbersome procedures list; Marianna never comes close to the star during that I need to undertake to produce the tables. The 1986). Several of Edwin Goffin's better events,in- tables are given on alternating pages, so that all volving larger asteroids or bright stars, are in- data for a given event are available on facing pag- cluded in my dataset, even though his comprehensive es. Explanations of the data given in the tables, predictions have been distributed in separate sup- and of the finder charts, and regional and world plements. This is so that at least the better maps appearing in o.n., as well as information about events can be included in the local circumstances local circumstances (appulse predictions) sent to appulse predictions. Also, I find that my paths of- IOTA members, were given in the article about 1983 (Text continues on PB. 303) El M 0 0 N Ephem. % 1986 UNIVERSAL P L A N E T S T A R 0 C CULTATION KJ DATE TIME NAME [Fly 1j,AU SAD No mv Sq R.A.(1950)DCC. Am, Dur df P Possible Area SUN El %Sn1 (jfZ Source 9.1 K5 22P'10"7 -2°59'2.7 P/Kaliey 11.8 1.19 145945 5S10 17 southwestern Africa? 2"n (low) 52°1 52° 61 - none YEOIHId31 Jan 2 I9h43m 10.5 K2 7 01:7 24 30 2.5 jan 3 I 49-60 Chloris 12.9 2.36 9 18 24 South Africa?n; Brazil, Peru 1 77 78 58- W 35°k' EMP 1984 jan 8 20 28 Brunhild 14.5 3.33 183171 7.1 F215 03.3 -23 08 7.4 2 ]1 99 s. e. Siberia, n. japan 58 35 4- none EMP 1 986 jan ]1 9 51 P/Giac-Zin 12.6 1.22 196652 9.8 F8 6 15.3 -33 22 2.9 4 18 71 (e. Australia, New Guinea)? 2"n 122])5 1+ all YEOIHW33 jan 13 0 24 Myrrha 13.5 2.53 99159 9.0 K010 27.1 14 56 4.5 17 36 24 (Mongolia, central Siberia)?s 139 172 8+ none HERGET jan 15 4 36-48 Mabella 14.2 2.15 115666 6.6 AO 7 32.7 7 41 7.6 5 19 45 n.w. Africa, Canaries, U.S.A. 166 118 25+ wl05 kl HERGET78 jan ]5 12 48-61 Carlova 11.8 1.63 96478 9.2KO 702.9 15062.7 12 22 17 Hawaii?s; Siberia 168 107 28+ w130 E EMP 1984 Jan 16 13 40 Melpomene 9.0 1.23 95935 8.9AO 635.8 10390.8 16 23 12 A}aska?s 159 88 37" none EMP 1980 jan 16 17 45-59 Doris 11.2 2.00 9.5 8 51.8 9 16 1.9 ]8 25 14 southern Austra1ia?n; sc Africa 161 119 39+ W 75 E HERGET77 jan 17 10 50-65 Davida 10.0 1.71 77911 4.7 B2P 6 00.9 20 08 5.3 33 25 7 w. North America?n; w. Alaska 153 69 46" wI55 PI EMP )982 jan 19 17 53-67 Brixia 12.0 1.42 80380 9.5K5 840.5 28302.6 9 21 20 sw Austra1ia?n; central Africa 168 77 67" wI00 E EMP 1982 Jan 20 17 20-34 Arachne 12.4 1.66 9.8 7 35.9 21 27 2.7 9 21 23 Australia; sc Africa?n 172 52 75+ w120 E EMP 1982 Jan 28 7 38-51 Eugenia 11.3 1.84 9.5 7 40.2 16 3] 2.0 20 22 11 Tierra de1 Fuego(1ow),s Pacific 166 42 94- e170 u HERGET77 Feb 1 0 11-20 Pa11as 7.9 1.53 170643 8.4 F2 5 37.2 -25 32 0.5 36 ]7 4 S.America,Puerto Rico, ME, Que. 115 112 63- none LANDGRAF Feb 2 4 00-08 Polyxo 12.2 1.91 97085 9.2FO 734.3 1551 3.1 12 24 20 Patagonia, southeast Pacific 159 109 50- w 80 bl EMP 1981 Feb 4 ID 32-48 Davida 10.3 1.85 9.2KO 553.0 22081.4 53 43 8 Hawaii, Alaska, nw Canada 134 166 25- none EMP 1982 Feb 6 2 49-50 Sylvia 12.9 3.53 110095 8.6KO 141.4 4 45 4.3 10 14 19 central and nw South America 69 106 11- none HERGET78 Feb 8 4 53-65 Gyptis 12.5 2.27 137517 7.4 GS 10 19.5 -0 28 5.2 12 22 20 nw Africa, U.S.A., sw Canada )59 147 1- none HERGET Feb 9 14 38-50 Scheila 13.2 2.02 61871 8.6 F810 04.1 33 50 4.6 10 21 22 N.Z.,n Austr1,lndonesia;lndia?n 159 163 i + none LANDGRAF Feb 15 14 04-17 Hispania 12.5 2.31 60650 8.4AO 810.1 34454.1 14 2319 HRS; Sakhalin, n&wChina, India 148 75 38+ w150 E EMP 1985 Feb 18 0 34-49 Antiope 13.7 2.76 80082 8.5A3 815.5 22235.2 11 26 29 northern Africa, sc U.S.A. 152 50 61+ w10 E EMP 1984 Feb 18 20 05-1 8 Sophrosyne 12.1 1.61 118942 7.9 GS i] 33.7 3 35 4.3 10 24 22 japan, central Asia, s Europe }57 91 69+ w110 E EMP 1984 Feb 21 7 55-65 Doris 11.4 2.05 97838 7.6K2 825.3 11523.8 20 28 15 Newfoundland, ne Canada (low) 153 18 88+ all KERGET77 Feb 22 3 07-35 Devosa 12.2 1.51 12.0 13 05.0 -8 09 0.8 25 56 21 Lap1and,Scotland,North Carolina ]35 76 93+ all EMP 1981 Feb 22 6 00 Ursula 13.0 3.19 208557 9.4 17 }0.5 -38 14 3.7 8 13 22 (Palmer Pc., Patagonia)? 1!'5n 73 136 93+ all EMP 1981 Feb 24 0 OB-ll Virtus }4.6 3.]2 76104 8.3A5 340.7 24136.3 5 19 47 southeast Canada; Iberia (low) 84 88 99+ all EMP 1984 Feb 26 10 08 Ceres 6.9 1.59 9.8 G01108.2 23 51 0.1 88 23 2 N.Z.?S; e Australia (low) 163 25 96- all APAENAXX Mar 3 I 54-77 Laurentia 12.2 1.56 119391 7.5 KO 12 23.4 4 29 4.7 14 31 21 northern Africa, sc U.S.A. 157 63 55- e 30 Id HERGET Mar 3 11 23 P/§iac-Zin 14.0 1.89 151-324 8.5 K2 615.6 -16 44 5.5 314110 New Zealand? 2"n 1 07 1 31 51- all YEOIHR33 Mar 5 18 54-69 Faina 13.0 1.99 100323 7.1 KO ]2 51.3"19 20 5:9 9 22 26 W.Austra1ia;sAsia?n; Yemen,Sudan 150' 101 25- e105 E EMP 1982 Mar 21 8 00-04 Pa11as 8.4 1.83 132993 8.6KO 611.3 -8390.6 21 70 5 New Caledonia, Hawaii 93 45 75+ all LANDGRAF Mar 25 10 32-82 Siwa 12.4 1.84 159625 5.5 F815 57.5 -16 23 6.9 31 79 25 s Pacific, n Chile (sunrise) 123 65 99+ W 85 1A HERGET77 Mar 28 14 55 P/Ha11ey 10.8 0.60 210769 8.9 B9 18 54.9 -34 20 2.1 3 4 9 (New Zealand, Tasmania)?n 86 6) 92- all YEOIHW31 Mar 29 5 26-40 Laurentia 12.1 1.54 10.3 KO ]2 02.7 5 50 2.0 11 25 21 Argentina, Chile, sc Pacific 169 52 87- e145 W HERGET Mar 29 7 52 P/Ha11ey 10.7 0.58 210652 8.2 K5 18 48.9 -35 13 2.6 3 4 8 (South Pole and McMurdo)? 5"n 88 50 86- all YEOIHW31 Apr 1 13 47-54 Mars 0.1 1.03 186404 8.7 F5 18 07.5 -23 35 0.0 442 13 1 sw Pacific, N.Z., e Australia 99 8 53- all NA0001 Apr 4 ]4 58 P/Halley 10.1 0.47 228046 7.5 F5 17 26.9 -43 43 2.7 2 3 7 Antarctica? 7"n 109 56 21- all YEOIFM31 Apr 6 7 25 P/Ka11ey 10.0 0.44 227471 9.6 16 53.0 -45 40 1.0 2 2 6 Antarctica 0° to 150°W 116 83 9- e 80 Id YEOIHW31 Apr 7 7 49-50 P/Ha11ey 9.9 0.43 226884 8.5 B9 16 29.9 -46 34 1.7 2 2 6 Barbados,Venez.,Panama;Mexico?n 120 99 4- e 45 W YEOIHK31 Apr 7 10 44 Eunomia 10.3 2.85 76447 9.0G5 403.0 25391.6 6 8 16 Norweg.&8arents seas,nw Siberia 47 68 3- none BRANHAM Apr 11 5 35-48 Melete 11.7 1.57 11.7 12 46.9 -4 26 0.8 12 21 16 Patagonia; Marquesas Is?s; Hi?n ]72 150 4+ w155 Id EMP 1980 Apr 12 3 27 P/Ha11ey 9.6 0.42 224955 9.0 F5 14 25.8 -46 06 1.1 2 2 6 McMurdo Sound? 3"n 140 152 8+ n 63 S YEOIHld31 Apr 13 5 56 P/Halley 9.6 0.42 224622 9.5 A3 13 58.8 -44 48 0.8 2 2 6 Patagonia, Marquesas Is. )43 146 14+ w]40 W YEOIHW31 Apr 14 17 28 P/Ha11ey 9.6 0.44 224173 9.6 A2 ]3 26.0 -42 32 0.8 2 2 6 McMurdo Sound; Cape Town?n 147 129 25+ n 50 S YEOIHW31 Apr 16 14 17 P/Ha11ey 9.8 0.46 203912 9.2 G012 51.0 -3911 1.1 2 3 7 Marshall Is., japan, Vladivostok 149 103 42+ w150 E YEOIHN31 Apr16 15 03 P/Ha11ey 9.8 0.46 203904 6.8 K2 ]2 50.5 -39 07 3.0 2 3 7 Japan? 2"5 149 103 42+ w155 E YEOIHW31 Apr 16 16 51 P/Halley 9.8 0.46 203882 9.1 G512 49.2 -38 58 1.1 2 3 7 Papua,lndonesia,lndia, Pakistan 149 1(12 43+ w100 E YEOIHW3I Apr 17 ID 23 P/Ha11ey 9.8 0.47 203688 7.5 A212 37.6 -37 35 2.4 2 3 }4 Antarctica?6"n; w Australia?8"n 149 91 50+ n 70 S YEOIHW3T Apr 18 19 50 P/Ha11ey 10.0 0.50 203363 9.2 G51218.0 -34 571.2 2 3 14 sc Australia, s & nw Africa 149 72 64" IN 65 E YEDIHW31 Apr 21 )8 30 Scheherezade 16.1 3.93 14558] 7.8 K5 21 37.9 -2 45 8.3 2 14 82 southern Australia 65 149 90+ w135 E EMP 1984 Apr 24 11 59-63 P/Halley 10.7 0.62 179904 6.8 K01I 25.1-25 35 3.9 3 4 18 N.Z.,Queens]and, p.]., sc China 140 39 10E all YEOIHW31
/ ( '
4 b'
303
ten differ from Goffin's by a few to several tenths olds. Only those Table 3. of an arc second, so that producing SOma's world with path shifts Ephemeris Differences for 1986 maps for all listed events does not always duplicate greater than 0'.'25 Ephem. Goffin's maps, and also gives the better events or time differ- Date MP# Shift At Source worldwide, rather than just regional, distribution. ences greater I am now producing fewer finder charts, because Gof- than 1.5 minutes Feb 15 804 3:'50S -3'!'1 Herget fin's charts usually are adequate. My finder charts are included in Apr 11 56 2.35N "11.4 Herget77 are mainly for faint stars (where the A.C. plots are Table 3 below, Apr 26 31 5.84N -10.0 Herget78 helpful), for several events (mainly due to star similar to the May 12 393 5.545 -8.5 Herget77 catalogs not used by Goffin) found by Lowell but not one for 1985 in Jul 2 56 0.06N -8.4 Herget77 Coffin, and for some bright stars where not enough O.N. 3 (JO), 209: Aug 29 145 0.595 -8.1 Herget78 faint stars to be seen in a telescopic field are in- Sep 18 702 2.025 -12.1 Herget78 cluded on Coffin's charts. Oct 27 93 0.755 -2.6 Herget78 Dec 17 145 4.17N "9.5 Herget78 I computed ephemeris differences for several aster-
1_ _ Table 1, Part A, is on preceding page. Table 2, Part A, is below. Text continues on page 305. = · w~~ Cl. <1- ~o©~mommo ·T KT m" CO C'J LO Le) © ~ G ¶ ce mo~mmmmmmm0m<~©wmmn^o~wommmw^<0¢mq©mm0<~mo0~m~^~~ · oNocmo^monmmmo~~oo~m~oo%¢m~~mm¢ / ..P 305 Virtually all of these cases involve orbits computed Venus: Most of the events occur at relatively large by Herget about 8 years ago, for which more recent elongations, when Venus is crescent or near quarter and generally better orbits have been published in phase, but not highly gibbous. Hence, like the the Ephemerides of Minor Planets (EMP). moon, the Am column (always 0.0) is meaningless, since relatively faint stars can be seen disappear- Major Planets. The predictions for major planets ing (or fading) on the dark side. It may be possi- include some of the better events from scans for ble to see a central flash near the central line of Mercury through Saturn sent to me by Larry Wasserman the occultation path, but if Venus is too close to at Lowell Observatory. I will be interested to the earth, the atmospheric depth where refraction learn how observable these events are, and what val- occurs will be below the cloud tops so that it will ue observations of them may have. Predictions have not occur- It would be useful if somebody would not been distributed for as many of these occulta- compute the minimum distance where a central flash tions in a previous year, and I wonder if more or could occur, with the light path grazing the cloud less effort should be devoted to them in the future. tops around the planet. Table I, Part B, is on preceding page. Table 2, Part B, is below. Text continues overleaf. I— m^~mm¢mmw©m~o~omommm©o%m¢~mmomom¢m~mm©m~%mo¢wm~¢w = · ~~o~mm~~ww~oo (I) = = P- uj L-u * Z LijP- 4jc.ju==xv)c» CDCDC»*C»C.jOC»=U)O C.^.J=U)C»C»U7=C.)C»C.J=C»C» C»C»C.JC.J Ll. U")CD) L.) '~- *0— (? d e #gb3mgw¢27mom~¢~mmow~~mmm~ ljj '"+J InX cl) C O V} = E cl) cn L GU aj m ·m ell = ~ ~ < = +" S- a. Uj CO cl) = m ap CL. L.jLLjQ- cC -J . 4 306 m <" — ^ G") LC} LG) r·- aj al co r^o*a)Qo~F Mars: Mars is always highly gibbous, and I ~ men m µ-cn«cnau—< C2) r-— ~ Llj =~ Lu= have doubts about any of the listed events G) 0 = CD ~~ G) a. a. Q. =CL CJ occultation by Mars has dubious value con- IIIII+ + II + + + + + + + I S + + + + I IIII cocYl(oco0r~m~a)cjc")cr)o~¢Lncoo~c'j~ e mcj~m·± sidering the relative abundance of in situ C:) V) N crj t cn el) ujajch0om~ ajmm^c'j * r"" observations. The percent of Mars sunlit O E ~ljjj (o^~Ls)mLr)0cnLcjRoLcj cTbc'je'")cqr~:oK.o'bKrc>jwcDc"jO~<"c'7ocotcj~ ranges from 86 to 90 for all events listed, c\j<"cqc")m-r-^cjc")m~Nmr~DjoLnmqw and the defect of illumination ranges from ~ ~ r__ ~ ~ O ~ = K^nc'jm^ cn C>J ]':i to j;g (on Sept. 6 and OCt.9). ^ LE) ljj = « until the comet is recovered in late February, after potential occultations be obtained, I would appreci- which rather large changes to my predictions could ate prompt notification, as comparison with the pre- occur. I will maintain Halley ephemeris updates on dictions might be useful to improve the environment- the recorded telephone message at 301,585-0989. al models for the spacecraft flybys in March 1986." Unfortunately, few P/Ha11ey events occur before the Neil Divine at J.P.L. recently sent me the results spacecraft encounters. Most of them, including the of opacity calculations using his dust models for three best occul tations (and perhaps the only one'; P/Ha11ey. These indicate that visual observers involving bright-enough stars to separate front the probably will be able to detect an event if the miss light of the inner coma), occur in April, Hence, it distance is under 5 km, while photoelectric observ- is much more probable that the occultation strate- ers might be able to detect dinning out to about 50 gies will benefit from the spacecraft results than km. But Divine states that "the uncertainty in the other way around. And the spacecraft data may these results is considerable," and ends his letter be so good that any occultation results would have saying: "Should confirmed detection of any of these little or no value. jgb1e 1, Part C, is on page 306. Table 2, Part C, is below. Notes about Individual Events. Some of the visual double star data, and some of the ~oLs>c"jmoLcj^oN QC · Cl aju3c"j ^o'm-coc»~ m·^ Gt" _CJ of several reference stars "observed on La Palma (Canary Is.) with the Carlsberg Auto- a.z C-);jtC0 c'jLA Clajc>jm·cn C'j—~—=CVc3cocjcvcnw r--cOm e--LO cvcvcom space probe GIOTTO onto Halley's Comet for mC ;~~ ~~======close encounter in March 1986." Unfortun- CD < qc Uj^jcjm~cTbnruj—Ls)QoLn woajc»^>-cDcmDwu) Giotto encounter, this star was the only one - Lcj)¢"7cT^c>mcr^DLcjcnocTbm~~ m'oc:^^jcj'bcrbujc\jcocjom« in my list that may be occulted, but even it o mr^cjcr^c)cno~~ajwm~ c")E:rrmx)'r)w^ O C3OC3OC3¢.3C.JOOOCJOOOOOC3OOOOOOOOOO from 1975 graze observations. This is the a) = = brightest star to be occulted by any aster- P- LjJ Likj ** oid during 1986, and a large asteroid at m.. uj f— Ln tn g.) l-) o*c»Lnmcnc»Lj(nlnc» v) c» c-)c»c.) cLeo that. Preliminary astrometry is in progress K.* COqO* Ln~ow F c)~ * (=)=Ln*Romeo* ~*Ln* r-^Dc^Loajm¢'jLDw~omoLoo=c")cj~~ to see if the path might shift to Califor- g")* m·cn* oajcoaj— v) * ~ld* 'm--k aj q co (x) co m—qcvmmcv~tnm- ~ ^ Lr)^co~© ·± cn In c»~cm ©ljj =="="=="T'D=cYjM-Lc)¢mm "I I U5 C, UU % n. ."" just before a total lunar eclipse. , A i C' , O G) G) 9 " b _ D C' 0 0 C' \ . ) I'm planning to travel to Austra- C 0 cP D 5 C lia to try to observe this occu1- O C O ,p . C) 0 C, O tation and the comet; let me know "'° " S><° " ° Cp (") 67 if you also would be interested in I" Cp '" " : " ° % "p 0 °,9 (5'0 G making a largely tax-deductible e ° ,,^ % " , , &, >ng""1 0 0 0 ,G, c) , R T trip to also attempt this once-in- B S a-lifetime event. It should be "' TO % CB , S) (I) (I) O C C) i ·!2 " 0" " CP CC' possible to get in a little regu- C' ,J C) (I) A QI) O e' © C) G % C) 97 lar comet viewing after moonset a 8 E) ® + 8" 8 3 O % (e) ° e, ° ,, G few days before the 24th. If the +8" II " II, e' S) I m Cl C' io 56" 54 52 SO 48 46 C44" 53" 51 8h 49 0 S path predicted from post-periheli- I 1 C 1986jAN16 48 DORIS 1.4 4839 1986jAN)6 48 DORIS on observations shows that the A path goes entirely north of Aus- :29" D 1 2 2 tralia, I will lose interest fast. , ; """ "c) Pc!)" 0 W. If it shifts south, it may be pos- ° , " ' "27 0 €) , " " i 3 0 a O?6&?nU . OR 0 C) 0 0 sible to mobilize large numbers of · . 0 0 D 0 U ' . · ' +1? - Cl) 0 D C Australian observers. I will " - 0 G) check into the possibilities of ' M " "I C' ,y>'b , 0 getting Schmidt plates at one of , · ·' 3& . , · D 0 0 C) D C) 6 . ·0P" ""° (9 (I, 8 the southern observatories to ob- " ; " ' +1 1 - (I) (I) 21 0 0 tain a last-minute path update. W 0 D e' 0 C) See also the end of the second i · P. +, CANCER" ' 0 · e'D D "D 0# paragraph of Comets above. Uc HYDRA K Si ' ?F ?q . 06 , . ,, % ci, , ?, q , , C, " + 0 O 0 · 30" 28 26 24 22 20 6'j¢ · " " ' , 1986 FEB 21 48 DORIS SAD 97838 \ n Q:o \ , .m kt on Dc E_ D 'S r- Mr- -E\~" '\ - ' S? .N )')|.),j|)'), U) G) \ __L——""" m\/ T g U Q:_ < E Llj CJ S 8 K a m !9 —_ CL — uj 8 jr) f-- " ¥ in >— —Cl ! _ g § "' " I". -"' , U,, U : 2 ° 0 D q O D oLE In : .J ·L P- -· P - :J CI ljj ,I)))' (y' °O\O D j3 ° , :: D D ° ,0 E' D QO+ O :' 2 E T , ° O D € G 2< %&/ ,." d:. -" 1{ ' g « ~'6 % e O D 5 bi:m b U C " / , *' Q"7" U!v,gz, s - fl o % % o o e' o €) ·e7" us"""" "Ei" ^ " D 0° OQ O o O " €) · O 0 Tl) ^? Nt--,/ · :.' :' ,,,jl' ,,."' //' " ^" O Eje' DO O % O " D O O ° a ' ·r""..« O in r / /G / " ' ' .U ,0 o e qf' hU e P / I 1 g " "Ti" ' " Q ' "' _ " G 8 U° " ,, , eCtj--==' ..f " ·. ,. :,/" n § O o O re L) Cl t-) X t U 1uq p Pk1 i / /1 CI " 1.3 µ I I ·- // ,, ///' T £ % " ° -V) D 'J I I .. -- ..-- 0 ' t -- 0 D O U Q ~4. Uu . .,, .. i '0 · » - 4 ,y,, ,. E ' : ... D 8 e L) " C A) -t .- DI METER 335 KM - 0:'27 ,_m' ---" ,'" :,'1 ,z'i :"> , ,r' ,/' g : .d. ·. : " ..' €) Gil u" l , , - / ,1" ,· g t; " '"·..;" . -· © C) · _!_'-"" """"") - "::/ "')'""' "/ 12 ' 8 P " G!rv " ;· ' " CV "I e c2t S) Uq € m' 3 ' I ' '? s? ', ' " I - yP "'"L " ,/ ° T 2 i ·- ' O ' , / _ , "Z':""'"j;"""" V "'"' · "'" "J,/" " E i' " a% 0 ' tnl - "" " I , ' "/" Llj ".· i ¥ S— . · N K 0 Ht " -. ' 0 0 1986 I ]7 (5]1) DAVIDA SAD 7791 Fo -I!--','.- -5-"'% · '"-"_ i'"""" " . p N P " :i 4',jyj "i " "- ' y' '%! la ". " <' " "" ' 0" , g?"' >cy(::y":y" ° ;' : 7 .G R "' " "'· 2'%,· 0, ,0n " !..!'jj t ";Z;.'";··t... ' 8 ? %1 L',, ¥2 RT -j«cr-—r- »cjllj \ : "i'.b S; °' ' "'" ' . n: 309 "". .,/7SSR,2i j t ~ '°° '")j))))q))} C" :'S>\ ' 0 '"I°:'r=%-j' ' "-- l-j,. "> ,','' i" ~ a0 7a B / ?0 0 10 0 FI 0 0 -I . V - Cl '0 C P C " i ' "i: ./ , >1,· ' " / I ., ,/ m . / 'C// m . ' " ^;" L . i i' I i — 'L'5© ~ .~"" SAD 145945 by P/Ha11ey 1986 Jan 2 +24°1520 by Chloris 1986 Jan 3 SAD 183171 by Brunhild 1986 Jan 8 .je7-,::r,j>NN szuj!'7:"\ :'"" ,1 '; g, i, )\ ":";'°" '/ )', _, Bm )""")""jj""""'"'l' ))""Jt')):):"' \\'""-:",';)!"')"j")°) ' '" I')))) "»+ ,.mWu " A,nj .t' ' SAD 196652 b.y PIG-Z 1986 Jan 11 SAD 99159 by Myrrha 1986 Jan 13 SAD 115666 b,y Mabella 1986 Jan ]5 ·^ N" W I 3 ,q m ,. e "='^-: b ;,,, r , " " , '", ' S,; ">.. -. P " "Cm< '" .· "." " % ""rntE," '"- I /1 ' /""/ ,', ' _"\ _ J\X'" """" ' I Ti'""):tr-'i,"-:,"::,,. P ,,:j)")"' '""'I'"": Kt' T/ ' , " 'L\l m""""i 1" "' 'i ", _j ",' E ,-j')),' ' jl Ljjj) tij br I J 1_ i 0 I :6 0 0 G 1_ ' i 0 I :0 t-,,m\ °'r"' " ' -'"7-E_l ' c",,jA'?i"' ' t· " :!\Eu%" '"'"" SAD 96478 by Carlova 1986 Jan 15 SAD 95935 by Melpomene 1986 Jan 16 LJ 4839 by Doris 1986-- Jan 16 .2.% T " ,7f)))_1j))")"'""- , i)"" j'" )' """"U9x I'")))! V « I t " ' , 0 .j>Ei. - "i7- 'i"-, i U t "0 -TL ' ' T 1° <1"Q " ji .S" Q "T'=:'S""7="' 'i:--- "" 'i e' 'a"l¢j 4"j "' :,'1f-jl))' '" \, "EL," ," '1 "t;i I =. SAD 77911 by Davida 1986 jan 16 SAD 80380 by Brixia 1986 Jan 19 LJ 3455 by Arachne 1986 /jan 20 I m 310 1986 t IS (SID) MABELLA SAD I 15666 € GO '·b cD DIAMETER 69 KM - o:'o'i ,0) a %0 °t3'i) ,5.) " r. : K 55" I .'t) N D O (lb ·j "" rj:9 N \ ' H °0 O O 8 e a " SI I q E) ,E) ° D D on Cj "&'n ' ' ' Q €) O " O U "D " n d K) ap QJ C t 8 A.' N m>ji\ ,. ' \ O LjO "t LJ © O Yi "'I)~ ,ge '"'- o U U uj" « [,tS:j", ' U'" - ). -- ' " -~_ · " ° e . r , 'ytj :' : I · · " L 45 " Q) " " U :a 0. 3 N J " \ "T"—- , , U " I W n A "E'°6)9°od 'P ° " i T 0. 2 N \ J _ % , !'1 : " "" " / W E' D , ,3 _,9 ._ ° .. %._ 2 : I A. I N 'L -3. U7sM , , , T ,S, , · \\ \j",a" =i4iL , |a 3 © U ¶' %! 'r 'f' ? '_ 4"1 Yi I D ¢0. -., , E 35 0.2 s , '\,1 \ " ' " i . " i v-l 0 W . '··. . 0.5 S " LONGITUCE "' U 0 0 0 0 EPFEPER15 5CLE?CE - FERGET78 0 8 0 1986 2 B (44Q) GYPTIS SAD 137517 D - U!J U E DIAIETER 167 KM " O:'lO , (I) " g ," ° cx'ejrAr · "" " "=S: "'"" 2, °·8n u W -1 - . ' · , , e, , ° 0 N \ "" , 0 0 D S) 0 D \1j t S I \ - r'_ ""1"~ ~ HJ . 0 ° (I) % -3 -2 t f t I I G . \ " " w 0 '·' S " ;i I % \ ' I "/ / 96 . ,. ~ S W " ' * I W I r / "I, 0 ' ' " " I 0 .GIF, U0 ; 1·3 S ·1 gt 6>. O · D 0 ' 0 0 Li:_ ' '.' · ). 2e; " "I " I I[ / I I I I . " ' . " iu: ' · 125" -115 105 95 -85 75 -65 -s:i 5CP 0 i:" ' i" · LONGITUDE Z ' 0 " 1 " EPHEMERIS SOURCE - FERGET S i' " " i r . ' ' % '8 ° ° ' « * I ' 1 Ob" 0 "L- : · , g *. .cb :S * " 0 · ° t ' " iu' 'cT ,"""""' *" " r"/: .-" "* ,1 : 8 " i ""' "· ' £|f\ ' . Cij ~ I 0 P 0 «j : :j a "a ~ - I nj . : J " CD : O "m D) " " " ' ' kj U —~ * / ¢ r } E - ~ / " .& " t " CL - -·'-·- - X : ·C X " - ~- :i " t X 6 " : O " O 0 " S" j? af IslF ) * , /L|/ " - %· ~, -4 ""·7-1_ ," "&';,;"S S"" _ ° i2 " ° D " is cn ·- ... ° ," " r) 'Jd / . 6 "¥~ " "' " (t)Z CLA-IJ U) / g. > -?: j,^< ' 2 a [ O, , :U U · : / - — E) O U'l " W " . , U-J G) O '41 " < * N b . CL_ ° ""O .d' - · ° r) °I " _ 4 / / " t P dP / 0 I C) , D " - " " " cj v·1 t* c'j YI! D Dtj ¶1""' " " C'J Tj / * T It! ° O Q Q :& C n«J CV , . * 'C" a " O €) E'q IB "/Z T S N E ·r- L'J ,0 ° O " " d " O " S-, 'tr T,} ij " 8 " " " :, " 7 "o 1l ~Jcs'. ,1, " i N · n f) i , ?O % 'i' Oj/ N / 61 1 U R % ° Oqu, ° m ° Ij'. E'"" !jAj cjo Cj4 m 8 ¢1 & }Q T '7 'r a m ^ © m .. -j"cw—+:jcjuj ' Coo o O · 311 0 — "T—- . .~ .~ ,. 3"m'"'°km~&\=", ,,r:"'" t'""~E=,"'~"5§";' -"', ,77i*"zes--' " "" ' ', 7 . X,,- "'~ , : ' ;gi" "" " ~ I i """ "X ,\ . " '\ ' ,, ,""1""""\µ- , '"")))))'))')') :7 ." ""'" ;'" 1"ha 7,"\ "\"" } K '+ 7 \\ ~ ,r1$, j' ":' ' / m ,, " -- L ' ,, Y ,, j;o ' ], B-'):"il , ., ,, , , _. ., , ,W _, X.,,, )i)),;' ", , ,', ,"0Oq L . r '"a,j§ ,":^':" "=\" r P "" A "~. = ~ " " " ~ LJ 3604 by Eugenia 1986 Jan 28 SAD 170643 by Pallas 1986 Feb 1 SAD 97085 by Polyxo 1986 Feb 2 \ !,J0'50" . -g"*p - -. j,))',)))))))))-- " =^ -" " 2.>±S!i "\'G-" ,j)))!l:'7')\ ,j 'if jl) )" ) ,,,,. '/'/ Aqn'_"") ?g*,:' " . 1 v ¶"0 - ' -t- t ' "ur ' I I' 1 I '1 ZI I " - I I '1" ·T S- ]r¢[, ,!5 -i 0" 2y '° '° ° '""It))) 'Jx}Lj,j?'|,)"','O,j)"',':s,iigg ,,,o,,0, by Davida 1986 Feb 4 SAD 110095 by Sylvia 1986 Feb 6 SAD 137517 by Gyptis 1986 Feb 8 _ ~ "": p -'" . I" :[:is:'j::! A X ",' r ' / . ,1 Uj),\, i I } tS ' ' 04.5' "i r '"jfN """ :' i"' ""\}h m "7 I I )90 I ID K 0 q \ "i' D ""--~- , d' 'P 0 )0 . 0 ' I 4 45 \ 0 0 g Q J 0 0 0 T 6 W 0 0 II Q Q0 Z , h L 30 ·fb " ^ r "~~ SAD 61871 by Scheila 1986 Feb 9 SAD 60650 by Hispania 1986 Feb 15 SAD 80082 by Antiope 1986 Feb 8 \ i "" X \ I - -,','¥;'g=nhs_ . ;·rm< I ' i - 8' DJ )j))jj')'j))))) ' 1'(:_'J - , :0 : 0 I) U L T- ,,°° '"''° 1:'")"'° °:! ' ' '"; I , ,\ \ i )) i I I t Q I I ""))1L')),))jj'""' 0 D Q O 0 0 I " / / / i SAD 118942 by Sophrosyne '86 Feb 8 SAD 97838 by Doris 1986 Feb 21 LS 1110 by Devosa 1986 Feb 22 mcjc: ~—~>r" 1986 2 18 (90) ANTIOPE SAD 80082 DIAM 138 KM = CL'07 Uj 1YJ LA ^ (J' A " """ >2 —"" < > I D D D — CJC '-|~ ' ==' '' '""" ' : t,t'u:_l:" .',, a-'-) D [APE1ER 107 Kf1 - 0:°09 i¶ Ce".\ N \"""' C>-, " =""T"". /F=""1/"" '%7 'L 3 ' z:E:'""' ' , -)ly?!1'1::l)"E 1%6 2 IB (134) 50F4RQSYNE SAD I 18942 l " ' "° " ' "" " *T~1""! Z,"""Z=" '' : A1gi,!'y2b:" ' t ' ' ' ,/' i! Bt:iA)yjiA' 'G ),,) :'))')U1"f, _I,_:'"/' _ ', )' .I) r>\ , icA N " ,,:· ,,[ '-^. ~S=~":"_---y"-----= : ^ U'!,^jy ,A""^ ,'1kj^'3 \ " \0', , _~r"5"\ " _ 6-X "r,E " 't "7 5 t· k i ' 1 nrP II k L l' " ' ,e " ' "-t k -j 10' -lClO -9!J -80 -70 -60 -50" LONGITUDE EPHEMERIS SOURCE = EMP 1984 , : -'if" fij/'"")i "J~-;K°"P " >", i Rj-"1'," .,+ 'g6J C' p I " >^==J j- g mDc: m—-4>r_ P . j.CJ t' · I t r , ' I n / :L = # a g: ,9 Y I ,' / - = Q ' -C "",,,, ;y-> ,' i| b> " E :! ,_i" " . ·ij r-t ' |p>t A Nj . ' ' * t— , : tgM" ; >-" 9,):" O, W " ' » "k :1 ", ' · ' '> " 8 -jciTj- "--" , ^ ·^ ", % L \' \'· :i 8 A « .i. ' , m' i "g-" ,'." :>" : " "T:: , ' ' T ' " \ I' "~ ' K n CJ I 'ro I j>i , w f\> ,, 1> T 35 \ A N - \ \a: " i I · · . :1 a)j) J/J))'):,1i:>iy",":'! ,.-r * t ,<, t A U " \;> " J ' M II < g ;3 D , :3 N ·' ', " I' W Z E 0' H · ~ ' Dp "O_ \ 2 N O\ \\ (S' 'S' LA > LU r" ' ," ,' \ " t i , LO r" E a 25 i \ ' \ '\ lj 1\, I, P \' :3, '\ '. . \ ~m_ \ \ ? E —f_"'"--,3a1:-==—- j- ill ^ i" 3 a ©cj tn D. O , , , r. 1 . , 3 g" aCT) 0·° · ' ' ' ' '> all» = .b g 't E LU I , j:' , c,g 1 CC .S H ,'bt .A , . - G, 3 aj W ,CLE N cl -;25° -I IS -IllS -95 -es -75 -eS , ,j" LQNGITJDF LA CJ EP¥E?ERIS SOURCE - !E'U1T?E I' ( / , 313 1986 2 22 (337) DEVO5A LS 1110 DIAMETER 107 Kt1 - CLIOu ,,--..,;:r77'% 70' , s% 4( D I m "=' , "'°" J / " 'e'"j±I '" _ yX7"\ _ \. \""I % I / / i , I ' , ' O ,, \ ' II V "_±'5 I ^ ' g I I 'S' /8 / / I I 0 \ Q / '' ""T"T D , g - 2 ' ° 55 — , I b I / = / _ i 0 L O,, \ " I / I S' i \ :: I ,"I ' - ' \ \ ' L ' ' ' \. : I T q 1 % I N W ; O :t C' \\ \ #/ 'S' \ \ I lv I : 45 " A e' \ I SAD 76104 by Virtus 1986 Feb 24 W ' E O' ' \CJ I I I N 1986 2 22 1337) OEVOSA LS 1110 *, ' ', j;, h 1 I '"a DIAPETER 107 m - o:'io O " 55 Q D 0 ,\ ° \ I \Cj,9 "I K,/ I Q \L6j . 0 t CU| " ':; 'ea i:,g, 35 A .Cj.8 if \ \\ , \ 1| I C1j ,/ mj "5 \ \ , .A .5 "S "gi ,,t; :6" :' d J 2·^' E"', 2· "',;'°' "~_ ,, , , W - .- _->[""-"m1 , , " . N _—"<""" J»^" K * it \" ,, , , i "" · W ,____——_""",O'+ ..-- " -20" -IQ 0 10 20 30 40 50° TI "' ' i i ~----""""Y>° LONG] TUD€ U D EPFEFER]5 SCURCE - EMP 1981 E " :i" " :i 7----O ' "'" g 'i 'l y_ Ms -'8' K .q S " _>'-5 _~--->'""I ~9"" .\ - -" " """"mr ,S:, " " ) ' 9'!' Q ,,- '.iS L¥%m^ ,-a¥:::;:'"r-e@:i:'-' '""' 0 J? : I / ,' _ ,n -85" -75 -65 -55 -SO" / LONGITUDE ' , 6/" " / \" /t' 'f' g "" \ 1/ EF'TEI1ERIS SOURCE " FJP 1981 jpuj / — "dd e ,?/'/ : . "' ' , E' : " ")" " - :!:: _ ) _ _ ' : )"))),)))')))))))))')') )') 3 - 'f' LO_ : :S L Je jl . , "'~~" < ' · " I 4" in ci " ~ ' 1 d) D) ? i " "Ij"Ei,;p|------""" E' g i g " . · "" 1?" 8 !1 "? 'L ',:"js "I';;"" :k;· k' ' ! " " " "" ^ "a "" ? ¶ ten 4j , W n g, ,n "' ~ u, It,,. \ " r . ~ '.: , 21 LO "n (S) m .. D ' 'J "" " " IjJ CD ~ QJ ·· --a Al. " CJ "-g/" J' "° "". £ E CT) , . , _ -- CT) *** "\- IK - Y"\ %-'CC, CC, '7) % ^ * 0 0 .y p? ,7 :, 9 m' q,f9 Dj) 0. $ y' y"""E:i: ' "' ""'h D ·y"' "1j * i " 1* J:'€ L 'S II I in ,¶ ¥ R 'Ad C'JT _I 314 1986 q 16 (2) P/HALLEY SAD 203904A ^ DIAMETER 100 KM - 0 :30 7s- 2', ,93 -- "" " """" _ jl QC)" . ,, e 2: 2: / ¢" \"C , 7 S i " « 'CP ' " · . LP IS' . 0 6 i _/ i ,J' : iS' ,5\ ' ,,\ " I I ' S— ' , " t S """ - - — " — fil ! ' 'I 0'0 ?\, "\.., Cl . / " "" " ) f2 2_ G " I 30 — . ' " / \ " tn:5cj , Xbc- "' : » 6W -- i) ',, ', , §,'j)\\:j: E E / " _ 2i " ' J g 8 ,' "" <_J — / * g' ,. I'! 100" 110 !20 130 ]40 145" CL l'j ¥ LONGITUDE "' EPI-E11ERIS SOLACE - 'IEOIHIJ31 0 ' qb t 06 0 -7" Uj v v o " " " . ; G) D ' 1 g " D D 0 ' 0 ·$W · 6 0 0 · ' + , -8 3 · , " " · , (34 · 0 m ·: b D u7 in jr) 'in " In 4" m C,J I )',),,,j\)j)'I))) " , " ' 05 " , '" " ° ' 0 © .J ·1 F- -· P- :J Cl uj . " . +0 ,.. Cj6 ° (89 " , ....-'" -9 - . ' " ' C' - "" 0 , · a G) 7 Cl)"'. G 8 e D .-' , O 0 8 O D "' VIRGo .··" " " ...-·"" b"'"cu% D 9 I - ° " ",: " i . ...-""' . d _id 0 ·9 · " ,0" : ' : -R7 3t""1 2gd" . . 0 ¥' % D " W O " 3 """: -dO' ' Ft U " ~~T" ~6FEB22 337 DEVOS4 LS ]1'0 O O€) 3 e (A< , b a Cjo " . 0 €P6I D ° ,Sb D 8" qO O " ' sncA0!· . . . · " 0 p . . 0 FI O €' E) D Ej < P " " ,p° r D qD __ ·4 i Z ofj El) € W:J e 3 @ ° r 8 ° D & 2 g O O D D % ^ % I ' I ,0 , q ! " cr , o::O7'},\ ·t CL G) 4D CV <1 4) © tn in «) CV CV C4 CT) _ W t GO m i 0 '_ I):/ ' ·' · U O 0 D Li " " O " O " : ' , , ' ' I') D QO QD m . o t^ " in Cl m " IU , 1 I .U Q '' D < ° 8 "" ° " 0 O D O ·r < \ ~ D OO p-q n Oq — CV O7 "- - "'J O ° W , LUg g — y n - O " D Q +24°2323 by Ceres 1986 Feb 26 SAD 208557 by Ursula 1986 Feb 22 _) ,0 H ¥ 0 X " ° ° a O I D I A GO © "TT= " ' ' ' ' " I " ^ r. © bn — co . [ . — )' \ 7 ¥ ? 2 ? CJ ES n CO > gO O " ' / - ,, g' - '0 DODo D D ' ") %b ' P ( ""1""¶, I ,, . * \ °' ] ' · . R. . 7h n t' « ' " 4 ,: 2. 2h2' D 0 Q ' eSlV '' I , b 0 : ' 2 · ' ' ' ';=" 3 IB - 0 'W- qC ' J *, . e , 0 0 · U - B TO D ' 0 ' 0 -~-O~A ( ,, IP / \\)\ \ ' :' ,/, D 1]'25" u ' '! ::'V " : ' ," I '. i? , M¢"" / " / a I), j ,!',17 P 0 . U 9 0 ' =tJ,' :(4 f7' 0 D: »6 » P. 0 , +04°2614 by Laurentia 1986 Mar 3 SAD 151324 by PIG-Z 1986 Mar 3 315 " " fiSE \ 7 '- A7> Ay,(7r 1-'i' E / ' 00 r o""C 3s\, . \ E I ". 0—, T-t r-i-v'"µ" 0 Ei 1, i, : '\ V b ,, u: ,/$ // E . _ '- ' ,' , ¢"1 t , , I ' 5 . '\ ° "" " "":"- ,- :.-jj 1' k,q \ 0 I , A' q L:, r)$Z ,, - i "a ,' ' : t' I 0 'I ' ' ' J"" '-sj ', , / \ r\ / SAD 100323 by Faina 1986 Mar 5 SAD 132993 by Pa11as 1986 Mar 21 SAD 159625 by Siwa 1986 Mar 25 - · e:« -H> S') 1/ ' lj E,, - I =a"'- - ,:'&j"jj', 0 7"" '' 5 0 m Q I P P - I /,'i""i")"'""1,:!'-'""\")1' " i- \"' "2jijTT"r"7" " ", P'..,'F" 1·./'.'1" }y, _ . ij)'""""'"""":,)")l ,\ / . ' " " '"" n7?'%,' ^: i y ¢ ":J'Ujj;)'j:'/. .acL : /1 , " \- T-— _ "m"- _@"=9" ., ""'" "±,C '" 3-"' /" I / SAD 210769 by P/Ha11ey 1986 Mar 28 '06°2544 by Laur'entiQ 1986 Mar 29 SAD 210652 by P/Ha11ey )986 Mar 29 , .,, 6^1- ,, 0 ID / + ' J ' 0 t " t"9§>, 0 D ""° A) :' '%~^"qz'g'"" D b \ 0 ' " "1 ' """ ;j"' 'L '°"°°° jj)i' 0 qlj / -st|?)" }i"') j-" \ " '9i"'"":i;j ., , , ... ., X-, =' ' .-' .' ,1 & . b " =-"==" ", .. " 9W " i \ ,' m""' Uy,y _ . - I j II jqh 57" --4t- ^- 4 SAD 186404 by Mars 1986 Apr 1 SAD 228046 by P/Ha11ey 1986 Apr 4 SAD 227471 by "+P/Ha11eye >< ,1986 Apr 6 * ==="", : " ,m"7'_1"-m"" :ni'¶"A-i-m'", :-,= -µic!:": FlO' h '))))"))""")))"" ))jj,):))).-|',')) )'))))))-I'Z\ d ! '\"-\- ',' -J ) H/ ; -j4., , ,, 4/ , '\, \ \, '\ y I ' I"' - :' ,R ·7" '")')jj.7" ""z\Uj:>'"""" SAD 226884 by P/Halley 1986 Apr 7 SAD 76447 by Eunomia 1986 Apr 7 L S 211 by 1'1elete 1986 Apr' 11 ^e t Am~ 316 1986 q 7 (2) P/HALLEY SAD 226884 DI METER 100 KM - D:'32 ~ 10" hj # ' Star ^(.t = k° I W . " ·, . vem' I' ,J S" ' ·," " ' I I W e M t V \ W \ ' t 30 , , R :\" " '' I \ \ ' ! ' . ',J . \ jr * \ " t \ L 0° , ,\ , C\" ' . I i a, _Q,, V\ , " , "7~:7 '"" ', ,o¢"?' T o \ ", " , ," Cj U 'c9 C= .I , D I S \ \ I ' " E "'ij r " -7 S \ " ~ r" '% \ " 'k ~ L, I i " I Cq S " ~ Ir!s-L \ ,, ~ " \ ' lj f' I" I D".) to "; S \\ \"2 \ N' \ \ \I\ I \ I I \ I i " > , , 1 1 II 0 I I I 4 -I 15 -105 -95 -85 -75 -65 -55 -SC LONGITUDE EM-EI"ERI5 SWRCE - YEOIH\j31 :"i== T "": :^ """""""":1""i'ki.> . 0 g 0 D 0 " I 0 D Q 0 10 0 0 D I 0 '"""")),l-)).)")',)))l\' a b 3h26" 17h d" \ - SAD 224955. by P/Ha11ey 1986 Apr ]2 SAD 224622 by P/Ha11ey 1986 Apr 13 SAD 224173 by P/Ha11ey 1986 Apr 14 jjk 33" ^'J' IS" 3" --m%_. -«-- _"'..7,~, jqk t1" \ Z¥== "-e~· \ -.. \ !a-y":(j,j: " 11 ~ 0 D0 I , 'i :f'4j>" G) D i 0 ',Q, '--!' -- ' L - .j'"° jj j'i "I / Q '' 6h 50" W ' f") " ", ':r¢P "jj:L7-/"' "" b \ ' i ' / r / I '/ I " , / , SAD 203912 by P/Ha11ey 1986 Apr ]6 SAD 203904 by P/Ha11ey 1986 Apr 16 SAD 203882 by P/Ha11ey 1986 Apr 16