INDEX to YOLUME VIII, 18Ff

INDEX TO YOLUME VIII, 18Ff

PAGE. A RUSDRED YEWTS (663 YILES) RACE-Lirutenant H.T.ALLEL.' mnd Cavalry... 61 CONVERS.4TlOSP ON CAVALRY.-BY Prince YRAITZU HOllEXU3HE-lLo .WIXGGY. TIUUs- lacod by Lieutenant CARL REIcHmAxx. ELEVrSTn Corvre~~on.-Ofthe Training Proper of the Remor Ita ...... 2p TWI~~~THCosvximArtats.-of the Traiuing of the Recruiu-...... 118 TetlrrrsXTnCoLveasATIoN.-The Subepueot Tralning of the Dlder Men and Hones...... 1P2 TUIRTW'TH CosveasmoN.-( ...... 'LLPI CESERAL HESRY LEAVEYWORTH.--Yajor GC~BGSB. DAVIS...... '261 HlGE EXPIAXIVES AND INTRESCEISOTOOLS IN THEIR RELATIO! 3 TO CAVALRY. -Captnln WtLLILy D. BSACll...... 8 LIFE AND SERVICES OF GESERAL PHILIP ST. GEORGE CO0EE.C.: . ABYY.--Mnjor- : Geaerrl W~LSYM-...... 59 MAJOR-GESERAL JOHS BUFOFLD.-Y*Jor-GeneraI JAMB H. WIKUIL, I S.V...... I7l bllLlTARY HEADlSG; ITS US€ AND ABCJE.-Lleutenant MARHEW ~.STKDLL..... OII PAVICIJLAR DISEASE-Lirotenant A. M. DAVIS...... 17 PROPPsslOSAL NOTES- Amerldn €In- lor French hmouuu...... 268 A Record of the Experience with the Field Sketching Came at le Infantry md Cardry Gchooi ...... 814 Austrian Cavalry...... 88 Calvary Equipment...... m *Cuiter's last Plght 'I...... - 69 Emex Troop's New Arm0 ...... 71 Extnrcts from Repott of Commandant U. S.Caralry and Light j ,tillers Bchool.. .

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., 1 --1 7 1

.. t PAGE......

...... 1t'Q ...... 244 Roop'A" NaUond Qurdof New Recent Brooklyn Rlotr...... 1:i9

...... I,*, . p. Ry~r..... :Yj

RATIOS: THEIR APPLICATIOS To FOR THE CAVALRY SERVICE: WITH OF THE FIRqT CAVALRY.- 1.leuten- 8-ant J. 0. GALBUAITH;...... la-, R. A...... ?X DLRlCK S. FOLTI...... 1,'4

I i

9 ! I LI i OF THE

1895.

FORT LEAVENWOHTH, KANSAS. ‘i

ORTH. KASSAR.

0 JOURNAL

*?FTHR UNITED STATES C.\VALRY ASSOCIATION.

N order that our cavalry may fulfill three of its moRt importirnt I functions in war, an additional equipment would neein to be not only denirable but abaolutcly necenntrry. The USCR of‘ the mounted arni referred to arc: 1st. Thc holding of an important dcfensirc position until the nrrival of our infantry and field artillery (horse artillery would usually accompany the cavalry) : Pd. ToasRurne sue- ceesire defensive positionn beyond a retreating enemy or a8 rear guard during a retreat of our own forces. thus compelling the enemy to deploy and attack ; 3d. The quick destruction of masonry or iron triiss bridges, canal locks, railroads, tunnels, reservoirs or telegraph lincs. ‘ These various uses of cavalry are contemplated in .severnl parti- graphs of our Drill Regulations, under “Employment of Cavulry,” which read as follows: “Q969t To occupy distant and important points and hold them against the enemy until the arrival of infantry. During *retreat to offer resiRtance to cornpol the enemy to deploy, thud gaining time. rupt and destroy his ~t~iii- nource of suppl ies."

. J Driil Regulations furbier hat tlicae operations should tiltt be undertaken with a smnllie than a regiment or a squidroil. In the evertt of our own orning involved in a w;ir, tli:tt combatant who is best ,p moves first has s certain grwt advantage, physical and is opp9nent. The first corisid- would undoubtedly be to qu

y involve the intcrrulftion of' corn rn u n ication. To ncconi - difference of opinion as ense adratitage rifforded by well troops corn para ti vel y wc:i ti

bow and where to use them. a discussion on tlicrc iiiiport:tiit

m that infantry ~lioiilrl be equipped with mme forrn.of 1 trenching tool carried by the midiet., nor is their cavalry en xempt, altliougli the carrying

akeady without the udtli- 1. This is admitted. The ing of high explosives by the 1g without further argu- seary) would seem to be ‘I

u si n p i11 cni i n t c II i ge ti t IF i 11 tl L‘ ni o I i sill i n p r:i i Iro:ids, br i t lgt~sor c:i n :I I IOCkS.

Sitro-glycerinc~.ivliicli ib will to lie the most posvc,i*fuI cbs1ilinsive knowti to inan. reaults froin ;I reaction which tnkia.* lil:iec. when I I/ glycerine ia subjected to th itric acid, it litis right times

d by a violent blow. if it contLIjna any free acid, s liable to occur, and this 11 liability to violent esplo- eo frozen. Tlic prcmiice of free

and rough handling may often oqcui., this compound i3 undeuir:iblc an s military explosive. ;

in appearance, ie gun cotto made by tlippinp dry cottoii

Gun cotton in its nat le 111 t1pp~':lrnlIc~'troll1 ordinary cotton; it burn udt, but t1oe.i not ex-

into a bonfire, where it wa8 slo Gin cotton, in disc forrb, is while wet in taii-, \vhitli ;ire tben waled. In this conclFion ing of courw tlic proper care , it in probnbly the .:itP.it ot':iII i r cly ti i gli tern pe r:i-

while somewhat red \vi-c iiicrcrises tile

I I Fi

thickneiss of u friction pr with filiniii:ite (it tl1crctIry 1) is firell IJ~:I fu-c fulminate u- tlc-irc4l coiiatructed that ignitioti take8 plnec upon tlie of electricity tlirotigli :i ..- i ' // I 0 I ESI'I. 0SIl'E.q -.t SI) ISTIIESC'IfIA\-G TOOl..s. 13

~.Caoulryniust be able to prusccule works of denio1itii)ri :tnd destruction iii conncctioii with r:tiIwaya, telegraph line* IIII~ other means of coniniunication. As such olwrations will somutimes have. to be carried out in preseiice ot' an enem?;. and. 11s it peiwml rlilv.. in a very Iimited sp:ici? of time. thoi*ough prcviou?i trnini~~gwill 11~. i nd is pensa ble. &.Thepioiicer detaclinient ;ittaclietl to :I cavalry divisioo will coli- sist of one officer, one sergelint. two corpornln u~~tltwt.nty-wvt*n pioncsers, of whom eiglii will be bl:icksmitlis, eight carpenters, Iiitir inasoris and six I,oatrncir. They will be proritled with port:il)lc iiitrciirhing tools, wliicti as a riilc will bc carried in carts. Adgli- ti o II a I i n t re ii ch i n g n n d o t ti e r tool s, ex p I osi v rs a II I 1 t e Ic,gr:ip11 ti1 ;It is1. i H I \rill tie carried in the store wagon ot' the iletachnierlt. .&In the latter half of June or during July ofe~uc.hyew one ofit~t~i~ or ~~ori-coni~iiiaaionedoffiwr witti two or tlircc pionei.rs is to tw attac.lied to each regiment of c:rvalry :is instructor. .;.til offic.erj and rion-cornniissii,lietl otlicers ot'c:ivaIry 111tist tiiiiiil- i nri ze them set vtbs t ticore ti c:i I Iy ,an d pruc t i v:i I 11- w it li t he .* 11 1 bjl*(,t . Of the inen US nmny US possible slioiiltl be iristrurtcql. E:Lc.li c:Lrali*y clivisiorl carries in its trnlnlunition W~I~OII-11 2 dynainite cartridges, together with slcdgea, cro\v\)nr?i.\vre~icIi(~~. et(,."

-15 to tllc best orgariimtiori tor our OWII service. opiriioii* wiII Iliffer. The idea of' the writer would be. not 10 dept?titl in :III? 111111-

iicr upon the httnlion of enpiiiecrs. (the real piorieern (if oiir :irin?.), ,:tn(l not to assume any of their legitimate arid indis~wti~:ih1efutic- tioris. 1Ve niiist iisi(' high exployi\-es. niid it would st't~~iithat econ- omy, if notliinp else, would dictate (or auttioricc. if tlic pwiiissioii - were naked ), the equipnient anti training of' s:iy. onc subalterii. (IIIC non-coiiiniia?iioiied officer :ind four priratcH in vncli squndrori of iiiir ten regillleiits. Twice the time spclit in sign:il drill WOIII~ I,cY*I~ :I de t :tch m en t i n t rai n i ng. The idea ~iro~iosedwould be tliia: At ev.c?ry 11o9tg:irii*oiii*tl Iiy ino~ethan three troops. haye a permnrrcnt dct:wlin>clit ibr wi~h

squadron, to be called 6. The Pionecbr and Signiil I)etachnicnt." coii- sisting of one lieutenant, oiie scrgeaiit niid four priviites. :ill cswpt tile commissioned officer to be replaved :it iiiterv:ils of four ~~iotitl~s. Thc ~letacliincritshould be trrnletl with revolvcr only. ntid slioirld accoiiipan~-ttw squadron on a\\ miirclies aiid riiajicuwrs. being ex- cunctl froni drill, guard and fatigue. A pck niule with spec4al aparejo should be furiiished cacti det:rchriient for tlic I)iirl)ose of citr- I rying intrencliing tools for the use of the squadron, as well DR a supply of pun cottoii pr dynamite. The kit of' cacti pioiioet. should contain 11 pocket reley with insulators for cutting in OII Iworking line, a tile, wire nippers, wire cutters, auger and haildie. mcnsuring I t I 'I

14 . El tape, band 1 ot' tine wire. 11 set ot' cliinl)t and suficiei the total weiglit ii~ito tlliit saber and c,

Drills ! ~~lclinclude telegbapliy and iIie iiuikirig ot' .& ti1111 in linen, aa 111 tis the method.y1 ot' .*:cutting in" without iiitci*rii ing thy curl it: cordage and spiir bridge building, the li:iii(Ili and care ot' I jthe nietliods ot inakirig dctiiolitio also pyckinl as the Beopt and pliowtli tion to.h \I coneidti rtr titi ti1141 criticiani ut' t o-e riiort iiittkrcstetl iii the niouii arm. , I

'I nouticed, evcry one knew that PHILSHERIDAN woultl not coninia~l~ti:I force of which no fighting was expected. He at once coiisolidnteci the companies into regiments, w ich tie formed into brigaides and divisions, placing tbese ,organi ations under such eiiterpri9iiig lenders a8 AVERILL,C~YTER, \s71LpON, 1 ~IERRITT,and others, allti so011 had a bodr of cavalry that wds seen and felt in every er~gage- merit..: I am inclined 80 doubt if there ever was t~ cavalry coiilniuiltl nuperihr to SHERID-4N'e, under khq/ gellant leadership of such III~II11:. I have named. -1 In 'the Werlt tbe wamt~of the havalry were neglected. In rn:iny cases !he men were poorly niountbd. badly armed and equipped. ant1 yet it; is astoniahiog what goo serrice it did under QTOSEYAS. STANLEY, MITCEELL, LONO, HAT H. ELLIOTT,KILPATRICR, 31l?iTY, WILD~B,slid others. General J.1 . WILSON was ortlere(1 West fronl the Army of tbe Potomac to as&rne comniand of ull the car:ilry under .General SEEESILN.;He wa young, active anti ambitious. :in11 soon did for the Weetern cavalry 1.bat SHERIDANbad done for that , of tiie,Potoniac. The battle of Nashville and tlic retreat of IIoor) gave WILSOXUfair opprtubity to show what could bc done hy c:ivalry when pwperly Iiasdled, and every one remarked the pre:it i n1- prorement in the fighting :qualities of regiments when brought tn- gether; The war terminatqd so wnafter thi8 battle that little time- was allowed WILSONto iperficb'theldiucipline of his coinni:ind. 1I:id tlie w,~.continued several ye&& longer the cavalry 011 both sit1c.s wouldhave been broiiaht to R much higher state of cfficicncy :ir111 actcd 4 much more prominont paat in every canipaipi. A few days since I was asked the question, lion^ (lo YOU think was the greatest cavnlr developed Iiy the war:'" I replied, that is a difflcult qupst nswer, for the reaSl)I1 ttlnt men haye partialities, favor8 an tions, and are liiihle to be in- fluenced thereby. If I could pelf' of all tIIcsc, 1 w.ou141 anewei, FORREST.He began experience, and with 1iiiiitt.d education. He bad to orgaoi iplirie the troop IinfJc*rllim without a Subaistence or Qua &part nlerl t . He lllH re 11 ed and copter-marched, living try, and \vIlc.n lit. \\*as in a destitute region he and his He WIU always successfb as one,was over with r I fields. It is mid that hiesu commanders ennimoned b nee to learn fronl him bis mode of warfare. Hie mea tbere3t.d." . Such et , * I' 1

18 Nil VICC'LhR DISEASE.

paasage: &Innine cased out of ten of what are cullcil groggy or ' foundered horses, these parts (the sensitive larninw), in con?ic'qiteriec of ebronic inflammation,, hare bcconie altered in structure. effusion of lymph or of bony rnadter taking place.' '' It is known that MOORCROFTrecognized the cbsistenw or' thtb disease under the term '&coffin joint lanieness," :tnd pr:tcticwl tlic operation of neurotomy in the qirly years of this century, IJttt Itstt En4land for India withoot imparting hin knowledge to :in? titit-. At the time of the publicution of the TURNERpipers above rcfo.retl to, the preeailing cause of laniemechu wan ~upponedto be cotitrac*tioti of uhe hoof This diagnosis, M~:TU.R?JERwas lctl to I)elicrt.. W:IS inc-oorrect, nnd to him muet be given tlie credit of the rediscovery of gftvicular .disease. After 'enr!merating the c'ituses wliicli leal Iiiitt to search for sonic othersheory than contractiorl of the hoot: TI-HSEK say$: ,,Bydissection I have diskorered itnother, :ind to the Iwrt i)t' ' my knowledge, it ia a qisease Rtliich h:ts itex-er been tIcw.riliw1 111- an1 autb6r. The seat of it is in the navicul:ir joint of thc foot : I mean the joint fiornied UJ thc nhticular bone anal the ticsot. tt-titloti.' altere the tlkr tendori wlicles otet* the niiric'ulur hoiie."

PATHOLOGY OF X4VICVLAJ DISEASE. PEI~CIVALLsays: &&Theparts qlieeased, in car@ of rt:i~ii,tiI:irtIit.~tir

( iiayiyular disease) or J grogginkas, :ire the wtdv .Gt//:fi/crof tlie navipular bone. and of the perforans tcntlori. It \\ill

be remembered that the posterior surface oftlie it:ivicitl:ii. ' bone is covered with the purpose of iirticulntittg. 1, P,. forming n baraa or joint kith the opposing tendon of thrb perfor:itts muable, which, in the :in4 i1owvrtw:ird.

_. 1 Q Eula mine.+ A. Y. D.

-1 ' 'I

80 NA V7CC'LLH DISEASE. ! however, be wnnting until the fisense has passed the first *I:IW*. Mr. TURNEXrecommends that b th hoofm be pared out in order t1i;it any differences betdeen them ay be discovered. as it is but ixr+b that both feet are nttncked prim rily at the name time. The pain in a foot haying na icular disease is probably tiiore or less cwtinuoub, and it is but na ural that the horse should advanw the lameoneslightly, thereby ta ing the wciglit from it ant1 reducing

the pain, '6 pointing the foot," a it iN called. If lie doer, stnncl in thia'way, tbe trouble is.Godoubtedlg in the foot, and if RO it is .aft. to pronounce it nariculnr (liseasg. I have seen R liorve thnt was *uf- fering from this disease keep opnstantlyI clianging the foot oii tlic ground: first holding otie ffoot u nnd then the other, and cride:ivor- ing by this meatis to cam the iin which he was suffering in both feet. He had had navicular disgase for gears, wns iwnstantly I:riiicb. and the owner did not know what the trouble was. To iluott? 1)r. READ,'LHeat of the foot, though one of the ordinary rytnptoiiis nt' narc.ular disease, mill not be present in a11 stngew of the Iaiiient~.~.~. When a horue, for example, fallg suddenly Inme, the cnnse (it' l:itnt~- new not originating in inflammation, which a8 yet lins not lind tinit. to set in, it cannot be expected tbat heat should be prewnt. Seitlit.1. will' it be found in certain cbronic stages of tlic dincnrc, wherciii Innienesn is rather the consequunec of altered structure t1i:in of in. flamnintioii." Careful inquiry should be inadc. as to whether tlic prcwrit caw i.i the hrst, second. or third attack of lameness in the s:inic foot. :i11(1 whett;er or not anytliing of the kind line ever appeared in the otlic~ foot..'--iTbis is by far the most important of nil symptom%. 'I'lic very.rircumstnnc.c. of relapse, from tlie tendency of nnvic~ul:ir #ti*- ease to return, atids the most iniportant weight to the consiilvr:itioii * of symptoms. PERCIVALLsnys: &lWereIL pernon n Iiunclrcit iiii1t.s off td write a letter saying, *Ny.horse goes lame and I cnn (lis(~)vt*r no cauue or semblance of caune8,forthe Inmeries there is nothing to bd observed to account for,it. Oiice or twice lie Iirw tliimii,~lirc- pose heconie.~oundtr.gaiii. thoiig~ilamenew hnnx ot !iiiit*#ito rcturii every time he has returned toIIwork,' I would, without npprelic.ii- sion of being mistaken, %et it' down ns navicular tiiscase. The treatment usually employad is t linee the foot immerseti in a warm bath, the immersion being BUCC ded by the envelopment of the font in a,hot poultice. By moh tr attnent and n week's repose ninny hFve.been rcstored." I now come to tho imporian part of this paper, namely. the low operation of neurotomy, pcactic d entirely by Dr. READ,and when i/I -. ' ii , I 22 ; ,V-4 I -IC ' C-A greater or less extent. It wtu I etatemeot of tbia paper, dint 1 inoat conimon cause of trouhle for ?e by Mr. F. HALVOYDLA discme ILR dbscribed.

iTLeuu.ttcon. b ------.

Went&

\ /

apecimtn from horse . !- I 4.

!?a I

H. There you nre clqahin rith SCHMIDT,Fhn tieinatids ttl:it every home be turiied ou for ie large dioisi nul csercises. at111 sayo: those not in ra ks f to take part n tlir tight." 11~ wante the number of rider and cs considered i P deciding w1ietllt.r an attack w-as successful o not. S. General vox SCEM1:DT w one of our KrC'atcst.1 iiwliaps itit. KreAtest, drillmaster of recL nt t es. He did great things iri prc'- paring and carrying out the pe c exercises of * re:tt niasaes. IIiu demands on the ridor in war are stitied through ut. But I c:tniiot accept him as authoritr gn th iadiriduut tru tiinp ot' iiiztii :in11 home in peace; he demands toc nuch. ;\Y to tI e rc.quircrnt.iit. of war, lie is right. There it !mukt no difference i ttir horses fiill by the bullet or from exhaustion, if ilj- the object i: piinetl ; but cvlieli in peace time tile highest dqnam ore niatlu on the liorws before f'1111)- developed and obedient, tdey n ruined to no uipse. Sc'HilrriT. and still more those after him II the cavalry, rho in 1):irt 11:tvt. failed 'to sustain tiis methhds, n 1 seek to outdo him. btwik {IIJWII lialf of the remounts. TII~tlori may-not alio\v t during tlic c.st.i'- tiso, biut will in the next fdw IIM ths or years. you rii:ikv t1le-c demands ten yeam in succoscrion ;ou will Iitrve s uaclro~isof wliicli more dhun one-lralf' of tlir borse we ruined. i. c., untit fiw wir. H. A squadron of full pe:i strength cnri tuiw out for tiit* siiinmer exercises with eleren (aniong then two b1:irik tiles ); tlirrt ig eighty Iiorses, not c unti ; tlie old t'eniou t-. witlintit wliicli the squadrou numbern 109 orse Soiiie ofthe 01 1 horses :ii~goiiig to go Ihme, or tiare to be qpred4 or soi1ic. other 'eiisoii diiiing tlic very fdtiguing summer rxeliciaeb hence it would lot be lung LtctiJix- you will hare to place aotnq of t 1 old renioitntn '11 rtruks. S. The more rationnllr a11 gently the re outit6 Iit~vc IICTII treated' in the fitwt two pe:rri tile better n-il tlicy iiic*rw:ii.{i withetalid the fatigues of' tlie r nuurers, the ?i tiller will IIC iti~ number of old horses thtrt fati ou i-om lameness 01 otltet. e:rit.*t~3,:rtiti the sqaller the probability of I ring to use snni of tlic i*t.iiiouiit. of the current gear. The inore tic Iiorses while yet rciiiouiit.G :ir~ fatigued, the Rurer the founclutic for their ruin .* liricl, tlie wmiicbr they w511 io arfter years breaik clr n, beconie tatnu, etc. It is Iwttt~r. therefoke, to turn out for the Biieuvers with I 1i.w hl~iiiktiltan during; D few yenr8, than to ri I (I single rem( tit I)rprnttttirely. It was Far, howeror, that 1 bad iefly in mind. Vould you rutlier trike the field witti a squndi:on 1 tli none but f'rt 11 1t.g- iiiicler its horses than with one of whic.1 half the horses arc of' clnubtful efflcionty in the field?

I 28 'I I

ON c141-.1 .It I-.

rength atid 1) retitlered obtvlictlt'! 011 will pcrc ire tliiit I wotil~lIJC idcrs forget hut a horse'?; olwali- ne reciproca reliition ; tliiit trill ona I t r:i i it i I v : that peci pit :i t e training is apt to be ha otilg such ho *e* ~LLIIbe reritlerc~l

home be as slowly proceeded US irtiiicatcll . its Iirex-ioos CSC*I.- t. arid that t be not place11 it1

inti1 it is filly ~levclopc~l:11101 obed ie ti t. i rule, to ~ilacetlic old reinorlilt. exercises, and you will li:ivc~ :I

with the mother niilk. 41) 10 speak.

than the. bringiXg u11 of' t}lcb It prcpprcs the beritlirip rcl shoulll. IIOW- ever, not begin too soon. !&any idertj fall in thiR rror. It .&kriie- bels"' the horse and depriaes it f the confidence i the reins wliicli has ken imparted by a ratiooal working of the t tdhantl. It will creep.away from the roina. yirtning it there mi on the hinti- purpow in the trot. ,

I. ,, 1

33 . :I:{

:iiiti iii ilrillinp, wlrcnn tlir sol1lic.r lii~lil.ithc we~ij~tniit his rizlit l~:ititI. If tlie reitis :IIY re~iiorc~iltj.orii ovthr tlic Iivr?-~~'*ruitlcllt- 11 I& I beconit.* c.oitfii~ed,taiiiiot tw ~~i~olwlyt iirii~vl. vt~. .Ig:iin. 7 t lic pr* per tni6 to an entirety di poritioii ot' the rciir.i is iinpwilllc. witliolit :I caprrc'ct scb:it. It liriiip hare Iiucl on nry :rhout idr:ic.torine*s. :in41 it' you :ire *trict with pnrsclf you witiiii that it is you wlio is wroi1g. Frqiiently tilt, c:iiiw of tliz IiorsC'r lcanitig on tlie reiiis is t11:it h*iitIiil~.-:intl Ie3mii- are tictii:inficvl ti)!. which the lrotw is not yet ripe. In :idditii)n. horses t11:it tnkc. ni1ta takds thc reins so that tlp p 1i:ir.e ~rl~du:lll,v rein only lire iiiorc qiiickly iisr~l111). their lep rufft.r tkoiir one-uitietl iisc. not to mention galled tram grwt c~wrtioris tlie tic~lcl, bcca transformed in 1iiit.i of' beiilp iii- u btlc,k in ref'urirl of' toml. csliaustion. etc. 11. Jlucli II:L~III i?- II~~IICalro by using :III UII~III~IoIig rciu. S. Cliirfly I)cxt:iuse the riiler i.i :ipt to tiikr tlic reins too sllurt. believing to hare thus better c.onirol over the horsc. TIi:it iu irri error. Tile. Iiorre fiiniiliirrize* itselt' tiiorc riwlily with reins of' proper length, and seek^ tlitm. while it ende:rrors to ,get :iw-ny froiii the short rein aliich hurts: for the rein. it' too short : 1. deprives the horse of tlie pO&bility ot' stepping out. ot' extending itself, of selecting the spot where to platit its feet. It tleprivew tllc liorcct tiom beginning of the initiative, rentlerli it ~ystt~nititicallyunsteady, which will manifest itaelt'luter in riding on uneven ground. 2. With Iiiph paces. nioutli and balance are lost. 9. The position, the rider's wat, are iont. IE~stirnnees ttie tiand. 'tiraws in his left side. and leans to the riKllt. Result: Saddle galls on the lett front iincl right rear. 4. It iiirites falling. Wheii stuniblirig tlic horse weka to rave itself from falling by planting the fore legs and stretching tlw neck. short ribins prevent the horse froni doing so. The rider is at Too B the sanie time pulled forward, and cannot, :IS lie nhoiild, tliriw back the upper part of his body. and take his weight ott' the fore pirrt of tile horse. .5. Tho horses are thus prevented fiom lookikiig out tor theniselves. becoriie uristeritly, stuiiid. :inti the ritlcrs becoine tliffi- :ition. Tiic rider dent iriid cownrdly, for they losv thta co~iti~lericein tlioniselrer :1nt1 the tioraea. H. The reins whould. howerw. not be left loose too ion< 111 a ti ine. 8. Of course not YO loiig that the rider loses all action upou the horse. The fault of too short reins is the more frequerit one. II. It is n pity that there can be no fixed rule for the length ot' the reins. S. The length of the reins depends on the lengtti of the tiorsc.. the pofiition of its head and neck. Sothing better could be said on this point than what is contained in the riding instructions.

I I II I1 of ttic IIWd. :I to pull witli tlic e slioultl be tli--

1' the reiris. 3. It

I res the fore I I :I II I 1. \v hi I L' t Ii e *old i tsI'

ever by strapping usually the result

bead.' It ie the I I I selves at first to be sueccbaful, but the horse tbelflseldes. Tho givind nuy sidewtird of

I forcibly. ivittiotit

i-nirt u red Itorse3 or anotlicr. Iiii-

tlrivi.ng thigb.

H. The same may be sa

sliarpt bridling, i. e., too long aoneqeseary to atate that the high &r too low, ill fitting; too I .$ 1 1

11.' Then you give tlte firs4 bending lessor) on the circlc iii tllc li:tllY ',

horses once go B iiiediuin @ace,alid can increase or tlrcrc:isc. the. gait.

rounding off the corner8 +r following thein morc closely. Inc.reiisc and decrease of pait'be. depanded. iiworiliiig to the liorke's pro,gres*. at every stage ot' treininq, until it could he done at every step. ani1 perfect obedience to tliig and' rciii obtained. For regtil:itiiiL: ili+- tancey however, he prolii ited any cliaiige of gait. driving forwirti. or tioluiiip back. ! S. 4 He iH right as to:detail; 011 the wliolc, Iiowcvcr. 1111 ridei.s must P~RNover the same distance in the same tinic. :IIIIIthus n uni- form medium gait ia ohined; A cli ~IRpreiwribetl iii tlie t*iyulution$. 8- P I t 1. '

.- 40 CONVEbS-4TIONS ON CA ~*ALII?Y.

the horse, 1) good rider kay risk the bending by hanil : not too IIIIIC~I, however, or too long, nor so that tlic hindharid e~apestlw etht - the bridle. H. Do you accnni 9 lish the further bending t~yIIIC:LII~ nt' \\IC VOltR? 6. The volt of six paces dianietcr is nbuut the sIi:irpcst heiitliiig that L) horne may be subjected to, for we ride evm the riiling IJ;I~.C~S

with the bend of the boQy given by the volt (:L Hli:irpcr thllowiii;. t)t' the'corneis in itself is a sharper bend, but only ii quarter of :I c.ii.c.Ict). A pod volt is the touch-stone of c*oiiiplete tr:iiniiig. G~iier:~Ilyt lie volts are begun too ciitly ; more p:rrticularly volts with t)ist:iiict*- and command should ndt be r" lden until the horses :ire tlr;k~u~l~ly worked through. At ai'y rat , the increasing ant1 ilecre:i*ing ot'tllc. circle should be much p actice before attenipting volts. H. I knew many riders4 who were tlecitledly oplios~~~tto :III~ circle work, and were of tlie opinion that the OIII~re-lilt \v:is t\l:it the homes got lame. 3. That is bound to be the case \Their it is overtlt)~~~..:tn~l liktl- wise if any bending in overdone. ,\lost riders fail to coiisiticbr \vti:it pain the poor iiilimal is suffering in ita muscles froiii the iiii\voi~t~\ bending, and lion- iwccsyiry it in to allow tlic horse frequently. rt.1.y freqNently, to stretch itgelt: Row our own inuscles do :die WIIVII liow \vta 111) kept for some time in.'aii4- uoc*omti)rtablc ptwitioil! streph ouraelves! And to the horse we are unwilling tn eoi~~te 7thin, and lay to ill nature and uiiwillirigness when it does wli;it it is prompted to do by severe pain. So wonc1c.r it' it tiow ~WU~III~ unwilling. Heuce quite short lessons; frequent opportunity tijr the Lorwe to stretch itself; frequent change by bending to tlre other side; and. to prevent the hindhand froin reniaining behintl, frecliic.lit chirage to the medium trot witb which any rxerciw shnul11 \villi1 up, ,the ohject of which in bending. Frequently we nee su~h:III exercise continued too long; for instance, ai1 instroctor will some- I tiint;d keep a squad on the circle on tlie sanic hunt1 for a quarter t)t' I - an tiour. Nothing caul$ be more injurious to the ch:ir;ivtcr :IIII~ oattire of the tior& than'thc B meless-riding of exercise* for tlitbir owit. sake. With every lesson 9, the rider should tinre an object iii view. und when he has attainqd it in Honie slight ine:i*ure. rewirti the horse by leaving it untormented, and practicing wonietliing ~1.e. A leblaon by itself without objeot is senweless arid harmful. H. We frequently fiod even good riders too dee~dycnIi*teiI in circle work for bending the home on one hand. 8. When they do 80, becsuse they continue the exercise too iii the hall, LOO. In this niqnner 1 n overworkirig of the you~ip:iiii- mal8 by training is avoided; the I; ding iii*truetions tiie:iti to I)rc*vc*iit orerrrprk by prescribing y niiixi iiini of oncl 111,ur IIW of' tllcb II:I~~. for if you prescribe much intlivi, uat ritiiiig, ii part is rwtiilg. :1IiIt uoch Gorse is subjected to training :ind f:rtiKuc tlurins oiic-li:ilt' oiily of theiproscrihed time; du(*ingtllc other 11:1lfit i3 restitig. d H. Would you Ict youfg reni?hts pllop iti the li:~ll? S. Why not, if they nty sufTic ently ndrniice~itliirt it lot-.; tlic*rn no ltarni? ?lie duration of the gallop slioitld, howc.ver. Iw -1iortcr than in the'open, because in tlic sn all liiill the tiirnirigs COII~Coftctit'r than in the large riding pla/cc, ani1 titigiic tttc howes. :it itti>- r:itc*. it should not be consitlcred :I crim?on the pirt of the Iiorsc \vIien it falls into n galloli of' its o\vn accoicl, nor sliould it IW IIC.III b:ick. but it sh,ould. as I hare exp1:iiried for' 11e n:ituriiI gallop. be 11riv~b11wit)] the thighn, to prevent tltc liintlhai d from remaining lwliintl. H. What is the next ben'clittg ewon you would take up uftcr en- larging atid diminishing the circle an(! benditla 011 the circle.? S.,It is the riding of the lned um gaits in the second 1ilwitioti. Few riders are awarc how strongly the Itorre niiist betid to go in tllc

But bFrruse it is eo effective it sb uld be used with discretion, !br HIIOW them off at the inapection. not a* :I pyn1ri:istic exerciae. aR IL its effebi on the home is in proport on. I recommend, tlierefore, to nicnns to an end. When the clnd has been attained. the iiieniis in no

t I i 44 ' CONVER$ATIONS OAV C-1 Tv.lLKI-.

lonbp- needed. Henee le!wons 611 the double tr:iil slloul(1 IiC'vtAr he

$6 inspected," least of ntl i aqua+ with distances. ~~ieefficieiicj of the horse trained as a m litnryijmount shoulcl be looked tbr :IS the remit, and the means t ereto! ahoiild not be used for qri:i~lrille exhibitione. E H. I had a horse o!pe tlial hnd never been piit tliroii,gh tlic IesRonn on the double trpit, arid yet WIS perti.ctl\- active :ind tit tbr Bverytbing tbnt. corilp be demanded from :I niilitnry tno~iri~. When old it went willingly gnder :i young rider. ereti the paces on thc double trail, wl~pcili it 'had never becii taught. I rcidt. tlie liorne more than sevent eo years. S. Sot every homet ieeda the pits 011 the tloublc trail to bevonic an e$c.ient military mo tit. Tbere nre horse8 tbrmed by rratuw $1) rtormally, and preeenti g.00 little difficulty. that ttit-'V I10 11ot r1ecqI these exercises. They 'an do thorn more readily. :inti :il-e tlieretbrc frequently used to show the art of riding in it* Iiiglicst ~~erti~tioii. There are other homes ot' such difficult builtl, that thy WII t~ev~r be Kbren lessone on tbe double trail without injury. 11, 11ic.11 (YI.W* it is better to omit thesq1 lesRons altogettitar. tliuii to ride tlitarii iiicor- rectly. Frequently, nldolrt invqriably, tlwst! lewons ar~*btyiii ton early and the horse's gait is epc+letl. Whenercr J-OU see rc'iiioiintr whose hindhand is not prought ap, which pace :1t R ~~lk.\vIiivIi. :it the trot, do not s'tep with the hind hoot' ax tirr as the imprints ot' the fore hoof, nine-fimes out of ten they hat-e been spoiletl 1))- pivtn:~- ture lessons on the doublte trail, ridden BulLily at thtit. iii wliicli tlic hindkland falls away instead of' being brought under, untl v:iri.>-iii,: the fdrcband. 11. It iR better, of epursc, not to give uriy ~esuoiianti the IIOII~IIC trail than to give faulty looea. S. Worst of all it ip with the LLwhulterhereirl." Horses m:iy well &e broken without hie len&n. That was possible bctilrt, tlic timesbf its inventors. L GU~RIN~~REYand the DUKEOF SE\YCASTI.E. At th6 time, the inventi d,n wa8 +ked upon ~IR the exprcssioii nt' tlir higheFt perfection in the1 high school, not as 8 means of instruction. These: old masters of t* art of' riding would turn over iii tlicii' grnvee if they ehould sed what is now perpetrated as the **Scliiilter- herein." /. H.j Yet it iaprescrib d in the ridii:g instructions. S. Whoever reads thatb part attentively feels whnt difficulties thc nuthot encountered to m himself even npproximately antleistnod. It is nupplemented by addendum explaining the many errors comm!ttcd in the '* nnd nttributed to insufficient

L;.'..l '.I II I/ 46 C0NVI'EKS;ITIOL:'S ON CA 17-1LR 2: -L tirely btltbre beginning the nest. All kind of work with the objject of bending the liorse muet propem simultaneously. The trot ..with eliortenetl Knit" musr. be depploped siniultaneou*ly with the hitle pace, rer7 gradually portion tp the home's H. 1;rhink I bow to gq the medium trot with position. antl liar intide sonic progrc'ss in *(breakingoff," and Iiqcreafng and tlccrcnsing tlie gait, tllcii jou shorten tire gait someyliat a/ld give niore position to the 1iireIi:iiial or to tlie bindhand, or the ld/ntlliuiid with counter position. ,giriiiz thus an idea of .. tr:trers" or .'retivers," an11 ;It the 'same .time inereusit# and j(lecrea..iiny tIic sIiortctwt tiiciiiuitt trot.

si0 tt) s~ic.:ik-tIit~iiiit~-

xtca frotii that of the 1iiiitlti:itiil. tbr iiic.re:iaetl sliortciiiiig ot t lit.

eiug tlecrivc.d by tlie tior-ts Ivy short tint in \vIiicli tlic II~II~W*

t the hindlinnd is not brtiuglit

de that hcb is aborteninp too tiiu~~li.i.

cult lesson prent:iturc~ly. Lt it be ridden tictively, in ori1c.r

laced under the boilj. :I% I

feet sitle ;:ice, witti tlic #lis- II in tlie instructions. tit the

permit. For I make it a arly fornicd riding horse and trot with shortened

easurt! of nide pace arid tion and development

without any side pace,

II .u I. . I ! .. 1 . II

48 COXI.'E RS;i s os CAvii r. it I-.

never any other purpowe bringing uridrr ot' tlic liiiidIi:iit,l. co~uiiin,tlie neck i~ii~tlie l)ostiii.i* igti. The l:ittel* rests content witli a sen)leless, sideward stag in which tlic Iiorsc stini.ria itsc.11'. nwny its Iiiiiilqiisrtcr :Inel hurt*

efercrice to tlic Iiiplier IW>O~I~.

Aary +r cwilry, as for instance the use of arms, riding in the terr:iiti, taking of obstacles, swimming, &c. ; th.e essence of tlie whole riding course( !e the endeavor to prodiice a correct rugulatiori long gallop. and tbdevelopinent of full speed. , H.' ROBENBERO,in his 'LChabce Idea*," rejecta full r;peeii in the charge altogether. ! S. You sball pee in a momei/t how little ROYENBERO'Snnci iny . ideas differ. Wben the horse ie$rm in the medium gallop. is up to tbe bit, and can increase and de , eape the medium gallop according to tbelrider'a will, the long gall p of 500 paces per minute stiould be dili'pently practiced, so that be horses can kcep it up for some time, $dd feel at borne i4 it, wit pot losing their wind. H. Not, I enppoee, while co fined to the corered hall? I' i1 50 COYVEdrSA4TIQYS ON C;t VALR I*.

chasgr leaves entire is horse's liintl quarter. wliilc Iiolil- ing lpeck and head with both hands :ind goid touch. carethi to EO select gallop ntep i* not ititerfercvl with. When it comes to the fiqiah, cvel$tlting depends on getting tliv horae to develop its fullest spfed. IVtiether, when mtl how tlie horse is ti) be checked after passing the firiish post, is a riiiitter of' iriditferencc.. The military mount id to be guided by one Iiancl. riritl slioultl bc. capable, at any moment1 of being turned short or cliecketl with ltiritl lags +ell under. It mkt, besides, be nccustorned to c.:irt.y itrcl!; tox look but for itself unde) n 1ighD.reio; in the dense colunin. in liiie. - in dubt and smoke, it cgnnot se$ct its nay, iior crrn the rider aelec.1

I its wly for it; in the e{olutiona\ the latter's attention is ton niucli engaged with other thirbge; the jliorse niuat therefore be i~ccustomr~il to jump Ruddenly high iand $#id$ without onset, uittl yet retairi it+ balance. Last, but notjlaaat, idithe charge the speed niust be rcgii- late I ,by tbtrt of the elo*er hors"s7if tlie charge is to be as ulr~sc~l21- required by regulations.\ The lo g gallop ant1 full spec(l niulit tlicrc- fore, in militurj- riding,;be ridd$ I witit more reservntioii. 1 l)clii*v.ca I explained that to you boce be ire. H. Don't you think that th' rewrrctl !'till speed is tliu oiic tic- mandpl by RO~ENBERCIwho rajects full speed and tleniatitl* tlic hunting gallop for the charge? S.' I cannot dtapenso entirety wit11 the full spec~l,tlie n11oc.k iii the cbarge, if for no other reaRon thnn tltnt of the nioriil ?fleet on both eides! I remind yoii of' ZORNDORF.In Lhc ch:irge iigaiiist infantry and artillery, full epeed ,is not absolutely iiecessiiry ; it i9 I the trot long, gallop for but LL I under way, arid comni:itid ion. If you siinply incrciisc which lei~dsto the breaking of le caw, to a doubtftil bald-to- aarily. 1 agree with IIOSES- erky full speed, :IS it was tbr- merly:riddeu and 'exhibited. the full speed wliicli we need for the ekck, for breaking the front, we cantrot do without, and he wants-it too. He the child by another tiurne! and calle it full run. Tbe rea T n why we see outside of tlie drill grpuod 80 many charge4 whicq are not cloaed, is that in tlic iii- dividuel training of ma? and 'Jioree tlie ultimate object. wwlike ef€ieisdc~-,the long gallopand fill Apeed, were riot kept in view. H., I judge from all this thft you arc Ntrongly opposed to the ehort kallop.

I' er or niore conkcript rtyreiit..

number of' f'our-yw roliintww a total of tbi ur, with few volunteers. Taki1i.g

est retnouiit class be,ttxiiie~l

-on'will then ly progress: arid in this IIIUIIIICI' ease the nec. mber of suit;rble riders. 'l'lierc :"'I

uttileri 30 yard8 tlic pieco wili' dltoot to til: ttbti :- trorir :IIIII to 4;iiii yaril*.'sli~ tly tQ the right: t'ji~nt4 00 IO l.001~.III tlic Icbfi :iz:iiii. :ii111 beyonil u oiisuntl to tlic right. k ow. it' froni his isxpcriciic.o :it ilit. last nriii became n right, /ii* iiiturni pull '' mulit coiisitiw:iI~it-.c-svt-llt Iwt wwii 5W arid Cii 1 j-nrcls. This 6' rturir~I~II" t;>r iii :i iiii1it::i.y :irtii. It will va tlirc(*tIyin tliv i.e:~i., ot iisr*' to who *4pu11 ff" to the left. Tlicrefoi . tlieotily way to 1i:irc~rtnitbi*tiiity or to ilttei pt to do so, is to Iteac.11 :I tii:iii to pull clircvtly to tlie r~ir. In spoltin rifles, perhaps tlte contlI tions arc tlitFei*eitt. The liuntiiig sights 'are sunlly simple, \\fititout ,witt(i-giiuge,tirid :I.; the orcli ti:iry b u n tam:t n 4 not tituglit how to pull n trigger. lie prob:~bl,vwill piill more or It I to the right, and the Ijft-liarid twist (with iin drift IYII*-

rection) 1 I 1 Roniew ti at c'ou nternuk t ti i s -:i I I t ii is sii 11 psing t 11 e 8 por yk u, u n o be right-handed. 3i;Lrlj reiteon for I hrrve fou siort nppoi It is, "tha natural te oppositior wny, nf! th the miuwA coli tit erac It I'J j

I 56 ' 1 'ht were not iit titst accurate, Iiiit he front kiglit two-Iiiiiidredtlis ot cticc, Departnicnt ofthe Missouri. the last army coiiiI)ctition, ktiitcas tcuratcly groduntetl in eler:itioii is still rooiii fni. irri~irov~~~iiciit. ien the carbine is i-oiid tlie cr:tll-

'e until one is clc~vised that will cate the Right n ntert'erc with it3 iisef'iiliiess :it ,rl/ re upori the RufTiriKtoll eight as :L one for field service of ctiv:ili.y. y ot'tlie sight to lie bent hck or it, tlic ruritiug or sticking of tlle 71, the loorreriing of the slide-recoil he sight, are its principii1 d&cte. n you estimate the propcrtrniouiit of windage, and hrive plenty of me in which to atljust \-oiir r;igllt and find the qbject tired at. prov ?d,.ot' course, that yori ctin acljrist it. and that it has not junipecl UI ir dnwn since the lust shot. For field acrvice, the new si~hin the rifle will be :I vast iiiipruvca- merit on the old. It is ti simp1 stout, brniid, open sight; it tlors not pmp up or down duriug fi ng, and caii be reatlily atl~jiistctl. For the cnrbiiie the principal ob .tion to the sight i5 that tlic elide projocts so titr' to the riglit AY rnakt. it linble to t.atch irlieri the carbinc ix tliriist into the boot. Third. '&Theinagazine must e ctiargecl siiigly..' Sorwny and Deirmark, whicl me the Krng-Jorgc.iirrii sptciii, both Iiure a cbarger or clip, bold g five cartridges, tiw t tie ~III~JW of reytiarging the magazine. W mve models, but for soni~'i~eucior~ none has yet been adopted in ir service. Wit11 oiit' nt' these charwrs, the magazine can be 1 illed in le88 than three zccond.s. This tiine includes that of opeoinj he magazine gate, t:ikitig charger from the pocket, loading and clot g the gate again. Fdurth. &$Thereis no sppsre reason for each inan carrying n ramrod, ae the gun cletrns itself.' Gieater care than formerly I 1st be taken in cleaning the gun after firing. The action of tbe s during firing, and the residue of tbysmokeleaa powder after fi 1g ie such that the gun must not be allowed to stand for any lengt of time without cleaning. Ruat form ;if left even for a few honra The barrel should be thoroughly

I prove the new arms:

1thari tip it hight.

would “Phoot to the left at dl rang~cnrlritfcbt. 1 .im J-:IIVIS. exceptjut Conl and tlir riglit brtwcerl 300 tint1 (;II() yarde, :its with Thin metlincl swriis I)ctter as it reduces the tirift to tl 1,OOO yards, :i soltlier wit1 error. tli:iI1 tit tlic shorted rdnpes. ’

1 I 'I

ti0 , . THE L: S. M-4GAZI.YE RIFLE.

e question of caliber and the ballistic roperti ties of tlie rifle, from thew? remarks and rJupgcstiona.

redoced nearly two pouri~l-. It what the recoil \v;is iii the 0111

are not aw~reof

. ;j

I .I I 1

Guurd Cavalry. "Georgetta," a gray niaiw frojn tlie Yitnor government breetti II~ farmu, halfqblood, eight gears bid, iirrired tirst ntttl quite frcsti: having made the distance in sev ti hours seventeen niinutes ittit1 tC.11 eecoods. The next to come was 'Grad,"a light bay Atiglo-.iraI)i:iii stalliott, eight year# old, from he Strelitz goveriilnctit sttttls, lit- arriving ut a remarkably brisk toter in seven Iiours arid ninc~tccli minutes. The third to arrive 1wretl tlie distance it) s;cret~1101ir~ .and fifty niiautee. The sloa*est, dun gelding, nine years old. made the distance in nine hours and ni cteen minutes. One of tlie horst.-. a tltoroughbred, gtve out at the1 dixtictli mile, nntl had to be 101l. Eexides the interest of the b ners in tryin:: tlieir Iiorsea OII :I tong dintance ride,-this race affordsP a general interest in tlie c'otil- parison of the breed and the tririning of tlie atiiinalu. Freshest III' all, as was ascertained at tlie finiah, when n 1.200 yard tlash \\-:I- made at full speed, were thc Anglo-Arabian stallion *.C;r:id." iiritl tllc ' half-blood inare "Georgetta." An Engliah half-blood and ;in i1r:illi:in

daily before the race. JI consequence of tlie n;trt.ow- ness of hiw hoot'a, much to them, and ittipedetl liis orsc, which bed scarcely IMXHI

eight miles per hour, due t and irregular ridiitg. The leading horses t the first eight miles were made in forty-five minutes at a tqt and walk, a* follow&: Two and two-thirds miles at a fast trot, then 1,200 yard$ nt a walk, then three

next eleren and one-half made in an Iioiir en11g quarter, observing the same then followed wix and one-half miles at a slow trot, miles at a field gallop, and one and one-third road here was very bad; there snow on the sider.

I I' L j -c

PROFESS10 '.AL NOTES.

- - -- I I

The following inrrtriiction* froin the Enipcror chttllgillg thc regulations, hare recently hen published :

I !

ti 7 66 PROFESSIONA I. YO TE.U. mili ry or navd service of nny pest rintion shall :iqiiirc :i f:iinili:ir. ity ith n multitude of inventionn ant1 iiiiprovciiicrits Ii~~j-i)~til111~ wildi st drcama of the squirrel rifle ~tgciti .\nicric;i. It ir i~~i~ii~~-ibI~~ in thee modern days for any one irictividiiul to Iw1i.r.t liiiiiwlt' iri man* branches of even a single profession. It is tIlcbt1 to tlit. c.t)ni- mnnflant and staff of the various schools to wltorii tllr govtwlli~~llt munt look for schemes of inatruction fitted to the 11cw1s 01' the> couatry. Experience from day to clay is 11 better guitlc to pcrtibc.tiaiil than:any other muthod in the C~RCSof poet-grndu:itc* s(.liooIs. I)~:iii-c, the students arc, as a rule, men of education :inrl ability, :it111 ilitci.. ested in ererything connected with the clewtioil :itid ;t~lv:iii~c~i1i~~lit of their own arms, as well NR the eervice in geiier:iI. It is :I itiatici. for regret, therefore, that all recomnieritl:itions r.:iitttot IBC I):LS*CI~tlpou promptly, and habitually wit~happrowil. :ird :t *111q)Iyof' f't11111~ usually ncceaoary to giyc vitality to niost pro1~)~Iirii~~~~ve~tti~~i~i~. ' EXTRACTS.

"The schemea of instruction and tletailt.d orlletw for tlit- goveriinit.nt Oi 2111 .cavalry instruction and of combined ext.rc.ises wwe printccl iu extenio in last year' report. The norkdone this year wn- so similar in :ill rc.*prct* to t1i:it \ of I$ wason, it is not considered nrci~s~ryor tlesinible to repiihlisli tllo,-cb echeaes or orders, but ns the character of tlie benefit ~lwivablefrom tiel41 t.x- ercier)e is quite clearly ihdicated by thr coinnic'nts up011 cwrnbine~lin:int-itv(.rs, poblbhed to the school this year, t1tt.y itre hcre rvprintwl in appentlix 'C.' "The plan it was intended to pursue ritli reference to tliesr. cwiiriirnta w:is t and distribute them to the coinoiand. Once u wetik all officers wt'rt. aarretnbleci. and after the readinn of orclam, reports ant1 coiiiiiients illlain each exercise. discamion of the saint: was to bc hiid. "IT cannot close this report, however, witlicmt iuvitin attentitm to wht I suwesa .in heriving a masinium thorough ;in11 proper cliscuriuin ~ii

4 RLYARRS AND RU'OJIYESDATIONR, 'Wxcept aa a recon1 of experience for the information of siict*e)i*ors,t111. making of recommendations in printed reporta Seems of little utility. Piir- suanti to the provisions of the order eetabliahing the school. I lnet rear tliiis eet fWh ita wanta. but 80 far as I nm informed, no results were c*dnseqiit*nt tbe+pon, nor have I get learned wht*tller the reconimendations niallv iincl the s stem of instruction outlined therein met with the approval of my stilie- nomt .or the reverse.

.- 0

I i L ,. I/i ll !I !I PROFZSSI~LNOTES. porta t frontier battles, repreeeuting i rpiwtle iu our irontier histor! which IS not exceeded in importance by an.y, ike event. " 'e now have the honor to o r to you for the .%~vriith U. S. ('dv:ilry Regi mt this painting, rrwrving, ho ever, the ccipvripht of tlir r;aiiit., H hit.li waa g \*ento an engraving company in .Iilnaitket.. whit+ intends IU rt.proaliit,t. the p inting. 1: " Ve trust that you will acwpt aboffer, with our bvst wipl1t.r ai111COIII. plirne ts. on t&alf of your regiment, If YOU do. than pteast. inforin 11- tt, 70whic place you desire to have the paLntini forwmltd, ani1 we will wntl it as won Bh, we have it ready for ehipnient: ".+.urinp you of our high regard, we are, sir, 1 "l'ery respectfully, ".\ NHELS;ER-HZTS('H BREW1 SC; ASS'S. ' "( Signell C. E. ,POE+T, Cowqondr tuj &crd (I ry. . .. .- -. - __ When the new cavalry bit was adopted, known as the ls!t! 1n011t~l. the Chief of Ordnance publietied a circular requesting reports U~J~III any defects found in the bit. It dan now been in use for ric:irIx two years, slid it is preauinetl thut ita Iqunlities lire ni)w \vel1 cst;iblislic.tl in the iiiindn of offlcers. Tlieyb isllittlc doubt but that the iicw bit i. an iiqprovement in many ways otter ainy Iierctofi)rc issucvl, ;in(l t1i;It euch defects ne exkt are ofu minor'iiitqrt,niitl mag be corrwtc-tl witli. anging the model. It ir ba/ievdd tlint the upper IJ~IIII~~~Iw:I.. aIIy.pInnned and ~IioiiIdbe a triflc longer. T~ieC*IT(J~ evic~eiit~y I li-piecc rivet 111 til,. ere tlie curl, t.li:iiii

i I 1 I

i:! old. He wa

HOOK NOTICES ,AND ESCH.ANGES.

IJ !i !l 4' '!

I i: il

i n

.GEN. FHlLlP S

! JOURNAL

C3F TH R USITED STATES C,.\VALRY i1SSWIATION.

82 GENERAL PHILIA ST. GEORGE C'OOIiE.

I I , ' !

! i' 1

86 ' GEXERAL PHILIP ST. GEOKGE C'OOliE.

I 1 was unworthily thrown on the cavalry nilti on C;cnei~:tt 00 ' I GESERAL PHILIP ST. GEORGE COI,l

of the ai*tillery remnirictl 011 this prtof' the field. .I brigade of Tesnna. broken by their lorip :id- ranee, under the lead of the hardest Qhter in iill the S~utl~eri~ armies, came running on wit11 \viItI yells, nn(i tiicy were a IiiiiiclrctI yard8 from the guns. It mns tlp that the w\-:ilry ~O~I~III;~III~~I~ ordeed Captain ' CHARLESJ. WHITIXO,with his rcginicnt. to the charge. Xo one had bluridered ; it was tlic sulirenie tiionietit till. cnrn$rg, the opportunity that comes-so .;elJon1 on tliz tiioticrii tiL.ltl of \4ar, the teat ot' discipline? Ii:trdiliooc! :iiid nerve. Riglit w.~hll\v:I- tlic task perfarmed. The two huntlrecl iinil twciitj- trooper.; ot' tht. Fittb Cnralry struck LOXGSTRE~'Sveteriins .;quiirt, iii the tilee \Ta$r?ra, his horse killed under him, fell stunrictl at the tinct ot tlr,. Foutth Texas Iiifantry. CIIAJIBLISS\vita toiw itliiio-t to 1)ieccs witli ,six Founds. SWEETwas killed. OnIF one of tlic other officer:. \rn. un\rnuntIctl. In till, the loss in killed. \vouiidc.tl :iti~l tniciinc. \v:i. fift.vkight, ani1 twenty-four horaea were kiiow-ri to 11:ivt~11ecn killtvl Vii*upported, and iilmost wittiout officers. the troopers were ktoIqiCt1 by Yhe nmcls of the creek bottoin, returned. rc-tbrtncd. :ti111 \vert. rooiu after opposed to the eiiciny in co~-eringtlic i~trcatot' tile Fell. era1 ;army. Two Jays later the .;.itme troop were e~ig:i;zc~l;it S:tv:~p* Station. The guns which were in coii~lition tc) retirz \vcrc .;n\-eai Ttie'facts of that charge spcitk tbr tlieniselrcs. So actiori WI.~ VV~LI. mort worthy a port's genius : no cavnlry ctinr,ce w:is t-vcr ritltitsii better or apitiiirt tilore liop&s* odd.; of riitiiibcrs. 111 trther 1:t111i. ere17 *urrivor ot' HaIakliiva Iiua' Iwen Iictisioiic.d :iiitl dectir:itell. Tlic'Gernisn nution will :rl\~-nystlcliglit over tlic r~.oi~lt)f' its c:iv dry at Vionrillc :ti111 JI:ti.s-I:i.Tiiar. :iii(I the giwt (~II~I~CVIII)~W:I. nerdr so prod& its when he cmI)rny~ItIic sons wIin i.ollt. iti t 1it1rank. I on dhat day. -.The memory of' tlri. siicritice ot' Frciicli c:io:ilry :kt Seda/- is ?till a birlin for many::~voutitls. But wliilc C'ARI~I~.AS. .BREDOWand GALLIFET,e:icIi in Ilia own liiiitl, rcceirctl t'vtbry Iioitor. it is,straoge LO relate thiit \rHITISi# was (Iisniisscd tbr :iIIc.~,.cvi (Iisioy- nltj :R fen months :ifter G:tines' Mill. reitist:itell :rtter IIIL~w:tr. :it111 I inbsteretl out of serrice :it the conso1itl:ttiori in 170. Tlic ;ictioii of the ixvalry received the censure of tlic Ct,nininndcr-iri-~liicf.:itit1 has since been givcn as the reaaon for the rc~nov:tlof Gc~~critlCooKt: from tbo co~~iiniind." The evonte of that day at Gnities' Mill arc picttirchtl 011 the tiiitinl ot tlp writer of thi8 itnperfect sketch iis on R iierer tklilig pliottl- grspik. The details of the battle nre as vivid rts if they 1i:t11 occiirrcal yesterday. Ar, the Confederates aimc rushing ac'row tlw ope~iiri fton4 of tliu batteries. bent on their captiirtb, oiiv 1i:tttct.y tic-:ircGt to our ponitiori was Lieen to 1inil)cr np witli :I view to rLhtrL-:ititl,c. I ri)iIt*

i Ii 1. khl . il i I i 94 MIIAITARY KEADIIVG ITS C'SE AAVIl -IB[.*SE.

The sa1118may even be said c 'our otficers withiti tlic In$t dt~c:i~lc. Not so to-day. Sow we are all r ntlers nntl atiiclerit*. stualetits at :iii?- ratu. whether me mill or no, tb such ia the edict nt' the Idycetitii.

*These oUhnwere"a colonel of tnlan y, a colonel of ca\-alry iretired). a colonel of the Adfut&inl-Ceneral'r Deputmeot. and a mal t of the Judge-Adroc.ie-c;eoeral's Deparrnieri t ' Though thelr namea am not given. I hellerP (hey were General* -TA\ I Y FI:~.Ka,iw\ii,ti alii and LIMER.

I . , , I. ,I 7

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t .. 'I I 110 MIL IT-4 R Y 1 IS TR-I 1IO-V.

s. wis t~iusput to :I clircct 10- ses were bougl1t ullder or4lers

nary siurgeon. Tbua tli LIS at least rejircseutc~lby agents:who were identifie reats. Brit. the rt-ist:ince of'

officersi arid outside of

:i ryrtein wliicli i)l~*rntc~til 11c-

prire darulry officers of' an in :I vital in:ittc-1.. II~KJII \rliicli depend8 tlie efficiency :ind ess o!' their :irtii a)!' tlic. scrvicc.. carried to its logical an As bus been mid by a L' flicer with u war recoril : .b'Yliis ie a rureraioti to the mett tlic tirst tluys ot' tlicb 1~c~l)cIlia)ti. which :filled tho governmen ala wit0 ~Iiousaiidsof' wtirtlilt~>s animab, atid which r Cavalt$ Buieau, by wau plbced in the ha the c$aracter of thc notew4rthy fact in tli cavalrj- officers are

prcasion it1 the utter:iiices of oHi-

cei*s."' [ Harrars.]

afforded us a fair teRt of ita prfigtical workings. It is IJelicveil cav- * alry afficers aro practically unanimous in denouncitig it. Tliiit l:i\\* ..._. I rqdi -a1 cliniige in ndhinistratirc mcthods. wvc will endc:iror to sliciw by uotations from the writing8 of high authorities, nnt1 from the opi ions of oflcers of high Rtanding and abiliey. tliat the priiicipltb* whi h we apply to this problem are not new, but h:ive been clrawri fro irecognized, etandnrd Rources of information : that the ctf.:c:ic.y oft e present system of Rupplying lioraea has becri que*tionciI Iiy one f the cbief adviser@of the,Sccretary of War; ani1 tli:it c1i:iiigt-G in t le direction we propose hqre becn rigorously urptl evt'r sinc.t. the doption of that law af 1886. -e quote now froni BIJXTOY'LItext-book on 'Lllilit;iryililniiiiit lie in 4, poor plight indeed which ~oj11dnot suliply tlic newss:irv :ill- mi4iRtrative officers for field service when a campaign was ininiineii~. * * We contend that it is s dangerous thing to Crcatc *llmo opolies of certnin kindu of military knowledge. by triistiiit: tlic- praktice of sucli knowledge to specialists." kll otl8cers wbo may rise to iii1portsri.t coiilniiiiids rlinulil liavt. praktical experience in staff duties. But if the present riiucli v:iuritcIl probesaea of consolidation go on, and the tendency to certtralize :ill ad inistration continues, nod only tlie rnotnbers of' non-con~but;riit cor s become experienced in matters of supply in time of l)eacc, Lou- can oficem ot the line acquire ndminiatrntire experience withiit lea ing tbeir regiment and going into a staff corps? IWe quote again from BUXTOIN:':The announcement that B good .105 er bas reeigned his cornba nt commiiRsion iiiust be t:s Ijainful to hi 'as it is saddening to other7 It is the death-knell to legitimate am ition of tG best kind. AS a substitute for hopes now flown for ver, his mind must, almoet necessarily, betake itself to aiagni- Ig tbe importance the apbial duties to which be finds himself fyi' of re1F gated, and thus closed departrnenta hare a tendency to @elf- +?tion and to indifferenco towards one another, whereas the good ofithe army can only be seared by a thoroughly harnioniouu c I 1 'I ,

loss J death, capture and cauulrl(iea of aercriil Iiuri~l~~~lmc-n. 0111. regi iental depot will bc equal t? the tnak of filling tire tlepletetl rank ; and it will be donc promptly and in a mtisfactorj- ~iiiiniicr. It w II not be necessary to liastily recruit anionp the stulns of :A i and tllc gr& city fbrwarcl such raw,,undesiriiblc witteri:il direct to rcgi 1ent as hay, been clone after uome of the tlis:i+trous :iffairs tt1:it hare occurred in our pnst bistcry. In the outbui*>tof p:itrioti*iii whic ii such an occnsion evokes, these reserve men u-oitl~lcrcn Ijrinc with /them to tho depot their own niounts. if neeql be.

OLr reginlentat depot wilt interpose :it olive a t)tifftbr :in11 :i 9:itl.iy- valvd between the squadrons tit tlic front I or (III the frotitier 1 :tri~l the i/tlux of green mntcriiil (nicn rind 1ior;e.i) from our tIistri,.t apt' RUPI'Y. Fer the wattercd cornp:tnies ut our frontivr >t:ition-. it i- :iiiii~)y- iiip &d cins:itiafactory to Iinro one or two i*eci*iiits('oiiic strapcIiilc alorigl ;n thc courw of ettch month ~f the ye:ir! :ibsoIuteIy igiia1r:itlt of iinrthing niilitary, and without IAII~itle:t qt'inilitnry ttxinir,c, 111 -- time pf' active campaign it would mot (lo :it all. It ir well-tiigtl inl- priicticable to give good militnry 'iilstructiolt to :I qu:itl tll:lt 11#1t+ not cdmpriae a act ot' fours.

Stir stioutd new ~iorseuIN r;Iiip$ ov'cr a tlioiisnntl iiiilcxs, :IS 111,.y arc nQW, before tbcy hare been subjected to the te-t of':&1i.w niuiltll,' use and observation a1 depot of puw'h:isc. It would I)c better if' rli~y could ,be boughtat tlic,nge of nbout; three yeiir.4. :iiitI gircri :I tiiilitary trainitignt depot,, inatcad of' buying tlicrii :ittcr t1lt.y tI:tve IP~CIIZiveri an unhiilittrry truiniog. There should be, both for homes a!iil recruitti. :I u-twting orit or

eiftiiiq proceas before they art: sent to the front. Tlie nioit 1'1~11- scient!oue aryl painstaking recruiting ofiicer will occiisio1t:iIly III:II<~~ a wribuu niidtake, or be cleceivetl, ~titlhorses that ~JII?;~ the rito~tri,gid inspecition at time of purcb:tee nlhy turn out to be uns:rtisfii(.tt)ry t;)r caval+- purposee. Ddfects and unsuitability, and inability to stand military traitliitg. or a f4iIure to dovelop any capacity for improvement in tile tiirtsc- tion of military usefulness would be discovered during tlie perio(l of proba ion and discipline at the depot. The course of training worrl~l be nn,form\ for the regiment instead of different for each comp:iny. . and it/could be given under more favorable conditions. TV Rtrength of this depot squadron (the number of soldiers :inti horses1 kept at this station) wonld be variable. The nggrcg:ite nnmeljical strength of the regimen6 being fixed by the War Ikpart-

, 1. I I CONVERSATIOSS 03 ChYALRY; BY PRISC'E li1<.\FT ZI- s. HOHESLOHCISGELFlSGES, I I

TRASFLATED FRO31 THE GERV.4S. 1 Br LIELTLVASr CA'RL REICH.\IAA3', SrWH IS FAST^^, I'. .-. ARVY.

CONVERSATIOS. (APRIL 4, IS%) -OF THE TRAISISC CIF TFIE RECRI.IT2. Atter what you have told me of your priociplcj of rcnloIIrit g I can well imagine how you want the twining of rccriiit. 1 think it is pour wish to have every rccrllit rn:lke :I certaip progress in riding before sou combine them in squad.;. S. 1 If that were posqible, 1 ril?ould consider it the best way. ti>r the riding inetructors, eren troop'bmmandcrs thernsclrcs, sill lrliicti by slipjhtiug the fundamental principles of riding, pnrticril:irly tile rnent of a good Reat duriap the ~ierioilof recruit tminiii,:. not making the young riders firm in the beat from the The rider with D loowweat scek.u ~uplmrtin tlic' bri(llc motion, arid 'ttitie injures the tiorsc'a mouth. IrC not ontc f its to retain control of thg horse. but dirnini.~:lie.;ilic a~nor~~~t of foo taken by it, since, with the piit in its nioiith. it cnniin-lt chow rd fodder. YOUmay observe that during the maneuver..;. H. In war, when homes cannot be spercJ. it nlii.;t ciid in tlicair death. S. Then so many enbers arc ubscnt fi.on1 IwforeF thc cncn~y.

FREDE~~ICKi THE GREAT Raid : 6' ,Soigne: tes rittnrls, ils roiit It, prrini,.r pas por r ka cictoire." H. 1 The truth of theso wordR of the King W'HS no dnribt wii- firmed iby hi8 experience in the Seren Years' Wsr. 1Ii.u cavalry, anaurp Red to thin day, and trained in dettiil by 11cnct. cscrri.;c.s, perfar ed magnificent deeds in the firpt cnmpnign. These deed.. howev r. diminished in number as:the war continued, though ttic tried I adera remained. The reason wa.u that men ni~dIIorAeu thorou hly trained in detail, perished. S. ind the war left no time for Rimilar tletnilc~ltraining of the

il ] 21) COSVERS-ITIO.VS '0-V C.1 ~T~df,RI*.

H. EDELSllEIJI, I undcrstund, lids tlirce recruits instriictt.iI :it tlrc' nunie tinie. One ride*, the other two Iian(lle loii~e:ill11 whip UII~~ZI.

L- tlic instrnctor's orders. S. 'The only weak point in syitern ot' iiistructioti i., tll:it such egpetlients hare to be to. Longc ant1 whip arc tlitti-

horse.

romba tcn ta. H. 1 Here we are bound as to tir4c. Sothing reni:Iins tlivt*c-tiirt*

but to anrrr on the instruction in riSing at the beyinning LL~~~tl,,,." Attention should at this time chiefly be paid to the seat. The riiliri,g in*tructioiis contain detailed regulations on pges 34 t~)37 Iiow to do it. S. These excellent instructions arc, in most cases. not prnlic'rly observed. It is expressly stated, that at first attention' sli(lu1~1bc given to the seat alone, that distnnces IICWIitot be c)l)sct-rctl.tliiit horses,nill, fi-on1 haliit, fiv onu bcblncl the otlier :in11 ticcll ria)t be led. I ask you, in timi. niriny nqiiadrons is this strictly oli~*rv~~l'? Is everywhere as much Artw Izii~l ON nioiltitetl qiniiastic.s ;I> I'C- quired by tho instrnetionH? Am thbse gyninustics wcJ erery\vIic~r~ to confirni the seait at u halt, walk nti(l trot, 1icti)t-e tlie niniiqt~rtit*iit of the reins is tuuglit ?

H. .There ih :iltopetlicr too littld uttciitiori pniil to pyiiin:r*tic.i in the cavalry. Even disinouIitcc1, they :ire. ill most caws. tniiyht merely becriuse they are prcscrihed. aind not ns :I tncsns of' trnitiiiip in orciep to give the recruit control over Itis Iinibs, :ind itiipirt to Iiiiii a decent military step. S. Mounted, they are of eqiiiil vnlue taw the correct. firm ie:lt. and aftdrward for the use of thigh ant1 rein without nffecting the seat. '4he time thu~exclusively devoted to the exercises on pages instructions is, na a rule, nliortertetl too rnucli. that the recruit8 nre niostl?;, if not on the first the drat few dap,.instructed in the ni:~ringenicnt 1 j I I .-I

i; , 1 " 122 I CU,VVEH.SATIOSS o..v C'J I*AI.K I-. 1 1 to the liecruits. If they :ire hard-mouthtall :iucl go 011 the thrcl1:iiid -7 as we M, frequeiitlj see, it renders tlie training of tho ~OIIII~IIIL~II iincorniiioniy tiifficult, imru ptirticiitnrly so twc:iuse tlie IIU~I iiioi~t11 causes (he reiiis to .be Iielcl tight :inti the young rider is niislc.ll t'i.oiii the beginning to hold on by tlte reins. 011 such :riiirii;iIs Iic ~:IIIII~IK learn ti m to let himself gn; on the c0ntr:ii.y. tic will atinen liiiii-vlt' unrl us0P tbrce with the reins. wliicli is one of' the grc:itet f:ruli. it) ijdirig. 1 The correct seat is tlio first considcr:ition : it i- tile toii(,ii- #toile 04 a11 riciirig. I H. ITIie first part of tho i-illiiig instructions 9:tF.j tlrc ,-;LIII~' thing; in fact, begins wit11 it. I 8. Certainly; yet its obuermnce is not sutIicichiitIy gcll~~~~:li. A most' excellent treatise on riding iii the :irtiIIcry Iry II~~E11:i. recuntlp appe:tred ("The Uiiifbrni Tr:iiniiip ot' Fit.lll -\rtiIIc*i*>.iii Biding jand Driving." Berlin. 18s.i. Voss ). Tlic ni~tlior vt.i.y cprrcctl state3 that :I correct went is the fir-t rc~liiii*eIiiciit. H. f-!le poiiitaout thnt in :ill lessons tliu instruction IJcbgiti- wit I1 D tlescribtioii ot'the Rids by rein followeil by those ot'tlrigli. :iiitl tii:it tIiut fact niisIencIu niost riding instructors to coii-i[Ici- tIic aircIc.lItlic requieiri attentiqii. The seat is tlic tirwt requisite. Riding IIILWII- niwtcriily the horse on which you sit. \Yhocrer wishc3 to lolay tlic mnater r/hould riot be illsecure in 111s own potiitiori. FIWthis rts:i-oi1 :L corredt seat should be inipartetl to the rider t)et'i~*eIre ih t:itib:lit anythi111 else. When the rider once sits tirnily in his s:idtile. I~~IC.II he feels1 at home on horseback. it will not be difficult tor Iiiiii to II carry oht everything else that in to be iriiparted to hiiri 1)~- sub.

sequent ~ inatruction. Without confirmed nntl steady wit. II ~:11tt1 and int$li#ent handling of tlie reins, intelligible to tho horse. id :I> inconcei ,able as is the control of' the horse iater on at clrill! or the i efficient 1,use of ariiis. Sor can n rider, \vho did not acqilire II cori*tvt weat as 4 recruit, ere? break horses properly. ninct. :i proper action I ! !.

il i I . li;. This elementary procedqre is hardly in any squ:idrw .\utli. ciently practiced, for aa previously stated, witliout sufficiciit widtli in the crotch, and gripping rendered possible thereby, tlie m:iu i- elled to hang on, to stiffen himself iri order IO retain tiis po-i- He will then try to ncconiplish by squeezing wtl:it ought IC, bly ttits otlicr :irni rii:iy Ilt. IIWI. Tlit. tlvct..;-ity tilt. rit~y iiioutltd balance, us it is called. He seeks to gaiii niiiii twinp rible to go tliroiipli tliew ~~st~ri~isc..~lioiiltl lie c~slil:iiiit~,i ought to be merely the result of tlie sc:it. It to tlic recruit at tlie vc.i.y lwginiiirig. niid rt~lic~:~te~luii~il IIC. li:i* :IC'- before he bas eradicated this fault, into n Iiicli quirtvi this cierterity. eoe4y rider is misled by the fear of falling, he will ever there:r!it.r 11. 1~111twtliv 4vrt ~wrio~l:tlli3ttcd tor trainiiig iii:ikcs ~II*IIYIC- tbr et himeelf out behind, nnd stiiffen the leg@formard, more 1i:irtic- tioti iii tlic tr:~iidlinpof the reins riecear:iry c.rr tlii.. thc iL>criiit- will ulai ,J in rapid paces, and seek more and more for support iri tlie :it oiice be able to liuridlc thcrii witliout :iltci*iiig tlika w:it. :i11(1 illti* reins; he is systematically made o hang on by tlie reins. g i v i I i ,g II Ii i n t e II t i o n:i I. ii 11 d t 11 e rcibre w ro 11 K. ai rls.

8. In that cnse he is sure to tonstantly fret the horse by f:rl-t. S. Earlicr than tlii- the niaringeinciit ot' tho rci 11. slioulti iicvt'r uidsiof rein, whn no aids are ca led for at all, and niakc the Iwt Iw tiruglit. 'I'lic dvuiirnge of this ile?rtc.i.ity. ot' tl~tl~~l~liilli~lll~ ovc'r hor& refractory. ttic linibs fur tlit. use of :iritis. :iiid.f;~rc.iirrcct :iction upoii tlic Linr-c. . 4. I recently saw an instance of that as drnstic :is it WIC coiiii- 01,tlic pnrt of ~IIc. rider. is wIt'-evi~l~*nt.\VIli)erc.r str:uii?i lii, Iio11~ cril: j A regimental coniniander ibad tlie recruit3 ride I~ef'orc Iiini. Iiiiii*ihlf nii Iiniwbnck. stiffens coiistaiitly. will never eoiiie up to tlic and +ne of them was to jump a qitch. He 9ut poorly. fretted tlw i.eiluirvrtivnts. will never tie :I poi1 rider or iiinit)lc on liortlebuck. horae with the reins wo that it daturally refused the ilitcli. TIit. \Vlicit.vcr stifleiir hin14t' li:ii no riiler k.elirip. arid makes the tlorscs I~~rril-n~outlieqltti~lriiiniti. But :iriyonc. who litis not t'roni the wry beginning bedl made witlc in tlic crotch. who has not heti plocwl dtq' in lie saddle, will :iniI must stitferi Iiirnaelt' the nioment he rides faster than a walk. :is I just proved The inore tnpid the nio- R of recruits uiiaisily stic.1;- tiun. the greater is the efli'ct i~f'tlitb scat on the liorw. It ha3 ciftcii ing at an obstacle and vni bccii iriconiprcliensil~leto rile wtiy +n nlirti? i.itIt*rr wlio in the ruliitl g:iits brace tlieir leg.; fbrwtird in tlicb htirrup. :rn

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121; 1

1 the horse. :I SI And niniply because tho r!$er is iiot tirin in tile satldlc.. -is longmasbe is not firm in the anddlk, at home on tlic Iiorsc. tlm.s iiot feel securo on the horae, he cannod,be considered tit tbr w:ir. tior caii deminds be made on him which $are lbr their object >nine correct actio0 upon the horse on the part of the rider. Przictiw will iiialiu his seat firm, yrovicled lie has, i the first pliice, hcii put in tlic suddile correctly. Therefore, I r peat it, :iritl cannot rtqic:it it tot, often, nothing new should be tak in Ii:iud until the recruit Iias ;L correct, light and encompassing eat, and has becotiico tirin iii tlic

sadd H. I e. It would aeem to me as t ugh of the time iillotted to tr:iiti- ing of' the recruits, not enough Id be spared for this liitriiuw. for how many things must the It learn tluriiig thi9 p~rio(lot' le.;.; than six months. I $. The lime must be spared. 'The recruit otic'c tiriii iii the. xi~llllc witd a correct seat, everything ohIio litis to learn will \)c. cliilnl's ! play in compnrisoo. I would not give uli one scci)iiiI of tlie titiico required for it. H. But you have just stated yourself that the recruit tr:iitiiiig is regulated by certain timits of time, more so tltnti rciiiouiit Iire:ik- ing.. $. In the main, yes. But no limit of tinie should be sct to iii-. etructioo in the fundamental elements of the stilt. 111 most cns'c3 too little time isdevoted to the 6rs~riding, combined with pj-ninnr- tics; that is, the preparatory exercises mentioned on pages 3-t tu 37 of tbe riding instructions, and for which it is exprc-saly hid dowii. thaq the recruit shall uot begin to ride in the prescribed positioii andiform until he has mastered them. If all due paticlice be cxer- ciseb, and nothing new taken in hand until a good result has beeii obtaiined, the time so apeot is quickly made up by the rapid progress of +eruits. Again I point out, that each iliilividuality must be

1. Any instructor wbo ha? to impart dexterity of body ai111

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I wIiO arc capable of riding nt tlie Iiend and Ien~Iiti:,~tilo wax. atid aftq that each one by himself. E. What are the others doing meanwhile? csercises :it s 1i:iit.

ydgo through the exercises while in tilotion. tias the advantage that at the bepitiiiiiig the recruit

etrilctions, for tlie time of iiistruc.tiori is apportioned ariloril,r tlic' in.

before they become coiitirrii~~l. the inan be curly iiicidc.

time allotted to hini for individual riding. tltnn if Ire IiuJ Iwcn

time of the preparatory iding instructions. riding iii it capable, by steadily increasing passi.ng seat. and individual ritlitis and to kill errors of seat ill tlic

of the exumple nnd nwati3 ot'

for riding on tie riding square.

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charge possible which overthrewi/thet opponent. The then m:iriiier (~f' are now too little exerciser1

H. In this respect your rie dinnietricallc oplinsed to tliow of General VON SCEXII-JT,for he ntled LL the further training ot' the recruit in side paces," and they be e:irly tnken in li:ind" S. If by g'enrly" he mea t they be t:Lkeii in Iiaii~lbcfoi.ts the recruit has lenrned bow \rith the sqiindrori. tiis t-icx\r.. are, it is true, diametricnll not on]>-to ni>- vieivy. bns~~l

, on long practical experience service, but :itso to the firht precepts of tlie riding instru ich limit the recruit's triiitl- iiig previous to hisvbcing pl the ranks. :ind confinr it to tlic exercises of the first part. that time the recruit instructor has, therefore, no authority to side paces. But that iR riot at :ill it when he gave ordei-s fbr tlic individual combat, and thus 1873, June, 1872, and Julj-, the period of sumnier cxcrc which tile recruit is in r:lnks. In the discussion of the set mount riders I totti yoir tli:it selected for tho purposcb, iri ses. In this I an1 in ;cc.c.orll with the iiistructions and kliould demand that all re lius not been satiafactorj-, he higher lessons of ritiing; if it should be his inten arning the aids the rccr11it9 eliould train their horaes over enin, I consider hini in crror. for they can but mistrain them. Dp not forget that I mean then1 to litire the bent trained, steadient tmrses in the whole squadron. 3 H. I need not ask, since I k#ow from your views formerly ex- ' pressed, that you consider traini: g in the long gallop and the long

, continued gallop (drill gallop). s the crown of the instrucbtion iii riding, for recruits no less than r remoiints. S., Certainly. H. And whdn do you mean o begin with it? S. It would be very nice, i deed, if' I could Iic,cin before tlicl weather drives the recruits into t1 ,e covered hall. There arc ye:irs- take the winter just past--alien we can use large grouritls in tlic open until Jnnunry, and when r1 cruits and remounts are not coil- Rigned to the Iidl until February and JInrcIi. In otliel. wiriters it is different. H. In no caie would to ride the drill gallop in the corered Iinll. > then let him ride towild tlie obbitti6lc without rein :it a ateail? but energetic pit, plthe Iiorhe wil jump ovcr without hptwi:iI :ii(l-. In the jump he.should rntlior pirc tlie horse its he:icl thicn intt.rtibrc- with it in nny mny with the reins. Sor shoul(l the obstacles bc tG)o great in the beginning. n’lwri the recruit hiis rt~ogriizeil tliiit nothing specinl iR required, lie rv I1 soon gain contitlcncc :ind ciijoy

other with distttnces. I prefer to/ lead tlieiii BC‘I’OM iii :I swnriii with int.crruIh ne 11 preparation for jiinj;)ing iii cIose fi>rin:rtion. ./ H. In that case tlie squn(I mlll hare :I t’orni:itiori :iht)iit likt. tlie hunters at \lie s’tart of the chase.! S. About so, but with this iI/FFcrcncc. tli;it tlicy strictly nl)-t*i.vt- and ,retnin the snme gait, be id trot (3INj 1i:ictls) 01. ~:l~~O~Ji :)IH) paces), and avoid rushing and !*:icing. In the snnicb ii1ai1rit’i* tiit& quad shoitlrl be frequently instdictecl in tlie uneven terrain. Tliz

coining the termin, and to give il,,no aid beyoid throwinp b:ick tlic upper part of tiie body when the iorse attiniblcs. He will theii become aware how much the horsc will do when not interfere11 with , by the rider. , H. The mme holds true bf c inihing..+ S. It shouldjIikeKise be in{siuded, and the rider’ need3 to do nothing else beyohd shifting his icenter of grayity forward or hwk 1’ ! I 1. -I I

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the two cavalry rtbyiin en th which once formed part of d attaclicd 1)roper weight to

ite tht they cut with the eql,:c r is a splendid nrin which 1i:i-

tween Ko6. 1 and 2, the old unprofitable whenic. but in the n1:iiiiier pointed out by Cieberal VOX SCHM~T. If. Thus it wks done in the ireginients of mliicli I spokt.. Tlie

recruits chased e+h other over Qe hurdle in tlic .Ijei/ de hirrt " and each had to lyrn how to defepd the kerchief. S. I can onlytrepeat that I ca gratulnte tlie regiment. H. One morel remark: Whe t the recruits 6ni.sli their traiiliiig 1 a8 such and are ;placed in rank 9 I sonieboilj- must <,.ire jullpniclit

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S. What of the dquadron thrit id to be t'ormwl on M:iy I*t? 21;1y not war just as mall break out between October 1st :ind .\In?- 1st 'I Would you like to pee the squndron tlissolretl tluritig ser~nnioiitli< and fit for war dui$ng fire months oily? Tlie squatlron slioul:l t'on- stantly Ieniain forlied; without thg recruit?.i it is siinplg tve:tkt.i. liy n forty men than witih the recruitw. 'J. lie lnttcr nre plncccl in r:ink. on n certain date, letj us WJ- on Mnj- 1st. It woul~lriot bc. r:itiliii:il to place them all in rank-s on a fix d day. Many n recruit will IN, able to drill n-ith the older men by wil 3Itli. others not bctbrc JI:ig loth, the laggardg Rtill later. I li e to hare it tlone thid way: tlic troop commander knows his recruit ant1 sees them every (lay. sags to-day: '* Pmptcan drill with t e qiiaclron t'roni now on ; 1'~i-r. to-morrow; EO map JACK and MIKE" etc. H. Two or three recquits will fiiially be left, :in11 if scciilc.iit will it so, one frob each Rquiid ifj here were three or four s~1ii:i~l~ originally. Is it npt a waste of twe gy to keep up the :ipp:ir:itii- a)!' iustructors, or thaj reduced aquads ! ombinctl into one. arid do the pupils change instfluctora? This ca me would have pxve ~Ii.~:~~lv:iii- tages and would i!.terfere with the ontinuity of inrtriictit)n. S. Does the recruit cense to e ri recruit .$iniplF \)ec:iriw Iic rides with the older men in the squ dron? 1)oes lit- iiot reniniii :L recruit throughout the year? Heq e, nn :iccouiit :iw1 tbr tlitb piir- pose of his instruction, he shoultl b ve tlie same instructor tliroiigli.

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repairs were niatle; found two alita 011 Fulton Street :it IIolikiii. Avenue and Stone Avenue; a sniail crowd gathercil :it Stone .\vciiuc. it was kept moving; no trouble;' detachment trarclctl :il)ocit twclvcb miles. Another detiichment of! twelve nicn uri11c.r IAieuten:i1it BRIDGXUweut about 1 P. 31. with track clearers to op~liiup 'l'oiiili- J kins Avenue and Fluahing Arenue; rcturnetl :it 4:OS 12. 11. Litsii- Ii tenant BRrDo.\rax reported that hu~ninrclictlwith olistriiction clc:iriiic wagons arnd men to Flatbusli ;I' etiue, :iritl so on towirils Grcbtmii Point Avenue; fouiitl no obetrri tiotis on tlie track. Iiiit switclics I mere frozen, water having been 11 tired OII. .\t the corti~~vof Green I Point Avenue and Kent Street a ctowd of:rboiit two tlious:iiiiI t?iriiit-~I in the rear of repair wagon and e, cort, antl tiitidc tlir~~:its:inil tlircw stones. Lieutonant BRID~JIANtb met1 his clctaclimc~itiii line, tiiced tow:trds the crowd, chew s:ibqr an I inovccl towirils the t.ro\ril :it :I walk, crowd falling back slowly. : Tlic Lieutennot theii rotle :iIoiiei to the crowd, antl said: ;*Igive y u fair warning to *tali tlirowiiig stones ;tnd to clieperse, arid if you do iiot I will charge yoit, :iriil somebody will get hurt." The bro~tli tlispei.scil. goiiig into IIOII.SC-. down Rtreets, etc.. giririg no furtlicr trouble. Ttie work \v:i?i coil- -tinuyti, antl rrlien the detach nieii t ret urncvl. foil ti(1 t lie init it^ cri>\v~I, but no disturbaricc was niaile. Thc tlet:irlimrr,t travclcil in ;ill :il)iiut twenty miles. About 4 I.. Y. :I inan pl:ice~l:I t):irrt-1 cit':inlic.-; oii tr:ic.k on Fultpn Street; he was seeti by Trooiwr 'rIioRSE. wlio 11:1$1 Iiiin arresteal. Police sent ptrd wagon on :i1)plic:itioii l~ytclc1ilia)riti. Trooper THORSEappeared against him later, :i11(1 n strorig i.:iie w:is made againat him of placing obatticle:, on thu track. tlic.rc.liy cbtiil:iii- 1- gering human life. At 5 P. 31. a dctaclirncnt of I,ieu~m:ii~t1tat.r.is and. eight men went out with track cle:trcrs, going to Xo>tr:iiiil Avenue and Fliitbudi .\venue; fount\ n stii:i\l cri~n'dbut plviity of i police mho kept crowd moving; then ment towartlj ~)~~iiiteiiti:iry ! and eome distance illto the country; 110 trouble. Tr:ivelcvl al~out ten ntilee. At S r. u. sniall detachment \vent out with linenicii iip Fult6h Street; rcp:iit*ed wire ; shiall crowal ; no troiililc- : tr:i\-t.lcll about wren miles. lhtacliineiite were also seiit out aliort clist:iiic.e.i to escort repaimra. January 2.5ih. . Reported to brigntlc 1ie:idqu:wtcrs :it 3 : 30 A. 11. Two detachments were aeiit out,last night iibout 9 ::3)o'clock wit11 repair wngons;' rcpnired the wirein senx;il plnces; cncli prty IIXV- eled about seven miles, msking' the totiil tlist:ince tr:ivcleil by tlitl b various detachnients on the '74th ,inst. from eiglity to one hrtricli~c~l milee. This morning two lnrga detachments were sent out :it 4;. having breakfaatcd, fed and watered horses ;it 5. One uniler Lieutenant HALPIN returned at 8:30 A. >I.? havinx gone with liiic repaireke to Bedford Arenue aid .Sort11 Fourtecntli Street on Busli- wick Avenuu; found wirdcut; took an tiour to rcptiir it: returnell by same walk; no trouble, no crowtl; tr:ircletl about ~1cven nii1tb.l. Policeman reported to lieutenant that wire was cut previous ni,

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:[1. new tiiotorttieu catlie aloug strikers riin out :I Iiosc c:irriagc :icroa* tLr track, boatdecl car and forced the tiicti to KO into tlic c.rigitic house, where the?- were held for a tinie, atid tlirn iillowetl to go 11y ones and twos. By tlic tinie tlic Deputy Slieriti'arrive(1 tione ot' tlic .- motormen were left: @utfinding six men in the Iioose, Iicl~ltlictti tititil wv iIrrired. I do tiot think there were tilore tliiiti ~Iit.c-t. 01' tiiur hundred people tltere at any titiie:niid inany of' those \vtw :it1 r:ictd by the fire. The crowd of men dispersed before we iirrivc-il. IVlicti I went with Sheriff to car Iiouse, u detachment of' eiglit IIIC'II i11111cr Corporal GREEBwas left to guard engine Iioi~ae. Shortly :ittc.r tiiy deprrture 11 croyd of about 151, melt collected, :IIII.I were very tt,ciy. RO the Corporal ordered detachment to draw s:ibcrs :iiid cl~;irgt~, striking n few, und effectually puttitig tlieni to rout. tiilling over c:ic.li I1 otlier atid getting oiit of the way, running them off through tlic ticl~ls to mine woods. Pistance travclctl, about twcl\-t*miles. About 2 11. r SI., just before. my tieparture to hapeth, fwnt ii detuclimctit ot' 5cr- geatit E. N. SICH0I.Y :ind six men to gunrtl linenieii: tlicy wetit to Green Point, to Bedtortl .%venue, arid fourid two block3 ot wirc iIt~\vti. There-was a jani of cars qnd a large mob of fully ?,OIMI IIIC'II. tvho weiw rery ugly, tlirc\v'stanes, hooted, ctc.; they bo:ir~lctl cars :itid took off the' motorinen, eicepi tlie one on tlic first car, wliiclt the det itch men t p re \- e n t ed . T Ilk Sergea t i t d i Y ni o u Ii t cd . \\-e II t i I t to scs v e2 r:i I of the cars, and coinpelled tlie niob to get out. striking :i ft*w. 'The detucliment \rna obliged .to ride intv the crowd atid lbrcc~tlicni ;ilotig, usi,n;: their sabers quite freclj in trying to control the ugly cro\vcl. there being only Reven troopers against 1,500 or niorc. Otic 1:irgc man, rory ugly, wns struck by troopcr SORTH\vi111 his s:iber i)ti tlir sboulder, which glanced and took liitn in the neck. ktiockitig Iiirn down. ,At tliut inornetit one of tlic troopers sccidctit:illy (Ir(iplic~~i his pi*tol, wiiicki this ni:in rvlio u'its struck ruslieil tbr. 'I'n)oIicr ~SORTAseeing him, cliarged do\rti on liini ntill cut him Fvitii liis *:i\icr on the cheek. Tlic detnchtnent oontrollcil this tnob fbr full)- two hour#, while repairs were being made. Sergeatit Sic.iioi.* is ot' tlie opinion that if the crowd had not been :i!i.sitl of' the troopcr3. t1tc.y would Iinre given tlieni a very nasty time. The dct:iclittietit \vetit to another point and then returned; traveled in all :iboiit tw~~lve miles. Two other detuclimentw \vsitt out; repiired wire; rr:ivclcd about eis miles. Total distance trureled I)y detacliriictits to-ll:iy, eighty-six miles." J~nuary2Gth. During the erening of tlic 25th itiat.. :i few uiiioti linemen tried to beat a non-union man. It was reportc*d lit guaril room, and Corporal MARCELLUS,with two or three troopers, ch~rsc~cl them into a saldon, through the back doors, orer ferices, through back yards, and finally captured them. Corporal CLELANDrode into the saloon on horeeback to assiet, if necessary. At 8 A. M., January 2Bth, detachment that went out with track clearers found a mugoti load of stones at Graham Avenue a d Sleeker Street; hund at 50s- trtlnd Avenue and Floyd Street manuer of debris, which tlicy removed;,traveled sbout ten miles., At 12:15 P. M. a crowd reported gathering at New York Avenue and Bergen Avenue; setit a detach-

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' MAKING PAP& IIORSESHOES. en paper homeshoes firRt iiitroduc.cd into tlie criralrj- of the German ago, they cscited t~ good wcre firat *hod with the It was found that not only

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JOURNAL I'NITEI) SEHVlCK l?r*T ITTIOS OF INI)I.4. 1. Tho Hreedirig Stud ot'a Intliaii Prince, by C'ololirl 'I'. 13. Rytler, R. A. 2r Notcr, on Chv ry, bjC'nptniri 11. I,. Robert?.. Fir.\ Bengal Cavalry. 3. The Traini 1g of Railwiiy Yoluritecr (*orps. t)j Captain E. H. Fink, et(*.

THEMAINE B&E. April, 189 .

Incidente of Msqland Camp?$ , etc.. -.,

I .I I YAJOR-GENhRAL JOHN BUFORD.

I' JOURNAL

OF THE UNITED STATES CAVALRY ASSOCIATION.

VOI,. VIII. SEPTEMBER, lS!j5. Si). 30.

MAJOR-GESERAL JOHS BIJFORI).*

I H this histqric field thirty-two years ago to-day the crimson tide 0 of the Kr(nt Rebellion reached its topmost mark. A little over s wry spat it broke, forerer in the East, as it did at on the far.away bank of the Mississippi, forerer in the West. The boiling and seething flood, lashed to fury by see- tional iutereati and Rectional hate, could not be calmed at once. Fiercely, but hith diminishing force, it rolled on for nearly two years more, bqt after the double victories of Gettysburg and Vicks- burg the end was never doubtful to the hopeful heart of the patriot. Peace, the whi,te-winged messenger of GOD,showed clear and bright her benign fate thenceforth, even through the rib and smoke of battle that hung over the tangled thickets of the fVilderness and the blood-staiued slopes of Chickamauga and northern Georgia. The bistoribn’s glowing page tells of the hurrying marches and t deadly battle4 throughout the widely extended field of war, in which the ca I$ se of slavery and of rebellion went down forever *Oration dellrbred at Gettyabnrg on July I, 1895, when the Buford Memorial was dedl-

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172 ’ MAJOR-GE L JOHN BC‘FORU.

nion. They need no recit:il But something more than West Point and frontior service were needed to produce a BUFORD.He \va* “no sapling chance-own by the fountain.” He had bad years of training and experience in his ic and imperishable nionu- profession, and although they were precious and indiepensablc, they could not have produced the results which weru realized in him, had it not been for the Iionorablc deeds of his ancestors an? the beredi- . tary traits developed and transmitted by them. Such men as Bu- c ’ FORD are not the fruit of chance. Springing, as he did, from a sturdy Our taek is rather to morate by this simple nionument Anglo-Sorman family long settled in the *‘debatable land” on the and e5gy of bronze, and e guns which opened the action at borders of England and Scotland, he c‘anie by the virtues of the strong hand tbmugh inheritaiicc. His kinsmen. as far back as they lqyal gentleman, whose fo can be traced, wero stout soldiers, rough Bghters and hard ridern, cive that here the battle s accustomed to lives of viciaaitude, :tnd holding what they had under should be ,tried to t the good old rule, the aimple plan: .*Those to take who have thr IhOStI3. , power, and those to keep who caii.” Men of his name were the The etatue of bronze and counsellors arid companions of kings, and gained renown in the War of the Roees, and in the struggle for dominion over France. In the wars between the STUART$and the Commonwealth they were “king’s men.” The founder of the family in hniericn was, as usual, a younger eon who settled in Culpeper county aboiit 1675, and became the whose lofty and con ively brings beck to progenitor of d1 the BCFORDYin Virginia, Kentucky, Carolina and Tennessee. Belonging by riKht to the gentry of the day, they becnnie promineut men and leaders of the people in all that pertained all time to his countrymen ! I to the public defense. Whether the name was ariginally “BEAU- I It WOB not my good fortdne to serve under this modest Iicro. FORD” or *LB~~-~~~~,“it was pronounced BUFORD;but when Indeed, never met him @ My acquaintance with him waq but slight. I f trouble began ehow itself with the mother country, tradition haa it that a famil council rcsolved to spell it thenceforth as it w:tn pronounced. $he first settler’s name mas THOMASBUFORD, and tw- s, and above all, his calm self- dition again h$s it that lie invested most of hia capital in Iiomefle~h, and his descenflanta in all the gcnerntions have been noted for their fondness for tke turf. Branches of the !hmily appeared, in due time, in Bedf d and Yecklenburg counties, and their names :ire found on all th muster rollsof the tiniea. Captain THOMASBUFORD, of Bedford, co mended a company of Fincantle men in Lord DUX- etperienced and conecient t Point graduate who had bcen MORE’S war wi h the Indians, and was killed at the bnttle of the dpened and matured by r service in the regular army? Great Kanaw in 1774. ABRAHAMBUFORD, of Culpeper, was a Shrely, up to that time, the offered no better school, and riglit lie tenant in he same regiment, and JOHNBUFORD, a younger . euccesefally bad it fae ad STANLEYand GREW, arid brother of the captain, WBA a non-comniiseioned officer. The lieu- +ILEXDAH and TEOXA nd VAN DOENand RARDEE, tenant4L beeam a captain of minute men iri 1775, and roWe to the . and even JOENSTONan Iry, as well as a liost of other3 colonelcy of t+ Eighth Virginia, Continental line. He it was who of the infantry and artille commanded t@ battalion of raw levies in GREEX’SSouthern cam- b 1 I li4 MAJOR-GENEWL JOHS BCTFORD. .llAJOR-GEAvERAI, JOHN BL'FOKD. 155 .I T paign, which, in its retreat wards Virginfa. was overtake11 at first serrice vas at Jefferson Barracks! wli,ence, after n rillort time, Waxhaw Creek by lie was sent to the jl-ertern frontier. Kans s. Sew Jlcsico, Texan, The BUFOEDS,like most patriotic; Virgitii:ins. mffered Sebraska and Vtali becnnie in turn the scefe of his youthful labbra heavily from the aiid activities. Those border regions were'at that time iufested by sought to mend their to Kentucky. ABRA- Indians, who harried tlie settlernerits cind kept the widely scattered HAM, SIXEONand JOHN,and pe liupa others of' tlie Iiiltlie. settled iii detnchmeiits af rugulurs constantly OD the alert and constiiridy Woodford cpunty in 17-90. 'l?hi- iriterniai*i.icbdwifli tlie NrL)owEI,i,s. employed. BTFORD.being of n serious turn of mind, and ,ut ti11 DIT~ES,AD~IEW, and other leadi ig faniilies, ziiif1 riiultil'lieal rapi(lIF, tinies conscientious :ind thorough in his work. soon attracted t lie SIMEON'Ssdn JOENbecnme known as Colonel .JOHS B~FORD.aiitl \vas attention of his Ruperiors. and in duo course wa~appointed rcgi- an ,influent$ citizen of Rentuuky and Illinoi-. Hc. w:i* twice mar. inentnl quartermaster of the Sccond Dragoon*. From thc start n ried. By first wifb he liad b son who gra~1ri:itc~l:it \\-cat Poitit good duty officer. tie spcedily becanio known as &ti equally good in lEW, an+ after B succeRnfuI career ns it ninniif:ic.turer :ii1(1 Ixinkcr. quartermaster, and HR such learned many of tlic lelu;ons most useful *beqame dis4iiiguislied in the Wqr of tlic Rcbcllion nr SAPOLEOSB. to a general. He servccl uridcr ~IARNEY,tlie grcatest liidiun tig1itc.r BUFORD.?hi; gentleman \\-as famous as a scliolnr t~ndpliilo~opl~er. of liis day, in llie campnipn of IPXJ against tlie Sioux. ;ind receivetl and enjoyed tlie respect of all who knew him. high praise for his conduct both on the march niitl iii the bnttlc of Colonel JOHN BUFORD'S Bluewater. Iintcr, lie took part in tho I-tnh expoditioli. ant1 won # EDYARDHOWE, who served tlir friendship and cornmend:iriori of ALBERTSIDSBY JOHSST~N and Horse Legion." She way of P. Sr. GEORGECOOKE. us u *.most etticient nnd excellent otlicer." wnp known.till after the deuili of tiis fiitlier. After returni.mg from l-tali. lie was OII duty in \~8Shillgt~lltill lie Thue.it will be eeen tlial the Idier wlinw service* rewired his romniissioti of captai ti in the Second 1)r:igoons. when and rirtuee we commemorate t's of' :I txce of geri- lie W~IR sent to Oregoii witli a detacliiiient of' rcwruits. Rejoiliirig :I kinsmaii. were liip compny at Fort Crittcnderi. L-tali, tic reiliaitled witli it till e:irIy dentil to do tlieir in lStil, when he w:ts appointed major arid assistant iiislwctor gcn- elteaks of one 04 the nanie n-ti0 mny crnl. and ordered agairi to \\'ueliinpton. -hnde also been a kinsmnn, iias:anotltergoodly bast." iu Englnn(l's This appoin t art the seal of the liiglicat officiul :ipl)roval ship of statj?. . They were forrprd rind resolule men of action- upon his character a d soldierly nttainmcnts. Lt certified to tlie ruryly ever professional men etatenmen. They were not in any arrnj- and to the"I, countr. nljkc tliat lie \vas one of the best officern wai-, nor in any former brilliant people, but had strorlg at that time under the dag. Adsigned to duty in tlic defctiaes of prnctical seqee and linrdy conotQutioiis. They diere honest. strniglit- IVasliingtoii. withiti four month* tic was :rpj>ointed brigndicr- forpard, coprageous, and had,;a Rtrong tendehcy to arms. Thq general of volunteers, and as tiuch \vaw sent July fi?lSti2, to uct an weqe publicfspirited citizens, d#ng their part bbldly. and always in chief of cavalry of BANKS'corps. Without delay he took persorial race to sb6cli they beloneed ; and whetber :VI coninlnnd of u brigade coniposecl 01' fbur regiments. the First Jliclii- Colonial rebels, Indian fig ters, king's men. or gan, Fifth Sew York, First \-ermont atid First West Virginia Ca\-- regplar armk inen, standing ups stoutly for tliei opinions, and doiitg airy. and at once threw them apuin*t thc enemy. He played a what they Couceived to be thbir duty to thenlselres and to their conepicuous part with his mall but gallant force, and reccived a couptrymen! wherever it might take them. dut strong and cour- wound at the battle of Yariurinur iii POPE'Sill-stnrrcd campaign. He was at that time ripe for the gallant and hoiioruble career before him, and hastened back to the field as won as liia wound would permit. A distinguished officer of thc same arm of the eer- he was graduated rice, now the President of this Association, said of him tliat as a captain of dragoons "he was ConRidercd," io a regiment frrrued for ita dashing pod accomplished officers, "as the soldier par excellence." I i I '9' I ,

176 ~ SIAJOR-GENERALJOHN BL-FORD. MAJOR-GENERAL JOHX BL'FOKL). 177 I I in loving admirbion, bat "no man could bc more popiiler what desultory and diejointed cavalry battle8 on June 9. 1863, with I beloved by bie fel w oicers, nor Could any officer be STUART'S cavalry about Rrandy Station. 1 I mote thoroughly reepected an admired by bid men than he ww. , From that time forth, till the end of the Gettpburg campaign, I I Eiq company had no eoperiorl in the eervicc." The eame distin- he kept close watch, in conjunction with G~eclo'sdivision. on LEE'S guiebed ofBoer, writing after f career had closed in death. sa>-*: 4 i 9s northward march. In the splendid combats at Alclib. Middleburg, I '6 Hb was a splendid cav nd one of ?he most successt'lll - and Uppcrville, in which hc took :L lending part, the Federal cav- I in (he eervim; wae mo e; unostedtatious, but prompt 1 alry for the first time gained a Hirbslantial victory over STCARTand I and persevering; ever whero duty called him, atrd drove him back into thc detilc at Thoroughfare Gap. Crossing the ! never shrinking from r fraught with peril." .\tr(l Potomac at Edward's ferry behind the infantry, BUFORDpressed I. thy are the eleme rapidly to the front through Frederick and Boonsborougb into I ,It ie impoesible, wi ropriaie to this occasion, Pennsylvania and the Cuniberland Valley near Waynesborough. and I to iecount the many 6plendi.d but brief career thence througb the defile at Monterey to Foontaindsle and Fair- t ae a.brigade.and division corn . He took a.confipicuous prt field wbere. on the 29th of June, hc orertook the eneiny's infantry, I in the campgigne of Northern ia, Antietab, Chancellorsrille, with which he akirmiahed heavily, but needing artillery for effecti\--c I . Frederickebqrg and ting constantly in raicl?i, work, and yet fearing that its use wouItI causc a premature conceir- I ekirmiehee. dnd battl nd at .all times bewing tration of the enemy, he turned east towards Emmittnburg, whero I himself wit4 perfect ga leading hie .followere with skill he met REYNOLDS with the First Corpa. Pauaing only long enough to I and pmdenae Frough which besqt them. He gave tell hia Rtnry,: be advanced rapidly, dong the turnpike northeast- d I bearty and dngrudgi ban to MCCI.ELLA.Y, wardly to Gemyeburg, which placed he reached at 2 P. Y: on the I BU~NSIDE,EooKrr cabals, uttered- no 30th of June. , He expected to meet here KILPATRICK,who had sur- I eeditioue WOMB,and lettejs, but honestly anti cceded to thelcommand of QTAHEL'Y division. but inatead found the I loyally, witU nneha out t/eart, ae a good sol- town occupied by a small detachment of rebels, which he promptly 1 dier ought, bpbore victjry it must be con- drore out. He learned at once that EARLYof EWELL'Scorps had ! fessed, but e$erywh :Itiwas hie misfortune passed through towards Tork on the :%th. From the reports of his I that the day, had not come beet use of Cavalry in close co- ecouting parties which he kept out constantly, and from such scanty I option with infantry, bn a8 lay within his discretion, it is information as he could gather from the badly demoralized citizens, I plainly discernible that be +lieved in masserr, organization and he became satisfied late that night that HILL'Srorpe of &e invading I mntaal.enpport, and had no pr+dicee in favor of figl&ing with the army had reaohed Cnehtown, only nine miles to the westward, and I Baber,'or againet fighting dip when the qrcudstancee of'the lrad pushed an advanced force of infantry anti artillery to within I cam called fqr or eeemed to -four miles of Gettysburg. Meanwhile, it must not be forgotten that I well aa 8 tree cavalier, and his own command was badly fagged out. IIe had becn conPtantly 1 could not ham failed to in that brttnch on the more from the 9th of June; his horae8 had had but little I of tbe eervioe. grain, and were beginning to need #hoeing badly. The trains and serving regular eupplies were far in the rcar. and a8 the day had hardly 'c Aftar with I! a8 HCCLELL~H'Bchief come for liring off of the country, eepecially our own country. tbe If eele~tedto com'mand osed of four regi- subsistence of the command was precarioue, and the tendency to 1. ments of regolare strnggling almost irresistible. It wa~an anxious afternoon and a I I aticjorpnication busy night for him and his brigade commanders. A hasty exami- I andl rendered nation of the country about Gettysburg convinced him that ita com- 8To+XNAN'8 mid. He eucceeded shortly to tb command of the manding features no lera than the adniirable system ot' highway6 I First Divisioh, and bore himself aplendidly in th brilliant but some- radiating from it in all directions. would make it a strategic point i of extraordinary value to the Knion army. He saw at once that it 1 I 4 I 1

1 lis' MAJOR- GEXEISA1, JUZZS B CkO R I). I ? quat be Qccupiedas well for figliting, if that d10uld he tlecillcall LI~II~II, a8 for obta.inirig information of the enemy)-'* tnorenients. Iiaving sqnt out bdditional scouting parties during thd3' night,. and strotlzly pkketed 'the roads towards Chaniberwburg, Jf #in tiiai*t)urg, C';irli.;lc.. Harrisbu g, Tork and Hailover, he had by d:iyliglit g:tincti Iiositire informat' n of the enemy's position and niovenietits, and ill his OWII graphic I ngutlge lind "comploied tiia arrangeiiiynts for cntertninirip him" uo '1 REYNOLDS,who had camped only fire 1niIes south of Iiiiii. could reachi the scene with the Fiwt and Elevetltli C01.p. MERRITT,with the Reaerre Brigade, lmyirag bee11 det:rc.llcd by orders from, General PLEASASTON,comiiitinding the corps, the I~:I> before, BUFO~D'Sforce coliristed of ~AJLBLE'Satd DEVIS'SI)tig;iaie..; only, in all ,eight regiments of 4,200 &en nitli CALEF'Sb:ittc.I.y ot' ~iictitie posted as ttiey&tcticd tlir,,ugti tiit. ground commanding the roilis to the JreJt arid uld support tlie pickets and proinptly deplo!- filr imself encamped in the tow!i. and it is tiow per- he knew and declared tliat night that the lxittle MEADE would be fought at +tipburg. :1r1(1 tli:it Berate one. 011 t1ii.u importic t question the tcrti- I officer is conclusive. litirilig4 been 1Ber3oti;iIIy the folloninfi explicit report bt' irl~ntoecurrwi on 30th: "General BVFORDspeiit ROIII~llours witti .J Colonel To 'IN, and. while comnienting upon the iriforrnatiorl

all that wmld attack his frcjnt during tlie enhu- ri.' B~FORDanswered, . you won't; they morning, and will come hare to fight like the detil to hold your OWII . The enemy must know/tlie importaii.ce ot strain every nerve to sectire it; aiid it' we are I do well.' Upon returnibg to our beadqucir- seek out'the moat prominent Iboint and watch reful to look out for ca& fires, and in the I4 seemed snxious, more 00 tdan I ever aaw Iiini." bo early In the morning .of July let had taken a of the Theological Semiqary, being the morrt eligible point of observation on the field, says: i "The engagemerit WIIS desperate, ae we were opposed to the wbple front of HII,L'J

L,. , I 'I . , I --'

1 180 ,UAJOH-GENERAL .JOHN BUFOdD.

alry work, both mounted and dismounted, atid ha d thoroughly en- participated with the Third Cavalry Division ill the pnrt it took a joyed the bri~liaot~successeehe had gained at Brabdy Station, and year later at the crowing of the Opequon and in the battle of \\-in? eepecially had.he delighted in the rapid sueceosioji of charge and Chester under similar circuniatnoces, they at least will know aha? counter charge at Aldie, Middleburg and Uppedville, by which GAMBLEand DEVIXwent through with, and what anxieties the gal- STUABThad been beaten and jammed back into Tdoroughfare Gap. lant BUFORDsuffered while waiting for IIEYSOLDS nnd HOWARDto Wemay be'sure he would have liked not,hing better than to try it come to their relief They had gone-iuto action c.heerf\illy and will- over again with his gallant antagonist, had ingly in tlie morning. and with varying fortunes had done their best but inasmuch .B it was cestain that HILL'S for four long hours. Relicred ut tirat by WAUSWORTII'Yinfantry, their tattered uniforms and. .bright bayonets," wad before him, and they had a slight, but welcome respite from the desperate etruggle; muet eoon he joined by EWELLwith STONEWALLJACKSOX'E men, lie but the infantry was. in turn, orerborne and driven bnck and had to knew that, there would bp bloodg work that day, and that it would cnll lustily for the support ot tlie envalry. BVFORD,in persoil, be all the better for him and'his gallant division 'f he could con- rushed GAMBLEyroniptly and rigorously to the left front to a strong vince the enemy that they were fikhting infantry ii stead of cavalry. position covered by n fence, uiider the shelter of whic'LI they broke For 'this reason, if no other, the bavalrymen were dismounted, and the enemy's advancing line and compelled it to fall back upon itH we may be EU$ &d not diedain to aveil themsel ee of any cover eupportp. The arrivitl of otlier divisions of thc First Corps ulti- they could 5nd. The homes were sent to the re r, or concealed, mately Rtrengthenetl tlic Federal position. 60 that tbe carulry could and the ekirmiph line# we,m long enough and dense enough to create lie witlidrawn, first to the extreme left, of the advanced line, anti the impreesion that they were bahked up by a hca,y force. tlien to Cemetery Hill. where it was held to corer tlie formation of ' GAMBLE,upon whom front the main attack tell; made a resolute the new and final line of battle extentiiiig from that pink along the i 4 advance, ana after a eevere struggle, in which he was effectively ritlpe townrde the Roundtope and Deril'R Den. 1 aided by CALEF'Ewell directed guns, drove the enemy across Kil- BL'FORD had done his selfdlotted task successfully and kell- looghby Run ; but the success W8a temporary. Gathering ntrength better, indeed, than anyone but himself then knew. Speaking from the different divieione as they approached many ye~rsafterwards of the part taken in this great day's work in turn forced GAMBLESIOWIY back. By by BI-FORD'S caralry, General FRARCIS-1. WALKER, in the "History of the Second Army Corps." user) the following lnngungc: 16 On the left tlic reintiants of the shattered First Corps were forming along division had moved at 8 o'clock fkom hie camp on parsb Creek, five Cemetery Ridge uiider cover of BUFORD'Sbriguden of cavalry, miles from Gettpburg, it .did (GAMBLE'Sbrigade only ). wliicli, tlrsmn up in a line of battalions A. Y. RrYno&e himself in mass, stood as steady us it' 011 parade." ThiR was, ns near ns can I be fixed. ut half pet threeoii .I uly lst, and after their bloody and pro- longed work against the Coiitederntc infantry, was as high a coni- pliment as could be pnid to the cavalry, but it was 'not all. The author, lrimself a splendid soldier. adds: When last it was my privilege to see General HANCOCK.in Sorcnibcr. 1885, lie pointed out to ine from Cemetery Hill the position occupied by BL'FORDlit this criticnl juncture, and assured me that am g the most inepiring Rights of his military career wa* the tap1 Jspectacle of tlist gnl- lant cavalry a~ it stood there unshaken and undauiited in the face of the advancing Confederate infantry." So higher commend:ition for the cavalv can be found. Its services have generally Iwen minimized, if not entirely ignored, by popular historians. IJII~iio competent critic can read the official reportn or the CoHTE DE PARIS' I

I -11 -4 .IO R- C; E SER. 1 I. .JOIi S 13 i 'FOIL'1J. 1 *:i

11 Elistory of the Civil lddr in A no gencr:il who was killetl iii hitlc. or !lied frcini natural cause the highest phise for bte during the war. wns niore protoutid1y regrettetl by hir companions. campaign. &&TOBUFORD or by thc porerriinc'nt nntl loyal ~IC~OIII~?.than .JOHS B~.FOHD.Like responsibility.: He, and RErsnLns. JICPHER~OX:in11 SEIN;WICK.lie h:i(l rc;iclicd tlic prinie of truttworthy historian, his powern and his rirtues. ant1 1i:iving lweti tihl us by tire he was about to bribg the two Seither MEADE heliered to be worthy of tlie-liiglivst coinni:iiid niiil rcslionfiibilities. * BL-FORD.wliv. IVIiat ~voulcltiare been tllc c~ireert)t' tliis niwlest Kentlcni:in iind true guessed at one sol(1it.r h:id lie been spared tu the elid of tlie Kreat war, niust forever rem;iin n mutter of cnnjcctiirca: I)ut unlec.i nll .;igiiR f:iil. Iic must

have gone on in s~iccess:init Iinnors. rind reiichctl the Iiigliest rouiitl of fi~me. \\-e know froni esp~riencethat - '. Tticre is a tiistory in all riieii'c live?..

Tlir u Iiich observed. R man niiiy prophwy, With n near aiiii *fiil'! His work froni his tir*t entry into + thc iiiilitnry service. :is wv 1i:ive stvli. w:i* of' tlir Iii,gliest quiility. selected :ind lielll It 11:111 won tor him geiicrnl recociiitiori :is the \it,st c:rv.iilry It.:itler yct ilereloped in tlie Army of tlic I'o!niii:ic. Fiii:illy. it iiiust Le

c.oiicc~le~lttiiit hi* selcctinii i~f'tlic bnttlcticl@of' (;etty.burg niid liis retciitioii of' it nqnin-t ovt.rn.lielurin~odd*.~vc.re serwiccs of the tirst ni:igiiitutIe, aiid iiicticate cIt,:irIy-tIint Iic pil)le. let us ;ic:\in. in the words and 5pirit of tlie tnnrtyrcd I'rcsitletit, IIcre highly resolve thnt thcse tlend *li:iIl not Iinrc died in rain ; that this nation stinll liarc 11 nvw birtli nt' t'reedoni : HI)^ tlint government of the peolile, by the pw)plt~.fbr tlic pi~ople.?rliiill iiot peristi froni the

c:11.1 I1 ." 'him in the'.@eld. Bot there he gradually grel worse, and on the 16th of Decmber, 1863, the very dag upon which1 President LINCOLN had sibned and sent him his commission as Majbr-General his eyes 4 were closed forever in death. And here it is proper to reniark that i j THE TRAISISG OF THE RECNI'IT. . 1-5 Ofic~~sI earned their d ut i c's i ri t 11 tli r rtyi rne n t ?i 11 nllrr th c tile D t o~\ii 11

!'I ~f'roiiie grizzled nergrant; rt.cruit.s learned theirs in the rear riiiik, iii lockstep with a front rank file tn whom it was all an old story. All this is cliungeil; :inti tlioupli nut' frontier work in past yenrs litis . ciialiled IIJ to lag Iwliind. arid iiio>t pivtit;ihIy, WC' iiirivt iiow chnn~e inur system to rncet iivw condition- 0- I.et iii tirst ex:iniiiit. tlicb tr:iiniiig :I rwriiit rccrirt~sin Iiis own ! I troop. The nicn arrive iii siiinll iiuiiibers. oRcri singly ; they are 1vut iii vli~rgeof' SOIIIC ri,)ii.coriimisjioiied oficcr to be drilled into +HE TRAINIKG OF THE RECRI-IT 1 sli:ipe. The wr,gc.:rnt will usu:tll~haw no particular lo~cfor the niiriutiir. of recruit drill, lit* will, if lie does tiis duty. bc working BY FieLIECTESAST FREDERICK S. FOLTZ. FIKW C. 5. C'.\\-.ii HY hard with his men from moriiing until night. while the otlirr non- -. I !' cuniniissioned officers nbout him are taking it easy in the illterra13 I of ordinary garrisoii routiiie Hm:i11 wonder then. if he puts hi3 CONSIDE ,this subject in the light of experiencc in two oppouite equ:id tlirongli their work 21s superfic-ially as possible. and reports I systems the troop system, and the nystem of the Cavalry Re. F tliriii ready for tlic troop. with oify 21 lick and a Ironii~eof their craiting Depdt, where I have been on duty for the past two pars. pro1 ier t ra i n i - I The Cavalry Becroitinp: Depot huririg for good and sufficient reasons ng The troop want3 tlic ineii to Iielp out with tlie pard duty, to been abandoied, let us see whether the troop [Aysteni of recruit caw up on tlic fitnblt. uiid kitchen Ibolice. to fill out the fktiguc de- training fulljl meets the requirements, and if not, whether we van ttiilr. first sergeant want.; Ikcruit .JOSES as tiuop clerk; tlie formulate a bcbeme more in parmony with ejisting con(lition8. The captain needs who is u tiniirr, to make some things for the Each regimeit now has control of its recruits. dnd can truiu them BROWS, trool); Ilic quairterni:&ster would likt. ~hBIHLlONa* a c:IrIwiiter, nfid together if Noidemiredl limited only by the ns imposed 1))- the the djutant iiiu*t hare Sj0LoJio.v LEVI to learn the cornet in the still Rcaittered, at burid. Everytbirig tlius coilspires to bbe prejudice of the recruit's 1 point6 not tributav to regimental prelimirary training; he can esecute lour8 right and len with tlie It will no( be aseful fbr our purpose to study the recruit trsiaing troop, can march in reriew. and ride horse with iiioir or leer injury in Cootinendl armies, where the men arrive at 4 stated time each n to tlic animal, though the niouiit tirst assigned him has probnbly had year, thus pehrnitting the formulation of a cours?/of instruction that ai11 his fine points and feelings blunted long ago. th the absorption of the recruit in t'he squadron at the Thc lack of proper grounding will, however. NIIOW in tlic enti : tirct. by contrast witli tlic old soldier, finally. as tlic troop tilln The best lay to learn to skato is to skate an keep on skating. und with men of thc new rt-yime. tlie coiitrast will disappear. but tllc and were ouq troop in active aervice in the as used to be tlic t,sprit and tone of tlic wliole organization will anpimilate itself to tlic case on the frontier, then there would be no bttter school for tlie recruit standard. recruit than /his own military family, and no

' 'I 1 I I

'I 186 TH~TRAIXING OF THE RECHUI TIfE TR-.lI&\-IYG OF TIIE HECRC-IT. bi 1 .. kith him are lost bight of in the Imp when the The solution of the problcni id found in a depot troop, which bod bis 5rst ssfpc/wes will be uauallp those men will have ita functions in war ns well BR in peace, arid which, aa leaet likdy to give him neccarity tleniunda, can be filled and niirde an effectire troop. or skeletonized to its frame work of officc~sand lion-commisnionc~d officers. The esperitiieot of spoilitig good Irllliun scouts to rn:tkc a por imitation soldier, seein* to be dying D niosi natural and we>ll-mct*itcd dcath; and as the Intlinn troop!, \+finish in tvich regiment. it \roilld secni that a frame work might be gireti for u depot troop. Let +* 31 '' Troop be rnalle ii visible rkcleton troop, not :I rloniirl;tl skeleton. Gire it its cornplc'nient 6)f non.c.oniniissioned officers. its fitrrier, blrrcksmitli. cnddler. trunlpc~ter~.tailor Anal cook ; give it buck as niany horses :is niny be foiitltl nc.ct.z.;.inry: xive it station at hc:tdquttrters or'at tile Ino3t cotlreriietit post, witti other troops ot* the reginlent, give. it the best qi1:irtet-a. the beat ztablcc. the bc-t equ i pme ti t s, :itid requ i IY of it t ti :it. i ii coli aidt-rnt ion ot' thew ndrn II - tnyes;&crgttiing be kcjtt in 1Ierfcct conditioll. Ifchcrc is a ritlinr: hall :it ;III~post of tlie rc,ginie!tt. the tlcl,~,t 1 I troop slioiiltl be there. Itn uon-con~niiasic~iit.~ioffict-rs should he Io the 6eId,o4 wherever there is good reason, we 10 not care 'lor 1 picked men, and to wcure the most eflicielit instructon, thcir posi- Jruet6n a bit, ewqt marks on saddlery, or bacon greatbe on clothitig, tion could be niatle tleFinrblc by pririlcgc3 ill tlie wuy of quarters that coarteg are relaxed; but!we know tor some 01% them, separ:rte ronni.;. ant1 escniptiori from fatigue :irr~l this 1s a concession to hecessity. \Ye guard. .Inlorig the rinn -~onlmi....iurletI oficers ehoultl lw an espcrt are for the time b(eing savages strukgling with naturd, with her c~v\il horseniah. 3 gymnast arid a awwdsnisll. wliile all of them shoultl 1)e or bast, her hun er or thirst, her fatigue, or only the lonelinesn <)I neat and wldierly. her wildernew. f we know that our men have ledned bow a bit The recruip should be qiiartered so that tlicre shoul(1 be at Itbast and saddle sboul be kept; if we know thab militarJt deference and a two sqy:ttIs in rcparatc rooiiir. inen beiiig tlihtributetl as they arrive spirit ie there, t$en we are willio/q to dispense witq the eriderice, unionlp' til* squad8, SO that each rli:ill liltre its proportion of tllr ne\v f the reorait should be such as to leave us in I o 1 arrival*. The chit& of aqua11 arc cllar;rc*tl with the iriterior iristruc- tion, bnrrnck disci pli ne*. rcgu la t ion*, 111i Ii tary courte..y, orders of Bcruiteof t&ps at tbe same post nre ohen cbnaolidated tor sentinels, care clothioK! iirnis equipments. adrantage drill under ooo-commieeioned oacers specially dethiled, and tlii3 of and The of haring two or more squads will twcorlle evident in the emulatior1 on, but it not go jar which will develop between the different squads. or ratber squall leaders. The non-commissioned officer showing the greateat aptitude at 1 supervision held under 110 stricter diecipline, ly occupied han the. other niountcd work should be kept at that work done, aslrieted by :iy men.. The recruit, io the advuntage if drilling with many as niay be necesanrj ot' the other non.commissimc~05ctr9, 8 larger squad, 4nd p according to the number of recruits and number of classes. One non-coinmigeiooed officer ~hould specially &failed ~c1gymnastic 1 wlecrtion of the be 9 instructor, band will find time I however, ie held ;t his fully occupied ,with gymnaatice and setting up exercieee, witL the care of the apparatufi, and tlie cn- I or retarded accor i I I

- i I I i tI- ' '!I 1 L4 ' -, TIfd TRAINING Olc! THE RECHC'IT. 188 TlIE TR:I I-VI-vG OF TIIE HECIIC.11'. 1

, No recroit ehodld beexcnaed from any drill unlesa Tlie \Var bepartaent ~iasslionn perfect willingness to diwtiarge prgeant Tuld rued no iiien upon the recomnicndation of ttie romnian~iing pendered eaeily by the who, together with the tours a8 kitchen' police. No old of the depot troop, haring all hin edorts con- duty, ehould be retained in the $ago\ troop, 11s tlie better kept witb other recruits dcclusirely until lie

own troop. I % I> To sum,up: I hare"outlined 8 Rptem which co .entrates tho picked instruetors upon tlie whole con ingeot of re- reqiment, aud n-bicb concentrates intpT the recruit

.I I1 A siriglt? sick or detacti&I tior?e will throw ttii out. -, F Sot at all; I skuply take an dditional blank file. €i. SCHMIDTdoes no&'approveof that. 5. For ttic groat divisional rxzrciees: arid thew I concur witti him. For cbxerciee nittiin the squadron tie wishes to liave drill in @ingle ririik diligently practiced. IIe woold not object to II fen blank tiles io that caw. another reason, however. I haw why I ? COXVERSbWNS ON CAVA BY PRINCq KR.\FT ZV woulnl not like to form the squadron of seventy .horr* in three PIX- toon3 of eleven tiles. ntiich is the u*ual formation during winter. 11. What is your reason? S. 1 woultl be limited to the six flank iion-comnii~r;iorietioffi~~.i~*. besidee depriving the remaining nine non-comniirisioiied oflicere of their Iiorsec. .\ly desire is to give to ttie squadron that form:itii,n in WII~IIit would have to take ttie field, ;in11 there each of the tif- tet'n non.comriiiRsioried officers must have his horw, which, mow- ovt-r, tio should ride throughout the winter. Hence U aoul(l he rarely that 1. ould turn out with the squadron formed in three platoons to go irouKh some drill movements; I would form it tietiriitt-IF in two p/ atoms iri double rank, or in four platoons in single rank. 1 have enough horsrs for that purpo*e. though sonie niny bars to be deducted on account of detached aervice or sicknees, t'or after ~rllon- in< for fifteen uon-commisnioned officers' horsa and four trumpeters' horaee there remain fifty-one horses for the other riders. H. The idea of formin# the rquadron in four platoon* in siiiglc rank is an excellent one. It would enable us to have drill in siiiple rarlk during the winter BJ advocated by SCHMIDT,wiLhout Io-inK thereby much of the time allotted to drill. \Yould ~ounot ratlirr form the aqiradron in sin& rank anyway until the recruits join it, equadron. who then niiKht ride in the rear rank? S. That Rounds verv pretty. but is impracticable. because for and non-commimioned otllcers. . orderly drill we need other riders in the rear rank also. Ppecially tor the guide file of each platoon. Furthermorc, if the troop rides in winylt! rank for bix months. the men will lose eye tbr, and practice in, ttie observance of djstanccn in nheelinl: by platoons. H. Becauee the-re ie no rear rank; that is true. It did iiot owur to me. Isu$pose you also agree that tbe platoons should not be less than eleven files on accowit of the dietance. S. Theoretically drill with teii fileA per platoon i* irnpracticnl,lc. because in that caec (including chief of platoon and hia distance) there would be greRter dvpth than front: in practice, hoaerer. it iR otherwise. It ia practicable with ten tiles. Let us. howevci.*.take 2 I

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194 CONF'ERSATIONS ON C-4 VALdY. (_'O-\'I*ER.S.t TIOSS OS L';l I--lI,KI'. 195 I- eleven file8 as a baRis. I for one would rather drill kith eleren than liropcr.. after the great .;urnriicr exercise$? Do you not thi k tliat with ten files. tlie recruib of the part year will need ndditiontll training? Do you H. HOWwill IOU get the r/ders for the fiftylone IiorbcR with tilink that, after undergoing two years training. the remount? are which you are going to drill dudng the winter? , so tirm (laggards excepted) tlin! they cun Feme eight parr inore s. , We have I33 men in theqquadron, from wvicli are to be de- and drill continually wittiout being'pone ov$r again? Ihes not ducted 5Reen non-comtnieeioned p+ere, four trumj)eters, eight men SCHMIDTdemand that e\-en ttie ridem of tlie firbt-class, according to tlic then riiiinp inzttructi~~ns.work their Iiorsw rer again during the ; fivo men forguard, kitchen wi liter? 1t nine recruiqs, t otii I bere n ty- S. You are asking 11 great ninny quwtioiiL it once. In the fimt place, I hare not nnid at nll that I noulri not ditide the oldcr ridera IF. Then you liav inti) riding squads: becziuse I forni them in a 81 :ill squadron during nnd you eannot hare every wiiitcr, I no inore mean to onlit that than to iI to do uwaj with adrantagea. It will not be t'ie division into squad6 in tlie spring anti sum cr nfter the recruits ride daily an old horse in ad hare hen placed iri ranks. Sctiulnr demand expressly that tho shall take good care i S. I diriaion into riding squads be kept up durinpj ttie eunimer. Wtiy how- to ride a trnined horse. eticiuld I not demand tliat tIie squaciron reaniii formeti during There are the tradesmen of witltcr. when the riding under nuperriaiott of dhe *quad instructors I' . day, aleo men detailad,awa the regiment; as for infitatice i- eliielly practiced? Kith this demand. I am not in opposition to "ordnanca du jour" n single one o? our otii traiditionn. On the contrary. I ani foI1owiiig prefer to have the wo un old tradition from the glorious period of tlie cnnlry. The than to let the best ri slriudrons of the Great King reninined ready for war as ~uch H. These best ri tIii.oughout the pur. and it did not prevent tlwni from turning out for riding. You may infer tliiit from the ungrncioua remark of the kiiq mentioned by MARWTZ. as you stated Yourself The king Raid : trained horse to confirm tho ' Who is in charge of the riding of the squadron?" Do you think excellent ridem (n tiint there wan no indiriduel riding under superrision of the quad their reputation, ha instructors? Tlie squadron commander. lieutenant, cornet or firpt and without the r wrpeant, wlioerer wa9 in charge, could not by himself have super- from riding each intended tlie riding of the whole squadron. have not enough horses. II. Each instructor no doubt had his own squad. Last full you iii7ited my attention to the c~say,'6.4 Visit to Ohltiu in lii2," which appeared in So. 41 of the official publication. The Comrade, ~ on October 10, 1683. Tliere the Saxon officer who yieited SEIDLITZ reports, that in the evening after the horses had been taken to natcr, "each rider took a turn around the place at a gallop, and finished by taking dome obstacles at full speed and with ease." The report continuee: ;&Allthe oficers were membled on the place dip- mounted. They followed attentively the movenienta of each rider, correcting here, remedying there, and adrising." In the morning tho general drilled; he commanded everything himself, and for an to all our traditions in n hour-that was the,duration of the drill-not a word was spoken riding equade ? Is it not or niorernent made except by his order.

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C'02iT*ERSA4TIO-VS OS Cri IVALIt 1.. . 1!17 b S. You esprew tlierc :I truth in csact forin. Soiiie Iiocres need it very niuch, but iiot nll of them. lleiice. in individual ritling of rL squads of old men on old Iiorses during wiiiter. tliore alone wliicli i appointed, for individual ridin need it should be bent to it by prel'artitorj- exercises or any other tance of the drill ground fro etables there are many other nienns you innc choose, hut tievcr :ill the Iior.ws, nor sboulcl bitng. t leias over be placed on horses to lie i*ct:iined. Iwt oii the contrary thv very best riders. Those Ic?;soiir slioultl be applied which tend tci crndicnte the difficulties named. l'lie tr:iiiiing diould, however. not tic *.en bloc." nor sliould tlie wliolc~squ:uI be put tliroiigli nll of the and wintor. I: can see parea 1 second part of the riding iiistructions. 1,enst of all. slioultl the tno illurtratioos of tlie presentati 1 of' :I squad Iiir iiisliectioii. nliich ni*c I 195 196, *' Coli- I gi\-c.n on pnges nnd J worked into a schrnie I.'." in fitrniity to which the whole ye:cr'r Fork is repul:ited. iind for nliich coaching is done crd nnirsroni. a.~yt>u niay frcyiieiitly observe duriiic tile last few months. \Vli:itev-ei* riders niay tie det2rilecl to train. to hind. diould train irrid hn(l if tliey know how. but only wliwe it ig rank, however red,uced the sq may be. AI we have to 110 i3 ilc.ces?;;iry. \VIioerer is not ordered to trnin or docs not know how. to combine several squadrontii cllould I~.nvcit alone and 5iiiiply ride. or lenrri Iiow to ride properl~. of wllicli he would probnbly rtnnd in need. in itself. ! r, perhrrpe twiw or thrice duririg II. You tvould not. then. 1icrmit the riders of the late first ridiiig c~:i~~.i. e., IIOW the anialler squ:ids of tlie recond riding cl:iss. to the winter. As to your qu egarding additional training of work tlicir Ilorses all orcr ngnin during tlic winter :is ni1voc:itcti by SCHMIDT. S. I entirely disap-ee witti SCIIJIILIT011 tlicit point. Tile riders the squadron turns out formed adron, and, on tbe drill ground, of the (late) first ridin< clsss sbould not he allowed to (10 any ti4tining. Those aloiie wlio are sufficiently progressed in:iy Iw instructed how to train. It is eoiiceirahlc that toward the end of tlic fir$t year of his service sonic recruit niay prore siiitnhle. if he h:is Ie:iriird riding before Ilia entry in the aerrice, or tias special ability. worse, the main ideae of rid ich were irnpar!.ed to the recruit IVlioerer at the end of tlir first year of service is relegated into t\ie with 80 much care, are alw ( late ) firrit riding class should iicrcr be perniitted to train, siiiipl? H. How so? I)ec:iuse be cannot do it. I mentioned to you once lietore t1i:it SCIIJIIDT'Sgrcatiiess consisted rattier in Iiis ability ns drill master 01' bodies than in corrGct view?; the details of training. ugh, aud that the rider feeling large on H. I was told that he was so infinitely zcalous nnd indefatipel)le rrect"one. Tbia he is taught to as to forget everytliing else. It is said of him that as regimental comrnniider tic once bad Iiis trunipetere ride ia the hall, got warn1e.d tfp. aiid remained in the hall until lnte in the evening. entirely fnr- petting: n pirty he had invited to liir lioune fnr the evening. S. It is wrong in itself to become so interested ar;d forgetful 11s to remain so many liourv in tlie hull with the same Liqiiad. Aiiy cspert ridcr knows tlint one or two horsea tnay be niiiird iii this I I T

198-. CONVERS-4TI ON Cd vri L ro Y. more easily so than if' there had bjtbenidve~. The longer, however. the squdrons adhere to thew the Iiorses ot' contingvn1s wliicli b-n drill twice a~ I -1 principles, the fewer will be older you wieb the1 winter riding of' need retraining. Specially well cleveloped :ind tirtnly going hor-cs ariaged, wheq they are doubly of laNt year's olcl remount6 rnacy, on thc contrary. bc ~,liicc*din tlie toons in double rank, or foiir next h i g h e r *q u ad. uads,each uder its riding 111- H. The second aqusd of oldor ritltw would then prot):ibly C~II- 'structor. diet of tlre junior half of the twenty-six remount riders. which squiiil 9. Not"at all differently tho service method observed 11. would train tbe old reniounta of' tlic. current year. and muiiiit t1itt.e horse3 also which had been old rcnioiints in tlie prwt pir but OII,~~. scribed --uld S. Something like that. though there niey bc spccial esceptilbil- ; under the auperrision of for instance. it' sonie horse of the 0111 reiiiouiits nf' two years :ip proof-of the example by within the sqyare. The di&br- rihou!tl $how such fiyn training a3 to mako it ay:riIiible :is a recruit ence would chiefly be winter the drill in tlie horle. In its place the squad might t:ike charge of II horse 01 lllc school of the add lon$as in SUIII- -. older contin,c,rrnts which needs retrainitit.. but riot to tliu snnie cstcilt :IY the horse assigned to the tirrt rc~iinilof reiiioiiiit riclcrs, H. You :iswnied two, I)I* at the nin.it. four Iior-cs :i~requiriilg practiced their horses in retrai oing. week with the whole squadron S. ;\ppirently, yes: in ttct, 1iowen.r. it is tliffcrerit. Norit of the horses requiring retriiining will iisu:illy be found :inlong the 0111 remounts of one or two years ago, :rnd arc. tliercfora counted iii among those horses which are ridllrn by the twcntj-.six best riders of man and horse? of the squadron in the third or fourth year of' wrvicc.. Jhring becn 9. In the manner her caref'ully trained for four years b! tlie best riders of the quadrcin, I shonltl think the horses oiight to be LO firiii tllat they cannot Iw easily spoiled by unskillful riders. IIorsc.3 are usually spoiled l~p thirteen. awkward riders tbugh ntupitl -kniebr.ln" and training, bec.:iu.o non-expert riders do not know how, when anti mliare to train. If great care in taken, as I have explained. that the recruite and tI e poor riders aniorrg the older men ride only with correct seat, ref'i.:iin from all -.kiiie!dn" and triiining by rein, never hang on by the reina or give any aids by tlieni but for the purpose of getting tlie horse lightly up to the bit. none of the older horses once thorougllly trained ia apt to be spoiled PO as to need retraining. H. To what riders would you assign the next older horst.$, which have been more than four years with tlie quadron? S. Among the horses of the earlier contingents which arc in their fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and nintb years of service, the best trained and freshest are to be found. Exceptioiiully eoiiie horses may remain fresh en fheir lege for a longer pcriod.Juht as they maj lose in freshnesn ut an earlier period. With these excep-

//-- tions the contingents named will probably cniltain the horses from which the recruit horse8 mag and should be selected. '/ ' iI

H. From these Brei continkenta, i. e.. more than Rixty horbw. uiltil Sovenibrr 1st. arid 1i:irdly get on Iinrscahck Iwforc. Sorcni1)t.r b 1 you would select the thi best for the recruits? (it11 or 7th. S. There arc six precious weeks tluring w11ic.h tbey anlenrn niiicli to rid theinsrlvas of dcfects wliicli hare hconie appsrcnt (Irii.irig their first yrar of wrricxh. Sooti uliw the arrival of tlie re- I cruit:, they will probably ripin bc tit to ride with saddle :ind stirrup, w-liicli (foesnot precluil~~tlint during tliosc *ix weeks they tur11 out I witti saddle and Htirriip on tlinsc i1:iys when tlie Nqundron comni:intler wants to iirill in the acliool of the squadron for half an hour. i-- ---"---- 11. How would yoii makc up tlic last riding squiids, all of which, uii~lerthe new riding itirtriictioliu. belong to the second riding clam? S. Here I will begin tit the bottom. Thc horses still remaining I. will. with sonie exceptions of coursc. be, in the main. tlie oldest in tlie squadron. Froni them I select thoee which show nips of n 11 mbness, and seem, t lierefore. candida teR for con deni iiat ion. On tlirse older horws I let those of the older men ride alternately. who. according to our calculation. do not ride every day on account of otlier service (trsdesnicn. kitchen police. ctc.). The reniaining old tinrses I assign to the reniaining older men according to their teniper, degree of training, and skill in riding. forming then1 in two SI~II~~S,P on the principle that encli nian retnirin his horse. 11. IVhere do the non-comniis.;ioiicd officerH who are not rc- iiioiint riders. and the trumpeters ride? S. \Vhercrer they belon:: accordin,g to thcir skill in riding. II. Horses and men would then be grouped about as fbl1ow.r : 1. Young remounts (contingent 1 ) under the best riders: thirteen horses. 2. Old remounts (contingent 2) under, the remaining remount riders: thirteen horses. 3. 1.nst year's old remounts (contingent 3) under tlie riders uilder first heading; thirteen Iiorscs. 4. Old reniountn of two years ago (contingent 4) under the riders under second heading: thirteen horses. 5, 6 and 7. Recruits on 1. Ilorses selected froni conticgents 5 to !b ; twelve to fonrteen horrrs per squad. 8. Lnst pear's rccruitn for additional trnining with this ycar's recruits on horses like those in squads 5 to 7, each ten to tliirteen horses. 9 and 10. Older nien on older horses; ten to tliir- teeti horses per squad. 11. Men who do not ride daily, on horses wliich will prohbly be condeinned at tlie next in3pection ; ten to thi rt ccn Iiorncs. S. That would about express the principle to be followed. I must add, however. that any exception shoold be made which cir- cumtances. skill in riding. degree of training, etc., render necessary. and t he beginning of , since the recruits do not arrive 11. In the Hussar regiment of the division which I coni~naritied I L

! jl I ! 202 CON VEBSATIOXY (JY C'A I-A r. R I-. I I I there was a squadron abicli took particular pride in bciiig :tllc. to I I let the third and fourth1 contin$eiit of renioiiiits, e;tcli iri :t sep:ii':itc I

I squad, ride in the second clasa. S. It shows that vwy good principles were ol~ervctltherz. H. ,On all occasiona the sqpadron showed tlic Iiighe*t efficieiicy '! in riding. One thing I did dot upproye of wts to iii;ike up tlie li squads accordiyg to the calor T the horses. S. That is a hobby in whi 11 tho* only can iiitlulge who 11:ii e I f I 1 no idea ofdridiog. I I H. Now that we hlrve made up tlie doublet skclcton, wliicli we i 'consider proper for the oldor horses in the squd'lron during n-intcai.. i I would like to ask you far infrbrmatinn 011 thd subject of the kiiiil .- of service wbich is to form the toritinmition of the training of tlic-c older men. We have seventyj Iiorrwy, whicli fhr riding in squ:itlq and for individual riding are kirkled into quncl*. riuaibers 3 :irtiI 4, 8. 9, 10 and Il.and form n squadroll of t\vO or four single riiiik platoons ot'eleven. twelve,

S. It will not often be prtiuticable to form tliirteen tile*. for #Ir the non-comqiissioned officers we oiily leiire tli i*eci-uitinstruct4ii ipedi ~'4 turn out 11s filii 11 recruit*. Tlirre are :ilso bailie ~o~iltlIW lorliictl it' 110 h0l-t .i I he ~~ti:tlir(~t1 out :1~11~ 4 i out tirice ii weelt tbr c~i111 I he 1' 11111g \vould thu. IW shortened one-half. 1 s~iodldriot drill a11 tr:i!. 001 OB tire squadroii, :iiit~ ing squads for iridiridunl ritlint: s to keep tho principles of tIic uring the Y niiiier fre.ili iii tlic I' * to tt L cxlinuation ot' tlie horses. This service ate on the drill ground, wli~*i~ j wl. I Iny gr at ,tress on Ii:iviriq niiric you of the C;rt*.it ridert hi9 not exerci*c 11 ii:iy be tii:tt in Octotwr. 1 ti1 sc.A-ic.t. ~invcyet to IW 1

id , ._

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j- 1 204 C'0Nr'ERSATIQ.VS 0-V CS VALR1'.

1 i( 'which again more i8 de*anded, from the tlic poorIy (I(,.- 'Peloped muscles andifqt lun& can maneuvers .fairly coIIaeed. qgain they are given a rest for sonic weeks, only again to b in the, winter duties iii tin unliealtliy condition. What ib the ree ft? Great exertion8 cadse the fat. uiitrained wlikl~'cniergc ti-oin these

lie and cntieniic iii

in u bill of dumtiges when we ride vver his tieltls. We then 1i:iv.e rest. all tho better opportunities to use the terrain for ficld csci*ciwhtti:iri during the suninicr or ritll after the 1i:irvc-r. for under nio~leri C~III- ditions of' hunbandry tlic harvest id no sooner brori,glit in tlia I tlie ground is at once ploiiglieii untl sowc(I finew. In your lettei-s cin infhntry you hare pointed out \.ourscIt'tiow niarig ~:IJ-Jthis arri c:in

spririny the horses, I would not tlciii:ind that in wintor weathw we ride in tlie open as long in peacc time as we are conipelled to in w:ir. Y I€. There arc times in winter when the practico grounds :ire

1; 'I I .I i I ii i, I I I 11 . !' ! ! ,I

! 806 G'O.ATEBS-4 TI0,VS OS C-1 r--lk H 1: f I S. timeg 1 would make pructicd marclies with the squac hopes, or, ntiII better, wit1 the whoie rryirnent of fit such quadrone. I -H Thd rondo ard tlien, as a rule, oo that you canriot go ridiii, i , s. WOUlI : excut diiri n stead horse guidi of ha a rpe be ob if the gruui on t4 liveli reach kind Prop peace did n be ta and calki myse Itand charil clianl It aril, 3ug11ioud~, an4 dseless. H Whon it irr vers cold 1 sappose you will not insist on intli- widus you bid youraelf when we d ussed the training of'th dith stiff angers they w not protit much From S. c frozen so hard and ividual riding, I wohlc 3 ust .- by di the first place the riding in time, much care on the pert of the I I I !

1 1 I - It I

i. e.. of rctnouiib riders or1 horwd, which, on the average. arc in tlieir fourth gear of wrrice. S. Ten; if the remount riders in kquad So. 4 were a8 ,g(bod . ridere as thoee in Squad So. 3. IVt! should not forget that iIi fiqti:lll So. 4 tbe lesa experienced trainers are riding. and for that teawll be more cautious in the rate of proglrsa arid demrrlidd. 11. You would in no case m:ike tixcd ddmands 011 ttiew twi) i squndn. S. Ye*. I aoultl. I m:tke the tixed tlt~.m:iii;l thirt circli ri4lc.r iritiivitiual (man and liorro) bc 3o.far ~~aiirlno fiwtlier) advamt~~liii the art of riding as is beneficial tofthe horse ;tnd intelligible to the rider. This degree of prtigresy in*hc side paces on the double trail ruit* \vlio I:ig tic- consists in the distance between footprints (f’roni zero to the normal i ng ins t ruc t io 11 R. of one Iiace). arid it1 the rhortcncd trot in the degree to which the we called su. 8. hindhand is brought under, which carrica the forcliancl inore or less. Ilndrr no consideration \vould, I ever have the high scliool p:ic~ (side paces on the double trail and completely shortened prces) practiced in squads, but merely by those riders iind 1iorw.r which are gufficicntlyadranctd. That tiolilr good for all thc ridingizqun~ls of the squadron, tbr the degree of shortened gait which a horw c:in red t ti i-ead WII ich go varies. Sone could atiow ita gre:rtc*t proticicncy in quid5 witti dirtanced. because it must conform to the gait of its Itad;?. The very best horses cannot go depaces on the double trail iri kqi~ud~, and observe distance at tho caiiie timei for depndinq on circuni- etances, the rider miatit hare to urge irncl iocrcaae the gait just when the horJe‘s gait would call for -.half position,” or to rciii iri when the horse’s gait would call tor urging. I believe I ileVelopetl thiit idcn once before: but I :in1 ohliqed to repciit. if I :tin to pre- cirely define the demand.; to be riiiitlc. i I t 'I I . I

\ ,

3 i .I I

on to ofliccrs tile mcritioniiig of it until tiis iicst rcxpnrt. Sow, hie diri.;ion hao bc1c.n ordered :ind had intt'nded to occuIjy this rnilroad niid corer it. ke them. It' The appearance of tlie enemy's p:itroIa was. thercfore. to tiis corn- nihnder, n fact of great importance. The general will then receive thi* pier:e of news too Inte. because tic lina riot communicnteti Ilia ilitciitions to this officer's patrol. Tlie chief (~(iiildhnre still lcw knows be can depend. The IXYI.OII 14) keep from thc p:itrtJl.: wli:it he knows of the enemF'a language of tpe,enerny, if it d iiioven~ents.ttiaii tie woii~d tiavc. tc, kct21) swret liis own desipnr. 'rile hetter instructed an otficer i3 Ibetbrc Ptnrtiny. the mow quickly IIC. will collect useful information. fi~riii ai1v;inc.e 11c can rq)rewnt to. Iiinist.lf the position of the enemy. alii1 frtini liib ni:ilp rccogiiize ttic Imilits from nhicli lie could hiire 1111 t.stendetf view of the country cbccupiecl by his adreri:iry. tiiicl tliosc froin which tip cniild likely :ip1lroacli his first lines. or prti:ili> tixrerse tlieni. .\It inatructimis shnulii be cnniniittcii to meninr?- untl ll:iper* con- t:iiliing infornintion of valuv to the enemy rrhorlltl not be carrizti J1o.t of' thc orders for reconnai~s:i~ic.e*nre gireri atter sonir kiiowl- (h~lgeis already possc~~edot' the eneiiiy. rind harc tor tlicir purpose ttlt. exteiision of this kiiowlcdgc. The ..S;t.rvice inC'amptiipn" sap:

6. 0fficer.i' patrols should not bc giveu inx-t~rinbledirectioni. or n tisC.11 itint*rary,but they must clearly net' tlie point?i towards which tlltsir missions are directed." If the forces occupy in,^ II certain mation of value,! from Itnitit nre desired. tlie in.structions ~ouldbe: **Findwliat force of well instructed is to iIhe ~-ncm\-are in S." Thr oficcr ir thus tiutiipcrcd by 110 iron- e situtttioii or' clad iriutructions. and is bound to no psrticular routu. but is Ictt to :i~coiiiplirh tiis niissinri iii tlhc way that tiis genius. inpcnuity. and s:ipncity may oliow him is best. Furtlit~rrnorc,ortiem given in this precise ninnner arc the niost easily cxecutzd, for the reason that the officer then known prwisrly \vIiat to do. :irid they bring better re- fitiIt> than geneml instructions to go out arill bring in information of t lie erieniy. It niay he necessary to impose lie itinerary in ccrtaiii cases.aiid, wliere this is done. the officer must of course conform to it. Before cont:ict is gained with the enemy. the potlwls pent oat are assigned to cacti of the main routcs. and they rnuet fillo~tlicni uiitil co1it:ict is obtaiiird. Gait to be Tnken.-Tinic i.; of gre:it value in war, nnd thcb officer tilust accommodate the gait of his horse to the circumstances of the case and the importnnre nf tiis mission. In going to the zone of'ob. Rcrcation tic sliould. if po4bltS.. aroid nny region infected I)? the eneniy'e patrols or inhnbited by a hostile populiition. This pre- catition will nlloa liini to niore rapidly to tlie point wliere his I' I! ! I ~ e-.;, !I i 214 - THE OFFIC'ER~Sr-.i TROL.

operations nre to begin. enemy, he can calculqte 5 aewuredi.but having PO'

Fond these points comnieiisurat The gcner:~I .will sometimes prescrib ' the Sure and Dnngero~is.&nes.--Tl!c: teirni ii towiirdli lie cneiiiy 111:iy. therefore, be diritled B aure tolie iind n diiligero-is oiie. III 11,s sure-zone, the puce froiii geveii. to ten niilcs per hour. 'I'IIC petrol's excqee for violating the horizon before

- a rapid glanco at the hotiton i not sufficient. Every fold of pound should be aepnrqtely a efully exami~ie1. A pail. of' good field glasees is indinhe his work. So 1e offieera scbelll to be oatJqally endowed In-itb 4 unusual at a ,$ance, others ha fore they diecover the eperny whether they eearch or +t. zon is dear, the officer should position to eelect hie mete t Failing in this pi*ecautionf,he m emerge from cover and bI" com open terrain. I What Should be Repolltd. which the patrol mill meet What then wouldhe do? \V had seen nothing ehe dnrin evening as the remit of hip said that the enemy was in I ------_/ and. attcr being forced to rctiirii tlic first time, Iic nlnilt. :I -~v.c~ii~l atternpt. and succeeded iri 1):iwiiig~tIieline. He tiad to erws s inspecting the map, marsh. to snini tiis horse across :I deep strcani, and to climb sonic preeent. dangerous heights beyond : hut not\vitli*taiidiiig 1111 these diffieultivs, -b lie arrived happily :it Tr:ippan. :ind obtained the tle4rc.d :lid: Ilia rcginicnt wiis rescued attcr n 1)rilIi:int figlit. ~ndlie receivctl n squailroii :IS liiv reward."

I The wine tiiatory recounts tlit. l~rilliaritexploit of Lieutcnnnt HLL-MESTHAI..who tiad carried :in order to General KETTLERnear Dijon. Aftcr .~lelive~~i~i.gtlie order. :ind wliilcb rcturnirig. tic W~P assaigd b~ sonic franc-tircurs. Iris Iiorac. was >hot irnd fell upon The instructions of t his log. Hc thought himself lost. but 611ally succccded in cxtri- to oxproee in their reports eating his irnpriaoried leg by 1):Irtinp with his boot. Tlic French indeed, they may be of pur~ued,but lie cscnl)cd. and after :i lnng mnrcli, OIIC~foot bootless. general will allow himeelf was pickmi ii~i1iy s pntrol nt' the Elevcntti L)r:rg:ooris. the advice of a lieutenant. Generczl C~,isiclerntio,i.\..-dn otlicer on this serricc niust be pre- pirecl tbr :itiy coiitingtc*iicy. \Vlicti lie perceives :in enemy's p:itrol he will avoid collision? :ind try to accomplish his end?, by taking :i solre tban tbat of the new direetioii it' r?ecc.wrry. -1 new itinerar?, thc aceking of a muet remem- liidiiig-plnc,c,:I tbreed innrcli. n innreti at night. unci above all. R good liorsc. will deliver liini. if lie lina no bird luck. fmni tile eon- wqucnces of' :I bnd step. Ttierc JI~Ctwo cases where tlie ctnemy'3 it, thus rendering hie route patrols sliould, if' possiblc. be attacked: First, wlie~ithey are tiis- operation. Ip an exc covered upon the point of ob~iiiiinga know1ei.lgr of' your iiiovp- aAer being repulsed, nicrits or,positiori ; and. secorid. \vJic~itlie opportniiify ot' c;il)turing into the enemy's ban tlie whole ptrol present3 itselt: An especially aIil)rol)i-i:itt' occiisioii "hie, howeves, is ex ti)r the I:ittcr ease is wlicn rejoining :rftcr acconipli.;liiir~ its OWII covered to the enemy, its iniksio n. It is ;ilw:iys import:iiit to ~i~:rlieprisoiic,r$. tbr froni thcni can ,p&ner:iilybe Ic:iriid tlic 11:rn1esof' tlicbir r.liicC* tinil tlle psitioils of proceed undiscovered. tlic c!jrps to wliicli.- tlicy lwlon~;but thcy R11ouIil bo t:~kcri inci- tlciitnlly. :iiici no irnport:rrit niissiori :ib:iridoried or interft.rcil wit ti ti, rn ii k ~1 t Ii e ea 1) tu re. \VIic~i tlie cneiny ib eiicoiititc~rc~dtlic real work of tlie 1p:Itrol tiegiii.;. IIere no hile of :wtiori can be prcncribcd. The eir(.uni- st:iiicc.s of ttic case aid the good judgment of the ottiver in c.li:~rp riiiist tlcterniine its couric. But it is only by bo1drics.i :riirl eool,~icsn that H Liatrnl will be useful in tlie n~~ighborhoodof tlie rticniy. 111 the Frarieo-I'russinn \V:w Licritenant rucoiinciitcr- _..- Koxio was iiig witti :L Iiatrol of Gci-ni:tri cnv:iIry :I long wnj- i111cnd of' liis :1r111y in the cncniy'r; country. :ir,d going :1101iga law to nvoitl :I boily of Frenc~itroops Iie met a French infiintry rcgiment ninrcliing 111) it. E

J '

THE SIEGE di)F CIIITR.\L.

A. .J. .I.

On Jan&ry 5, 1893, the fi 4 reached Gilgit o' tlie 1iiiriltSr of tbe Mehbr, NIZAX-CL-MUL MCLK. Lieutenant GUBDOX, with eigbt men of Fourtee were at onco ordered to joi 282 any post from Cbi maod of' Colonel

Sbandour Pass. The road rise ." to Sbandour Lake, 12,500 feet,

mow fell. Sledges and tobog

darkneee came on, men could n were utterly done. All loads

L I'I -

snngtlr, and fired. common rounds of caee. This san

up th6 nullah, the Tliirty-s i by well directed volleys.*

tlicir tlank, and ae t -,cy retirctl fi-otll all their sangura lld~s\vpl'e fjrc~tl:it them, and somo r tly crossell by tllC road and biroua f \vliic.lt tlic pria

away their dead

tI~dnot tlw ground bcen'un

nigiit of 18tIi to 19th. \\'e.:irriketI just in titiio, :I+.t~ie g:irrist>n said they did not ttiiiik they coulb hare licltl out :ino.lrei. week. Great credit was due to ut1 hnk3 for tlic w:ty t ICY perforriiecl this most arguous mnrch; carryungJ the guns W;IW v *y 11;trd work. There WUJ only one COYC of falling out'in the acctiori this wiis I~IIC to Aevere anow.bliodnens, ;in11 sltoycthcr tltcre were Iiirty c:isea of snow-i>lindiiesa and twenty-sir & froat hitt.. \~e -ere all very pleased in C'bitral to rewire two dongmtulatory tclc,i a1119 frotii sir GEORGEWHITE, praising tho resolliltion shown in gc' tiilk nrer the snow and the conduct of the trooh in action. Tlio following account of the $iege of Chitral F t is tlchtli~ccd from notes kindly lent by Captain ~C~PBELL,Central Indin ITol.sc : Chitrnl Fort is a square erectidn,'haring R high SIi inrc tovc-<.rat each corner, madc of atone, wood land mod. The tvat 11s :trc :il)ollt

* -ii I_ I I 2% TIlE hYIEOE OF C'IIITIfalld. >

with nearly every oiic of the piir1~-tiit. C:tpt:titl I~.~IRI)W:IS :iy:liti hit quite clo8e to the fort. Siirgeort-C'ul~t:\in\~III-CIIC.RCH liiis tlcell recommended for the Victoria C'row, for ttlis 5-t.t.J- g:iii:ttit lic.cbti. :tliVL-~ got a night offthe rv:.nll~, and thc greater the &I igw bec:ilnc~ tlitn more cheerful tliej appeared. The garrison W:IN

fire the fort, onu of which fired' a tower largely nnntlc of \roo~l.:liId in attempting to put this out, the Britisli .jgctlt, Jlr I~OBERTSOS,W:~S severely woundctl in left wlioulder. The enemy also mitied to vithiu two yn& of OIIC to~cr.:]rid when this wae discorered, on lqtli April, Licuteiiar t HARLEY, with forty Sikhe and sixty Kuehmir s&lloys,inadu a brilliant sot'tic.. aiuplit the enemy in the mine, killed Ifortj--six of them, qiid blew iri the mine. His party lost eight killed and fouI*tecri woi ndcd.' Great prqpnrations liad bee9 made tor a grand assziult on l!)tli April, but the encniy fled on tllo,apl)roucli of'the Gilgit co1111in11on the night of the 18th to 19th. lie whole gatrriuon were never off the walls at nigbt, and eddured,T their pi:irstions cliecrfiillJ. The bhirrties eliould not be forgotten ; \two of tttcm wvc.1-e killecl :111t1 tic wounded. I

I I IL I i I d I' '. '1 I I I 218

were bri~~tiwl:i\r:iy without :I 11:iIi on our part. bonie being c:~l)tur~d. but the larger part fell 1i:ic.k to tlic.ir ni;rin line. Advttticiiig fiir 1iii11' a mile tlirougli the tliickct withnut rneLstiitg tlic cneiny \re enierged into H clearing. :I field of' ~)erIit~j)stell :icrw. divided nairly equtilly by n sinall elupgiah Iirook fringc~l11y tow trees an(l running froiii rigtit to Icfl. The ~rouiidsl~j~d ccsi1iIy oii our 3itlc at' the brook. but WIN srwper bc'yoriil up to Ilrca cdg.~of' tho rvo~i(ls,wlicre the

ciieiiiy were postd. (-1) tliis+liill tlic t;!iy~b tlrivcii froin tllr w:i,pn tr:iiii WCI'C rustling :I* we r:tiiie out of tlic woods. Iiut \v~.icsooti out ot' siglit. Tlie rcxgiment ~norc~ltwo-tliird- tht. \py down tlicb ~1011~.wl~cre they were brought to :i halt. atid firing cotnnieiieed which Instctl twi Iiours arid twenty niinutcs. During a11 illis time tlw iiieti r;tood. fi)u,gtlt just as you see them iri pictures. nnd wcw the uonlcst lot of' better, and certainlj IIIC~II I ever N:IW under :in?- circuiii*t:inces.. Tlicx 1o:idd. took niiii old Pine Tree State, :itid tiled, then would clclibcrately cle:ir tlie sniokc from their gun^ fences of'Wash i ngto iiy Ii:ilf cocking. tlirowiirp off tlie 0111 cap arid blowing illto the nnd discipline werc niuzzle, :itways giving the ~IItiinc to cool :I little before relonding. edge of fighting the Meti were tullinp, to be SUI*C, l)ut tliose who aerc able got na:ty to in rango of the me the rear, while tlinae WIII) were riot. lay quietly along the line. and hard school of wxpe tlie survivors were -too much oripged witti their work to notice nfter thirty days of much about t1iein until the enemy retirid :rnd the firiiig ceased. I lsth, we were awak spoke of our beijig' iii sn open tielti: $0 wc were. but tint :ill. \Ye tii:ide so long a line tlint one or two conilxinies on citlwr flank es- rcnded into the woods and were more or less protected; in fiict, tlic loasin Conipnny6.D" ninouiitcd onl? toone killed,:intI Ileoii tliecolor guard out in ttic field. nnd three ..iliphtly wounded; wliile on ttie other hand. Compnny *. E," \vliicii was iii tlic field anti fully exposed, h:id twenty-tliree killed or niort:illg \~*ountlednnd forty-seven otlierr wnuncled-:i total of sevciIty out of 1% who welit into action. The loss in the regiment w;is 15.5 killctl or itiortolly wouridtd and 3ti!) wountlcd-:i iotul of 594. Tlii.; w:is :in ciiorinous loss. :iinnuntiiiq to nearly one-third of the ~iuin~icrcngng:1~l. III fbct. np to tliir; tinir ?;iricc. tlie war 1icg:in. no regiment Ii:itI suffered such :I riumericril lcb

~~I. J I I I 232 PROFESS IONAL 30 TES .~~

~~GcosaE W. SABrNE,-Wa9 struck by a mini6 ball, n*lii:li Ii:issed tlirou,qli~~

io case of an attack. Several attempts had beer made by the clif- ferent corps to break through t enemy's line at various Iiointu in the course of the success, whcn well nloiip iii tlic afternoon General command of t le Sccoiitl Corps, received from General WADEthe following order :

~~, I 7. 1 a- 1 'I ! I~~

~~234~~

~~syottsvl\-ania ...... 153 Miiforid Station ...... , I k'orth Anna ...... ~::.j.. 2 Hanover Toxn ...... 1 Totopotomy ...... 3 ...... ColdPrternbu Harborrg ...... :..._. .-;. .. II240 .I ,I~~

I1 UItSES -1s 1) I~IC'YCI, ES TIiv cr:izc for I)ic?-c.lcritlirig li:is :iwunicd sucli proportions tli2it 1ii:iiiy otherwise coriwrv:ttivc pc~~i~li~think t1tt.y nrc :ibout to witlicss the cornpletc doirnfiill of that 5taiiricll nnd loyal frierid of tlla litinicln r;i(*c?tlic Iiorsc. Sucli views :IIY iticonsistcnt mitti the teachings of hi-tory. arid careful tliought 11s to tlic litnitations of tlic cme alioiild be sutlicicnt to rsplode snr tlicorics of that kind. Thcs powibilitica of'the npplication of stenni nisy liavc woi.riccl the past geiicrntion of horse brecders. but tlicre can be no doubt that railrorids atid steam vessels hare muterially ciided thr Iiorsc breeding interests of thc world by the nipid extension of settlemerit and eonsequent in- crensed rrpriculturul developments. That thc raking of conimon hntcrn stock and Western broncuy, classcd in the mnrket.r as i. Rcrubs," is no longer profitable, is not altogether a matter tor public regret. The best pupcrs in the coiintry devoted to ngriculturel interests 11s well (as all government publica- tionw have for many pare Bet forth the disadvantages of breeding worthlcse animals, but nothing could be written in the way of argu- ment hnlf aseffectire as the rerent decline in price8,and finally tho totnl disappearance of any market for this product. .. The prices of horses haro fallen in common with ererything else during the past two pears. and the large numbers of such animals I i

~~I , 8~~

~~F I found peace. ! The nomihilitice of 'the bicvclc in sonic dirt comprghknded even b$ etithdd ts. If tlie ret accurate, then the bicyFlists lh ninclc f:istcr ti ning, pacing or trotting: 6~~

~~I ., . 23s PHOFESSIOXAI. SOTES,~~

~~dency to extend the ugc 0: hurscs; 3 drop in j tllc priw of' IIOI..~~ . yi1l;if at all permanedt ciiusq thousaritln of vc'1iiclc.i to ~OIIIC illto I\-. €1. c.~~

~~. >lAHl'IS ...... ,~~

~~PI~OXOTI0?3FROM WIIE It may be true in tlteorj comniinsionetl diker, &ut t applicntion. During the p hare riecn from the ranks.~~

~~fnct tliat a C. 0.is bouml to~~

~~1' .J I 'I I I\ ! 210 PROFESSIO@AL SOTES. 1~~

~~injuries; lie must be a b try ; he rniist be nblo to rapidiy arid completely~~

~~il i II *.~~

~~. .. 4 I~~

~~244 PROFESSldk-l L YOTES.~~

~~the fourth HUSIM~R,and they the Royal Horso Artillorp, by~~

~~a far more formid~~

~~E-urope, in 18330, it waq nt once waR played by war in tlic upre': dent in Russia iii 1830, rlicrc i hard winter that prcccded the~~

~~inhabitant8 of DnntEig to b thence by wng of Elbing Kiislin -add Guinbinnen. I the "War of tho Rebellion."~~

~~2. -The annual duee eball be~~

~~,,- i $ I'~~

~~Rl-LEs OF TI1 E FORT I.EAVESWOI~~

~~I, I E I.T E s A ST - C; E s ERA I. K E IT€1 F R AS E R. ('. SI G., I n apcl t or.Gc iicm I of the British Curalr>-. rliccl July :tlst. in" ... I/ I' I ,~~

~~BOOK NOTICES AND EXGHAhK ES.1~~

Somewhere the authdr *

speeches of Boucicault, to the dancing of Gcinlia girls and tlib virtues of old maids. In this R-:~J-much space is taken ,ip by, mattcbrs eomewhat foreigg to the subject of the book, but tt e reader iicv-er regretn it, becaueait adds n gnod henrty weasoning to tlic +ole. ThiA book_will surpriee a few of those who have a manitr for

~~b I 1 I 4~~

~~261 'BOOK NOTICES .4ND ESCRASOL,'.T.~~

~~- ..~~

~~I - I~~

-4

~~back over forty years.~~

~~daily waste of bo~~

~~i 156~~

liriuud). I TEE PENNeYLVANIA )IAQAZIXE OF IEISTORY AYV dO(IRAPHY. 1. Jobn Betclitel: Hie W.Jordan. 2. Jonrnal Kept On Board &'Coneticution," 1812, by AmoR A. A. \V. Evane. 3. Washington After the Hevolutioti. libLl7!~9,by William S: Boker. 1. Extracta From the Journql nt' 1,ieirteiiaiit John Bell Tilden, Second Pennaylrania Line, 15&1-1T$3, by JIJIII~ Hcll Tilden Pholps. 5. Defonpcx of Philndclpliis in 175i. I)? Worthington Cliuunccy Ford. ti. h Hqistcr of; Buptistii.. M:rr riagee and Deaths. 1i72-18YP,c by Rev. William Rogens, I) I) i. John Roberta, of Menon. 8. Recollcctioiin of' Pbilndclpliia Sc;ir Suvynty Teare Ago, by Benjami IKite.

~~THERIDER AND DRIVER~~

~~!d 11.1 TA ER \rOCH ENBLATT.~~

~~i I.~~

~~I I~~

~~JOURNAL~~

~~UYITED STATES CAVALRY ASSOCIATION.~~

~~HY *I,I~~

~~. .. ~ -. arnix, ani1 wliose carw! im will wbrtli ti inore cstciirivc itiiti eIii\,tii.;itc stnclg. I i General HENRYIAE+VEN\\:ORT~I wus born ir) Ccniiccticub iii lis:<~~

~~? i‘f~~

~~. the text books in Artillery bcurs wquent to thu date of thu order~~

The orders of the clay fcir = LEAVENWORTH,with four coni] Jfissouri River and, upon rea tlie mouth of the Little Plait range of twenty miles below wis beat calvulatetl for the sit geography OP the cjcpartiiient (‘l!lOnCl LEAVEIWORTA f’ol.. aft 1)rpnrtment. uiitler elute of‘ 31:i ott the right bank ot‘ the river a cantonnicnt’thcre in :icco Pltitte enters the Jlissoitri fro or Fort Letlreli~nrtll. Itti 1 nittages us the site of :I inili of considerable aim. one. W olicrations duriitg the Fret. 1855 and 1860 ; tlic other. prou ;id for t It e o pr:i t ions Civil War. I~idecd~the abuitcloned ut an curly st aultject to overflow. and ott situation dn tIte rigiit ban worth wag finally thstubli

~~any other studs upon~~

~~i r r~~

~~the army, and en route to ~ssiirn~conirniintl of t IC' Depurtrtlc'llt of the kolumbiu, the territorial lit impossible to detine, RO little wa~~

~~which appeured in the Afiiilitnry States for October, 18)R-k:~~

~~and just relutinnn, he was no I ih action. IIe never stiI*unk fi tion devolved upon him, but, tusk, seemed to rifle the irr -.~~

~~prevailed, irn efficient heucl." General LEAVENWORTHseems eiicfe upon tliu development of' th I~~

~~\viis aiic ot' the timt, as he wnrl certGnly one of' tho smull number of regimental the duty of trdapting European~~

~~with Mexico. He RDR u iiiuii of alive to the nee& of the.time, a1~~

~~, w 1.~~

~~I I w-~~

consideration ot' 11 per ai never to have tcuiicl fiivor Iiidiana and First Iow;~.:I the only oiiea which ar:ril period of the war. While tlie t$la of'tliij means of keep$ip tlic cnci war it seems tiitit it iiiigt 1)laciog the trdops iii the cient number of horaca to the outbreak of' tlie wnr, field without :iny nioutit more than it yeair as foot The government could purcli: tion, the Iroraca otfered Quartermaster's Depnrtr purchasing ttepocs by w To a better understnntlin t riliu red to the, i n f'eriori ' pur of tIie wr, me in1

~~men throughout tlic cou~~

~~clints were enrolled I obtained.~~

~~The coni pn~-t I i e I army and after uii inai niusiered into the wrvice ot' t tion then repaired to the regi~~

~~In the execution of the *:itisfactory scheme. we find to size, weight, know1~~

~~. . 'IS". Cil I'ilLKP . ,.~~

~~111~~

~~e experience of~~

~~cell llIUc.ll colltrotlel'Ry ov.er till! c'~~

moat effective weapon. 4 The Raber woujd be a much more fiwmid:rble cvenpoa if ~IWIIII~ . to R cutting edge, and tlrere seer& no poo/ri reaso why it shc)ulcl iiott be.. The practice -eqiieiitfly redort t-1I to during the war, by the Contitderater, that our troops The result of tbe rebel protest wm I thcCumberlond authorizing sabers Many defects in the during the hard service and ropgh wade of t been remedied. The McClellrrn Ilaaddle, \issued rawhide covering, caused great di cornford to thc been. rain-soaked,and the stitchin giving1 way el iosed ddgee of the hitio, which became bereb and sti and c$t like L knife) This ha.; sictce beer) corrected by the ~iseof a lcqther c, rer or&* the rawhide, and the XcClellan saddle an uhetl t+ay is probnbly the hest i:i i .I I

., I I"' 1 I i 274 Cd J*AZ.If E' Z,ESSf),VS ilF TIfE C'I I in 'Mecuring better officers. and doreover1 the Allnost all European urniics organize their regiinents witti four proved an incentive to better con( ct on the part f tliv dit*ii. or more squadrons, one of which is rctainetl at the depot. This

The course of military iustru ion, wluich is ow :I ~catut.eot' ~ squadron is kept at maximum ntrengtli by constlint reciwitmerits, niritiy of our nioat prominent thdi ttiori:ii in-titilt 011s. \vi11 pliicc. :i aiid utter a period of' training. men are sent to thc front as tliuy are large iiutuber ot iiitelligent and 1 E needctl by the regiment. There is no retison why this niethod should of the goveriinient, wlio, iiI vieu not be tittended with good results in recruiting for our large tolun- only need a little experience to 111 tetbr arniies. and it is almost safe to ssy tlitit in a future cmergency tire the nicii tlitit ~lioiiltlbe uppoi1 it \voul~lbe udoptctl.

~~JIA~TESAXCEoF TH IPS IS TliE FI RE11 Cl L STS.~~

Havitig orgaiiized tlic ti.oolw ii T!ic eficit*nc?- of it cavalry rrginicnt oil netivc wrvive (lepe$ds IIH front, provision niust be made to niuc.~i.cinti coiitinuous sulip~yof liorses tis on Aen. tind tlie rlcords up tliu ranks aa they bcvonie d$le of Our WUI- sliow that the question of rtwounls W:I* a ninst difficult Tihi- leu& tu a coilHiderrttiorl of ttiq pl~obleinto solve. riding reniouats. Tliere :ire two In);ill wtirs of any iiiugnitudr. tlie losses of Iiorses 1i.v dratli. from army that titire bt.c.11 resorted to in me ot w;ir : wounds anti iliwuse, capture :init :ibundoiimcnt. will he great crc'ii iiew regimetitH; and, 2tl. I3y rep1 with regular troops; with raw. untriiinccl levies. it will bc enol i1011s, recruits aent from regimental ciep . aiid there mu*t be some aptem by wliicli such losses utn be r pidly 'rile timt Ilit.tiloti WaLh tilt. olle made good. the war, aid resultcd in doing i i biriiig the tirst two years of the wtir the Quartermiaster- Tlie well trained rind disciplined Gcncral reports that there were 284.000 horses furnished 00 the nunicrical weakness, otteii being rc arniy; anti at no time during this perinti were there nioro than the nqw i*egimentn, ttoni Iwk 01 60,000 caralry in the field. These figures are greatly in exce8.i of officere to lead thein, we~ealniokt wliitt might have been legitiniittelj- espocted from a state of war, A npt her object ioria ble feature and resulted from ueveral causes. appointed officer5 were often. b In the haate and excitement of mounting the newly org$nizcd reaponbible positioiis. atid in ronim iy$nuents little attention was paid to careful nelrction of' loracs with respect to their adaptability for cavalry purposeen, or eren con- 0 ai lnck of e ditiod, and man>- horses gave out after short Herrice, wliilc tlioqsands died before reacbing the front. Again, the great majority of' our voluntrer cav:ilryineii were totally unacquainted with the subject of proper care and tre merit mod that it I recruit mc.nt of horses, and this ignorance and indifference \vas responsi le for secure these manj- epidemics, which a little skill and foresight might ha\ pre- reiired or checked. This is particularly true of the disease uown as &-&!ratches," a condition of the horse's hcels vei-y simi ar to .chapped hands in the bumlrn subject. This trouble mas aused risually by oxposure to cold, rain and mud, and when it occur ed on a long march many horses became too lame to travel, and ha to be abandoned. While tbis disease is difficult to cure, it can alw y6 be prevented by keeping the paeLcrtis and heels well gremed during inolemetit weather, and wrapping the legs from the knee dowht s-itb

liluhii. <- etripn of blanket or other woole cloth. In the fall d IS63 :in c epidemic of scratches hged in lie Arqies of t'lc Potomac nncl Sorthern Virginia, and rendered he car:i)ry alliiost usclesh. Again. thousands of horses d' d from overwc -k and esposure due to constnut and ?excessive icket duty. J.ariy nrin- coiii- mandere knew no othelr use for th: ir cavnlry duri g tliiy time, nor did they know how to properly u it in this servitw. Tbe comtinucd and frequent ci iplnint thni tli 2 (2uartcrninstc~i.- General of the ditficulty and Wren expense ot keeping tlic c'ar:ili.y mounted, finally convinced.the p$erniiicilt tli;it vigoroiih nic:isurt..i must be taken to check tlic u~eleqIand extr;iv:iga~t wnstc of lior-v- tleah. In July, 1863, the Carat$' Brireau was wg:iiiiqed for tlic purpose, among other thingm ot'l providiiig niou its or, reiiiouiit-. Large horse depots weye cst?blishkcl :it suit:il,le points tlirouglii)ut

1 While great destruction of Ii~rseflc~lwill :iIv;:iys :ittciiQCcncr- getic cavalry operationp, the prollortion df losses iii tlio war coiiltl be materially redlicedl and tlie !governnhiit cii:bletl to keep its

u, I of' .\Itlie :iii{l Vppervillc. ilrovc tlicb enciiiy tliroiiili tlic> nioiiitt:iiiis at .isliby'q Gap, wltile tlic c.:iv:ilry smuts lnoketl down froni tlic Blue RidKe on [,RE'S nrniy moving clo\vti the v:iIlt~yto\v:irtl \villi:inis- port. This use of c.av:ilry as :i scrtwii to co~tec:il tliv Inorrlnc*nts of tlie :iriny ar,d to ninint:iin coiit:ict witli tliv cbncniy l)y nii'iins of reconnoitering bodies. chairgwl with tltv tluty of obt:iiiiiiig iiiforni:i- tinn of his nioreinents. dit1 not ori:iitntc witli our c:iv:ilry. hut \v:is rerireil by it. SAPOLEOSiiwd his c:iv;ilry very cWcctivcly in this service, but in tlic 1:itc-r wars of' tltc prc~sctitcentury it was rt'ry

geitcr:iIIy iicglcctetl. Its raluc. oil this (ltity rnatle it tbnc of the inost iniport:iiit services pcrhrnictl by tlie tnoilntctl troop. :in11 t Iicy bcc:inie rery efficient in its escciition. If' POPEIiail in:itlc. :I riiiiiliir use t~f'lii* c:tvalry in liis c.nrii1migii iii lS1i2. Jac.~sosu-otil(l iit-ver h;ivc :ippc~:irediinexpcctcdly in his rear. gave the command td 011 the ll:lttlcfielll tlw c:rvnlry \v:is llsl1:illg IlClll OII the fl:lllks. 1863) occurred the aitiit its piirposc tlicrc is well illustr:itc(t by tlic 1,:ltt IC*o!' (ietty.;I*Iirz. was fought at Brutid On the 311 nt' Jiily. S.;TI.AHT,in cniiini;in(l of tlic Coiift-ll~witct':iv- the fortunes of th tilry, \\-:is ilirectctl to strike tlic rear of thv Union line :IIIII c.re:itt* a were about rqunl ( 1i:inic there in coti.iiinctioii with PII'KETT'S ass:iult in froiit. STI..\RT all in which day, rit4lcnvored to priss nrriiinil tlic riglit of' the I'iiioii litic IIIII~II~~~I~~~~~I. couu fer-chnrgea w i I)ut Iii$ :tppro:icli w:is i.cportctl. :tiit1 tlic. I-iiicin c:ir:ilry is on 1i:iti~1 brigades, the hitherto inh-iiicible Confederate to clteck :in11 tinally to rcpcl him. seek the protectior The h:ittle of CIi:incclli~rsvillc. iwwrds :I wrvicc tht c:iv:ilry iii:iy :it any moment of tlie battle 1)s c:illcvi iipoii to 1wrforni. \Vlicn J.wKsoN struck the riglit rear of' thc Elerciitli Coi*ps :ind tlic ~i:tnic of the troops tlirc.:itenetl tlis:istcr to the entire :iriny. it \vas the Eight Ii Pen nsy Iran i:r C:ir:il ty. t h rec' Ii 11 rid red s t t-oiig. that 1 by a reckles?r charge checked the Cotifetlcr:ity adv:ince long enoiigli to rri:i~~~eGeneral PLEASASTON to patbier togct~tert n-ciity giin~:iiici dent in their power and tlie 8 hol(l tlie ciic.nij- until the :irriv:il ot' rcint'orccinciitw eti:il)led R iir~ again showed anything but .4iire to bc ewtablisltecl. We tinil ii Piniilar inst:inc.c in the heroic huthern boreernen. charge of tlic Fif'th Rc,giilar Cavalry at G:iine* Mill. This service freqiicntlj- ent;iilw :I r;:tcritiec of the c:ir:ilry cny:ipciI iti it. hut tlic results- obtriiriecl iinunlly wnrrnnt it. It wa.i PLEASAST~S'Scav:ilry. throwii oiit ei.zlit or tcn iiiilc*r iti :rdvancc of the rirniy. thrit scizc(l :inti hel(1 the :itlvaiit:igeous position nenr Gettysburg. which Liter en;iblefl MEADE'S arniy to clit*ck and throw back LEE'Striumphant nctv:iiice. The :itlr:iric:e curtilry under RL-FORDheld tliu Iiosition for four Iioiii*s nptiiist the deter- inined wreults of HILL'Sentire infantry division uritil relieveil by the nrrir:rl of REYSOLDS'nnil HOWARD'Scorps. Another example of this use ot' c:ivalry is foritid in the seizure ot' Cold Hrlihr iri the fight. Ordered by GRAI~Tto and remained iii position1 2111 ii ~ERsHASV'S brigade in the in by \VRIOHT'S corps, wliich iiiit The buttlc of Wiocliostcr cavalry in turnirlg moJeine EARLY'Sentire line witti his

~~The diriiio~iiitcdfire ,+ti 011 the battlefield ih reinkor in the battle of' Gettysbul~~

~~$lent, and wticti hard p$ $chc.lon of regiments, tl~~

~~conipelliog hie surroodth by holding tiim tit bny u bf the pnrsuing infantry. I * The use of caralry ti0 create d dirersion in fiir~~

~~ii I F'I I 1~~

there. The i-aidu of S~ONEMAN,MCCOOK :~ticl KII 'ATHICK :I~~IUth1t Atlanta were directed ginst the railroads wliicli upplie*l Iloon'5 army. 1 SHERIDAN'Sraid during the Wilderness cnnip:ii 11 WIS intclldchtl principally to draw off the Confederate caralry a111 thus f'icilit:itc. the di6cult movementu of The troops and trliins of he ;it*nlx of tllc- Potomac. It waN also directed agninst LEE'Seom iiiiic:itions wit 11 Richmond and the destruction of Confederate prop sty. WILSON'Sgreat raid in tbe spring of lHti5 was tli most extetisivtl operation of this kind qn9ertaken during thc w:w. IIia dorcc ('nti. sisted of 13,000 men, anp his object wns the devnstiitiori od' :I I;II.,&

The raids of STCART'Scavalry furnish ex:inlplc+ of' other oI!jtbc.- tircs; as for instance, hbs raid around the Cltion n-my in fiwtit of Richmond to obtain infprmation of the strength. (Jispwitions. i ti-

~~d. I !I~~

, I 1 so, aiid niere~ywia!iea to get 11 &iier:i~ idw. sitle 1.iices W~II,go ~)ctter when not ,prcviouslp drilled. I will :idinit tli:i: c:icli rider \vi11 make more mintakes and t1i:it ach horse will p worsa tliuii iii individual riding; still: it will irot be as bad ti* t' they hail bct~ii drilled en bloc. That !. wry 111 timil. For in s icli csarciscs ot' higher paces with distahces by cdrnniancl, the ride. will soiiic'titiic- commit an error of ricliiig for tiic sake of kccpii g tli*t:iniccbs: lit, will give an aid which in wroi~gI II itself' aiid uiiii tt*lligilll~~to tlicb 1rorr;e. The horse reinembera i:, iiiicl nest diiy~irillicaaes it liy

~~i1 1 1 F' I 2-' ' i -!~~

squadron w-liicti manages the iustruction in riding nil tlicse lines during ten normal years of peace sliould come to sucli ti point that the old contingent of horses. wl~encondelnIred, woi~ld.with a few esceptiona, contain 1111 Iiorses ori,cili:illy belonging to it and that all would be splentiidly trniricd horses. Tticy would still be KO service- :ible that it will niake the squadron c.olnni:inder's Iit*:trt bleed to 11:rve then1 eond iirietl, and that othcr troop woiild bo plat1 to retain them for on1 or two yc.:irr 1ni)re. H. I liare otten Iit>ard it slid that it is good for any horse to be thoroughly bent anew nnd workcd over algain in tlrv full and winter of each year, Imc:iuse it loses during tlie suninier esercirc3. Sc-trrmT expressly dcniantls it from all riding elwses. S. I acknowledge tli:it I tind it difficult to answer you, because I would like to suy yc.a ;iriil no lit tlie snnie time. If tlie horse h:i* dtAteriorated tllrouyli tlie great suinnler cserc.iaa* and niunenvc-r>. i. e.. lost in l)aIancc :itid Iiositiorl. it slioirltl be retrained c*orrespolid- iiigly. The horse alroiiltl not deteriorate, Iiowever. If' every rider esercises his horse individually aut1 daily during thc summcr undt=r tile instructor's eyes, excepting days of reginieiitul, brignde and divisional drill. irncl clays ot' iiiaiieux-er, whatever rn:iy I~a\-ebtscrl Icjst will be quickly repiiiiied: u stage in tlicn grnduully reacl~cd when the position is not. and is not periiiitted to be, impaired by drill. In the fill arid winter crc.ry Iiorw will certainly be bent over again; the only question is by what 111eans. If the pit is jkroperly increased :rnd dinlittiatled so that the hiplt Ii:lnd is brought under, a good deal of bcndiiig \vi11 be accomplistied. Still more, if tlle horse is given the second 1)ositiorl. The correct medium trot

~IIC..~much bending; mos~ot' all, tlie correct. sustnined drill pllo]). I innet admit that SCHMIDTiiiirkes the deiuanci you nicntion. Ilr wld~expressly, however, that it is not to be understood as a repc- make the experience tl& if th.e tr tition of the training, but that inan and lwrw should advance in ducted in this nianner tor four their training from Fear to year, and that the inanner of training train the rider, if, for the rest, th the older horse subscquentlp to the maneuvers should correspond practically,. if the inen be give precisely to the degree of training of the horse at the time of its only, if the renewed qniebdn return from tbe rnaneuk-era. If lie meant thereby that every horse aquads be omitted, and /if' tiig should be tormented anew with a schulterherein, renvers arid trnuers, date, then, I aay, the art of ric whether it be necessary or not, I say '' no ! " in the equad, and that ahong H. You wid just now that the horaee of the last squad, candi- dates for condemnation, could go tlie higher le~sonswell becaune they ought to be tbe best horses. Don't you think that thesa animale will forget the higher lenrrons altogether and become stiff when they have been recruit horses for four or aix years?

I I I 190 CONVE'ERS-1 TIOIVS OS Cd I--1 LHP-. c'os 1 %'If.?;. 1 TI0.V.~03- c-4 -9 Llf 1: ?!I1 1 with elereii complete files nt berjl. To tlint numbr let UY adliere the squadron sliould be iri :is gooil trim :I* ~IIing tlrill in May. Tlie arid fill further details, by making additional blanlk files. During recruit's Iiorse is thereforc iri training wlietllcr it p:wticipntes in tlie, war we were fortunate when we could turn dut with nine or drill or not. ten file8 on account of much detached qervicc. A few Hank filc..i 11. \Vi11 the Iiorsc~s1)e:ii. this uriiIitcrl'uI,ti,a tixirii1ig iviiiter :iiid rnore or less in pence time mnke no upprecinblr diff4rence. nu ni iner '? H. I underatand what ynu say. I also think kIint it would be S. Better tlian the escrtioiis IIOW :iritl tljcli wquired of thein a good preparatioii for the fatiguing period of squadron drill. iinrler our present system. I desire tli:it they ni:iy bc. gircn licaltliy S. The period of squadron !rill ~hould not/ at 1111 be more u~ids:ilut:iry exercise and work throughout the year. tinct t\i:it they fiitiguing than the previouH periy of riding in thd open. Perriiit bc iicvcr overworked or driven to dcntli. At prcserit tliry :ire being me again to make :in npproxhniate calculation. .%ssumirig tti:it drirPri to cleritli twice c:ich year. once in the pc~iodot spring (\rill, during one month of t\ie winter frost 1werents u4t'roln using tlic. orice in tlic ,qre;it siiniiiier :ind fall eserciws. to which tliry are :ill \drill ground, there renipiri tiveinontbs-from Octqber 1at to April tlie niore tinequ:il :is t1ic.y enter upon tli:tt I)ci"iod in :L henvy coli- 1st-or twenty-one we{ks, during which the old ri4rrs drill halt :in dition. with Ii:iy-betlic.s :ind nit IuII,~~.The efforts I niccin to rvquire of them during the period of spriiig drill arc not to cscecd the work to wliicli tiicy wcrc nccu..itonicci tlic \vliole year roilnd, :ind less tlrii~i ttic efforts lieretofore clcmnnclect of 11icm during this period. Tlic exertions during the grcnt drill nnd maneuver exercises will rem:iin tho snnie :is heretofore, but the Iiorsw will stand tlieni better because used to constant worE In yoiir Icttera on cavalry you dcmandrd .still iiiorv. I cannot dcriy th;it the other arms must demand RUCII exertions from the earstry if the Iiittcr is to serve its purpose. Hut it can be equiil to those tienlands only it' prepared during tmmnicr and winter in the manner pointed nut by me. If treated as I would likc to trave then1 treated. tlic horae* will never be fhttencd and warm and then let tbe thick-bellied. hiit \rill I?ossess strong muacleH. remain fresh in their S. Certaiolg. Bu legs, and go in confident tiarmon>- with tlie rider, nor mill they ever run down bo and look :is rnisernble as may nowndiijs be eomctinica observed after tlie grent cavnlry exerciser. Nore than once, 11s I have told you, I saw riders wlio hiid to dianlouiit and drag tlicir tlead.tired animals painfu1l~-along by the reinn to reuch their quar- tern after the exercises. bt. Don't you think that the 11. Some yews ago the war office ntldetl a half' ti pound to the perhaps do not pnrtidpate in rntion of' oata. This is now being rnrrct :IN a rule in order to give n days in May, will spoil the tlie horses an additional daily allo\vnnee of a pound or iiiore during the time of great fatigue. Do pou consider the present ration suffi- cieiit to keep the horses in working trim throughout the year? S. According to all I have told you it will be more so. I will not deny that I would prefer a niore ample ration. Better quality, bowever, would be preferable to greater quantity. According to sotacieat wind for drill? present practice the "intendnnce" lets the mpply of oats to the . lowest bidder. The contractor, of course, furnishes the least nourish- ing oata, which gires little strength. During %lie war our liorses 292 CONVER$A TIONS ON C-4 V-4 L R Y.

S. Sot tit all. He does not fall short ; lie will he tilic:itl of tlicni. Thoiigh the superior iiiay. for instance. hare the. men rille in sqiitids onlx, with dirtances iri tlic aqunre 01% hall -. :ill the aqundn Iinrc. sufficient practice in ritlirig in thc squ:wc witli di*tiincesQ if. ns I hnvr ])ointrd out. tlicy nlnkc tlic tirely resting. *I proot' of tlie exiniple at the riglit time. toward the ciitl. ~vcrydny. S. The new riding halls are all very spiicious, The only thing I don't w:int pr:icticetl by squ:ids. with cliatanc,c*s are used by remounts an4 recruits onlg, these hors ant1 by coniii~nnil.niw tlic Iiiglicr Ic.;sori.; (,sidu 11accs OII the doiil~le cient exercise in them. cannot deny, however, t trpil ant1 1i;iccs with correctly shortciictl g:iits). I Il:irc. nlao (ax- large balls do not exist, it is an evil I ~lliould like plicitly stntctl that. it :i~kctlti)!.. tliry will go Iwttcr I)! riclt~nds 11y were possible. For that reason I pould hare t conininnil w1it.n they Ii:ivc iiot Iic~hri t:iii,clit t1i:it w:iy tli:iii if t1ic.y had bceii tlrillctl. In tlii.; I niii not ~icvc~lnpi~igii t1icwi.y. Xo. I asnure pii. I spciik f'rorii ni;iny yv:irs' eslivriciicc.. tbr tlic cxpri- niciit has 1~ct.11ni:itlc. tiii. scvcrirl coiisc*ciitivch ?-c:irs. II. Fi~i)inwliiit yoii Ii:irc st:itcvi :it vnritiuw tinic.s. I cnii. iii tl~cb nitiin, tell lirtstty wc-ll Irow you wisli tlit. rcgirnc.nt:il coiiiinnndcr tn rn:ike liin inspvctinii. I mc-vcsly nie:iiit tn :irk yoti to rcninve stiiiic cloubtp occiii*ring to nit'. Yoii winli. iii tlic first pIac.o. tlint the rcci- niciitnl conini;indcr tlo not tis niiy tlay ti)r irislwecticiii. l)ut lit* prcLs<-iit tit tllc iiistiwction. P. :In often :IS Iin-4l)lc. :ind :ilwnys unespt*vtcll. 111 this lie nlioi~ltl be :is thorough :is possible.; slioul(l tlicrct'orc not inspect everything (311 one (lay! but niily pnrt of the squwlron, so na to invnriably inspect with f'rehli. uiiabntctl nticntion. IIc alioul~l(lo it may conduct the tiyinjng of recr according to ti prcnrrnngctl plan. For iiistaiiw: IIc prnpnw's. ing to fear disapproval from his supe beginning with fall. to look nil tive tirnc-s n wvck ut tlic sei.vic.e ot' tlie squndvon. He will go oiicc cvvry week to riich squndroii. In this squadron he looks on onw :it the drill of the older inen on the older Iiornes, the intliridunl riding, nnd tlic. riding in the square; another time nt tlie trainilia of' botli rcniount sqiitido; :i third time nt mountcd recruit drill. Allowing for intcrroptiotis, he may I)c prewnt once each month nt the training of eaeh riding squad of tlie and,how tie regiment, and sec for himoelt' n-bcther the werrico is conductctl rntionnlly, and apply timely remedies to faults discovered in the course of training. The daily drill schedules enable him to aln-~iya drill exhibitions for it. arrive unannounced and unexpected. When he know8 hie rrginicnt once, he will 8000 be able to lighten his talk hy appearing lea* frequcntlj- in the squadron which work* correctly nwnriliiig to his .b 294 COSVEHSATIOY.~ os CA V-.I rAR I-.:1 notions, and per~inps frequedtly tc-lierc \lis :idr+e seem? niorc necessary. H. This in

~~perience. ./ 296 ON CA 'ALH . cos~~

accue-Jmed to spend th& private .earis on he crew ce. duties will Iiartlly I regiqntnl commander pas Drive I funiilips. you would lot make . comuynder for his posit on dypen nt on his private nicunsj )r the regimenin conininbider to tiitly to witiiese the incliridonl of frequent inspqction suggested cli are at regini3ntiil Iieadquur- listant rrquudroncr lie would only

~~ining, sild e)rercises cia1 influence. lie sliguld bc th the regimental co er when the latter witnesse.i quadrons. He will then per- ,~~

i ii that regiment. H. Take now the division dornhiander. S. The division commander w o is intercsled in the details ut' training may do like tbe brighde /commander. He will probably tinve to limit himself to witrieasi g the individual riding ot' tlic equadron of each regiment of hiE division per year. His ot1ic.r PROFESSION~LNOTES. I8 11

1 AMEKICAS HORSES FOd FRESCH KE;.\IOLSTS d ' [ Regimental #tandard. i D rings recent visit to Indiana Itid., Ilie:ir(l~by :I fot-tuti:ite eoitici ewe, that tliere das in that ti conimissiori (it' Freticli ~fi- cern ngaged in the purclta~eof horses hr the v:it*iniis iiioliritccl brat!c es of thcir military Herrice. ,Sot wishing to lose sucl~:I v:iIii- ab16 o portunity, I quickly sought heir :icqu:iintnncc, aii(1 wis vt~- courte usly received. TheI cornniission conajsted of' thvv tield officcre. rcprtwnti t1.g t IIC artillery, cavalry and vbterinnry uff, respectively. J1y (!rJIlfl.CIY?, fortunately for me, spoke English fc rly well aurl acted as intcq-werer, ' in addition to his professional du ies, which were oricroug iii the extreme... His advice

~~artillery. I Thei were extremely pnrticulad as to the nnlrtoniic:1l sobndncbs and freedom from blemishes nncl d re Cuts. They nlno objectcd to I~~

1 :triiinetl nnnuully. Tlic l)rotit~c~~of -t:iliioi~s. owneil II~tlic Fi.eric.I~ govcrniiicnt, from inarc's. tlie I)rop*rtynf citizeii*. arc piircliasetl :it st:itcd prices wlicn three ?car; nlcl. if tit tbi niilit:iry st1rvic.e. III France horse breeding is clirrctly encourtigcd l)g the goveriiiiiciit ofYering nnnuully enoi*iiiou~siini* as prizes. The bencticial results ot' :I cotirse of instriiciiuii 011 cyiiinc con- formation. ctc.. ctc.. wllicli cverg Iiioiiiited . officcr of' the Frciicli tiervice undergoes. w;ic :ipp:irctit at :i glnnco. .\t :i woril or sign II rtt,jectcd hor3e w:is remoreil tlie atteniln0t 1 H French soldier ). The usunl espostulutioiis. 1)rnises. etc.. of the woul~l-l~~~Iiorsc trader were coiispicuous by tlicii* ;rbseiic.e. :iiid ere~i~alic~~iiiilulged in, dill lint receire tile slightest :ittention from the coniniiesion. Tlic 1iorst.s ititencled for tlic Frencli scrviCc :ire bouplit 1)y speci:il corn ni i t tees u n der i n s t r iic t in lis from t h e 11 i n is t t'r of lV~it*. -1rni y 5 Iioi*scs :ire ilirideti into t1irt.e clnssm: 1st. Iioraes dc. carriere. !i)r tlie eque4tri:in schools: Staff Iiorsw for officers: :in11 c 2nl. :%I. Trool) tioryes. the latter beitip divided into rcucrw. liiie, liplit cuvrilry 111id artillery (s;iJtlle autl 1t:irness). and :ire tli-tinguis1it.d according to tllc.ir (1ii:iIities 3.r very pod. pod or p:~ss:iI)le. The sc.Iiediile price is neit1it.r iiiininiuni nor in:~si~ii~n~.but is looked upon :is rep.. wnting the ralue of n good horse in ciich entcgtirg. It is iindcr- stood tltat a sufficiently large mutyiri is leA to tlie otE(~rsof tilt' rcniount depots for the I)rsc.tice of cconon~~.either by eiicournging flit' production of good horses by p:iyiiig diorc tor tlieni. :illti iii aider to gire :I proper value to nniiii:iIr rhiare difficult to obtriiii. ;iiid which nligllt le in private tlcniund. Staff horses :ire classed as fillt>ws: 1st. Orditiary-i*e~ul:ir ~OD- fi>r-rnation,n>ciii.unl neck. sufficient po~-crand s1wed. Iaii.gc 11c:i~l. wltite color. wnslied niane, tail or coat, :tiid nliglit blcinislic~:ire iiicludtvi; L'd. Good-sufficient breeding, n good neck. repI:ir ciiiili)rniation. strong body ariil nicnibcrs. gooil pit; Yd. Very good go .- rood breeding, good conforrii:itioti, fine. erpressire Iici~d~a I)e:ru- ti t ti I client. H t re ngtb ! good mein I~crs,prom iiie n t t en do n s, brill ia 11 t gait. Tlre price of un ordinary horse in seventy-fire to I50 tiancs ~csstlinii a good horse, anti the rrilue of n very gooil horse 100, 150 to 200 francs iiiore than tlie :iveru~e. Tlic pricc of :I yrey horse is one-eighth less tliaii his class. Tlwc d:it:i coiircy iiotliing absolute. :ind are only points of reference. Troop liorties: 1st. P;rs~al~le-nmetliut~~'cnnformntion, defects of equilibrium. want of chcst iiiensurement or blemishes; 2d. Gooti -enough neck, strong body and rnenibcrs. sufficient weight, har- monious conforniation, good nction, fair physiognoiiiy. aolid coat. :ti111 energy; 3d. \-cry good--" good phyaiognotny, neck well attwbed, good body. beautiful chcst, good iiieinbcra. fine coat, power, loiig gaits. The pnsoable horse, of which a limited nurnber ehould I)e bought, cnmmenda one-fifth less than whedule price. nnd the good horse fifty to sixty francs less tliaii the ~cliod~loprice, while the very good horse is aevouty-five to one hundred francs more tbali .E average. The grey horse is one-eighth less than bis class. and t\Iv purclianing octliis color should not be encouraged. bcbing unwitn1)Iv

~~F I 11, 1 ‘II~~

~~PROFESSIO,VA~lLSOTES. 30.5~~

with atirsntnge to iteclf. the wranpeiiicnt should be ni:itlc pcriii:~. ncnt, but as has been repeatedly pointe1.l out iii these columns, tlie first requisite is a pert’ect and coniplctc force of men nntl horses. It is useless to advocate annunl mancurera. essential an they iire to ca val rj- trni ni ng. ii n ti 1 we have troops ciipible of bei ng ma neiireretl. Tllc concentrtrtion of inore rrginic~rrts:it .%Ideratrot esch sittnmcr w nulcl tit I east pit r t ial I y ain tl teni 1)or:iri 1y n eot ra I ize the evi I of i n sii 1’- ficient drill groilnd. from which iii si) nlttny Litatintis our cavalry reyimentr; .;uffer, brit it cannot be too stiwngly insisted oii t1i;rt the firat step tow:irtl iiiiprovemetit is to iticrcnw the establisliiiient ot’ regiments. \\-ithoot tliis no other rntwures will be ot’ any ralui.. A depot sqiindron waul(l seetii to be :III itbdttte necessity. TIri8i.e ;ire in every regiment 31) in:tny iiieti :intl horses that are from oiie c:ii~Scor another uiinl)le or rinr~csd~to .go oii :ictive service that 10 iricliide tlieni in tlie r:riiks is ti) iti1roililc.e an clenient of weakrie-s, ani1 to court f;iilure. The clcpot ?;qil:i(lroii. on tlic other Iintitl, is :III c-lenient of strcngtli. :is it withdrii\vs fioiii tlic tigliting I)otly every- tliitil: tl1;it is unfit, niitl prcjiiirt’s tllc iiirni;itttrcb fir nctivc ptarfwteil anal the 1 rse batteriri prutlu:rlly tivisions in line. tie seventt*- towiirds tliz itlc:t t1i:rt :L distirtct corps trt’orilct~lic~sslioultl lie ful*riicil. scum, and one of hu nded the rrvie and the IIIH- aria1 th:it horse soldiers shn~il(ltliiia he rc~licvedof 1111 but their propc.1. neuvem.” militar- duty. While the cffiviency nntl rrindiiie~sof tliv rank :itid tilv woul~lin tliis w:iy be promoted. tlizre ottgtit to be MIIII~qicci:il THE ;c A v .I L q)- JI A s E: u v E RS. troiiiirip for tlic officer$. Whctlier it is to be obtained by nieans o! :L bel,:irate establishmerit like 3uuniur, or by l’orniing :I s!)eciril clnbs at S:tritlhurst. it maiy btb prcni:ttiirc to sits, hut tlirre certaitil>-should bc conic distinction between the prvparation of an iiihiitrx cntlct LTCK. ‘ here is IIO nn<1 tliiit of one intendc4l tbr the cnvnlry. consitl hrably ftwlli .\nnthc.r point which has been broupht prominently tbrwartl of to I)e vel1 in eri- late is tht. enornious aclviintnge cnnferrcil ott cnvalry by the superior alwed iti id staying power of tlie Iiorws. It will, therefore, be news- sarg in the iie:ir future to firitl wiiys tint1 means ot’ improving our cavalry horses in bret~ling;inti st-de, while at the satl~etime their load niiist be Ronic\vh:rt reduced. h word nrby be rnid in eonclusion I on the uiimeasured coridemti:ition proiioui~cctl 011 thiH arm by ccr- tainly not the niost accomplished military critics in the press. \Ve :ire very liable to go to extremes aheti ofim we hare begun to fitid fault, and the spirit wtiicli gives ribe to that kind of writing aho~ild be sternly discouraged. -\s ;I corrective thothing could be better * * * tbnn Baron SALVI’Sfriendly remarks. which we reproduced lnjt week. The truth is thnt, individually. our men and horaea are un- riraled, but there are too few of them. Our duty is, while niniti- tnining our riding drill and individual smtrrtness at their present high standard, to provide for the collective training by which alone this arm can make itself felt on any importaut occasion.--Amy nnd A*ovy Gn:ette. tlie :ittack to seck corer separately; thiit is the busiii(-.*sof c:il*!:iitir rind coniiiitiiiders of sections. Tlic object airired at is r:i1)iil :iilti I~III- tinuous advance. the reseme going't'or\vtird to beat of'tlrutii iu close

order and sonietimes in that '4 Iinrade ninrch," which iii tlie ni:itter of moscle exercise is so highly valued. The k'rcnrh system of nttiick is iiot clissiniilar- always on the niove, line 1)usliinp !orwart1 liiir, ccrcr, of traiil- but niuch looser. One of tlie inure rciii:irk:ible things :ibout the riu wrvision ot ~~eriiii~iiswould appear to be the cstrcnic iLuictriccz iii the ~~iikS. Every inan is so trainecl that he knows \vIi:it to do. Tlierz is IIO; escited shouting out to this one or tliat to Iit.i.dnwii.or riglit incline, to close in or open out; no :iides-de-camp gallop about witli contru- dictory orders: all is Inctliod nntl cysteni. Tlie SBIIIC' sileiicc is not found in tlic Frciich ranks. There arc. liotv~er.!biv words ot'com- iii;ii)d in esteiideii order; tlie wliistle doe'i e\-erytIiing. The Gel.- iniiiis Ii:it-e discarded rolle>- tiriiip. \VIl:it niuy be ri:ired iu iiiiimu- nition i.; lost. they think, in the rlesirc to 1)roduce :I good volley, :11it1 the ric'rvous waiting for tlic coniniand, .. Fire," nt'ter the sight* Iiure I)ceii ulignetl with the object. 1ntlel)e~ide~ittiring is iiiviiriable, :&I- tlioiipti t'reqvritly restricted to n:iiiietl tiles. :itit1 wpecially to 1ii:irks- IIIC*O. wlin wc~ii.ii briiid b:i(I,gct'roiii i.1ie-t to qlinulder. The French. I on tlit. otlicr Ii:iiitl~tire vollcys, csi.el)t :it point-bl:ink range, aud !. tlieir tire ciiscipliiie is pooil. Scitlier :irniy will Iiiivc :iiiything to do with flap signaling. Ttic (;crliinns miike but u very limited use of' the bicFclc*,WIiiIc 111~.FrcrivIi cmliloy it IikrgelJ-. Stretcher bcirr- er.; were not or,g:iiiizeil in either nlitncuver :irniy. I)iit tlic Frencli tmiI~iilirncc~swere csccllc.iit. Every cflort is niiide in both services to \,revent :illy :ivoid:ibli. rciluction of tlic tiglitiiip lint., which in iIi Englnrid so t6hrriI)ly :ittcriu;itetl by cxtrii regimental and halt' incle- ptfndeut ecrrices, There was iio nttenipt even to provide the ue~i witti water by nieiins ot' horse biirrels. rcy:irds tlie r:iv:ilry. wh:it tlie Fi*ciidi pili in better hor*c- "flesti they 10-e iii ritliriy iiiiii ~~HII.TIie (;erni:iii uIiIari is well kuown, but all tle-criptions ot'tlirir cirviilr?-ineii

~~P i ' I! 'r'1 I I 308 PROFESS IQLV,4 I, NOTES. I~~

~~in thc two armies.~~

~~I i~~

~~i" i ,,~~

~~i I~~

~~I I i j I i~~

* 3 10 ., ing force, all the and all nic:iiI. of traneport

~~th iron bars or by n sufficient ats were also forded out of 1 i i I :.I~~

314 IVZOFES.WLVA r, soTES. :3 1 5 divera little technical knowledge, accurttte instriinicnts and pI nty ot'tinir. (':in make a fairly exact'survey, but the difficulties bc$n to multilily as 8oon ae the time become8 shorter and inatruntents fewer. To be nt all Ruccessful with the eketctiing cape one miist be per- fectly fhmilisr with the construction ot' scales, with the priiiciplcr of contouring and with plane table traversing. To be ekillful he must be a good judge of distances, SIO~CH nnil heights and at the wnie time cultivate That is called *.ai gooel c-yc Tor country." ttint is, he nble to see and appreci:ite ttie fiict tli:it lit. i* p:iasirig :I watershed, :i callw or n ,gond ~lcfbnsiveponition, lis well :is beiiig :iblc to take in thr :itiirw ot' the eiitire )blot. To illustrcite a 113- c:tv:iIi.y 9kcbtctiiiig v:ise, siipimw. for -R-- I cxnniple, D tiivision of our :rriiiy. say S:,IIOII nicn. is a1~Iiro:icliiiig A RECORDOF EXPERIESCE ITIE THE FIELD Fort Lk~a~-crlwOt-tl1from the e:ir;t. :inti nlicn two cl:iys' niareli dist:itit CASE AT TJIE IdFABTR~A\JL,C'.\T';\LRY word is broiiglit to the division conininntler that :i slightly supericii. force of the enemy is tippro:ieliirig froin the west but in still tlirtv The field or days' rn:irch distillit from the post. Our tlivision coiiini:indc-r knows nothin< of' ttie topograpliy nroun~lFort 1,enrenworth cscqit wli:it the county maps give and his nrdern :in' ti) liolcl tlic p1:1cc :it :ill bazards. He :it once SCII~Nfhrw:irtl cert:iin officirrs (this ilet:iil iii:iy fbitl to tiny 1ieutcn:int) to rc.connoitcr. sketcli titid i't.liort ripoii tlic c.0untt-y IyinK to the \vclstw:ird of Fnrt lAe:ivcsiinwrtli.wit11 :L vitbw to shown in cut.* i clefencling the post. 'llie c.omni:inll being still ttvo (l:iys' ninrc*li to the wst, tlic officers dct:iilecl for the recnti1i:iissiiiicc ritlc throqgli in n dny. so that \rlicii the work coninienccs a)~irarm?- iti but IL cl:iy'* niarcb to tlic enst. .\rriring :it the post tlic acnior officer ot' tliv iletriil carefully 8ttidies such ni:ip :is Iiv may hire nnd obt:iiris :ill other iiifnrnintion arnil:iblc; tic tlieri :i.;.*i(,tiis :in :ipproxitn:iic.ly equal share of work to c:ich so IS to covc~r:is iniivli ot' tlic coillit ry a* liiR judgment tells him is necessary. To be of any avnil the report mu*t haiii:iclc to tlic dirisioti coniniander on hi8 arrival tli:tt- evening. so that (lispwitions for delt*tisc rany bc made nt once. Tlir sketcliirig c:ise is, tlic only pr:ictic:rl iiie:ini of solving the problt-in. Tlic tic-ltl work, in SO far a~ bctr- inp, distancen ant1 outlines :ire coiicc~riic~l,beiiig doiic mountrd, wliile the finishing of the sketches is tloiie in colorecl pencils atter returning to the post. Deferisire positions most be located and sketclie(1, together with :ill ro:ids within il riitlius of six or eight miles; the usual report. whct1ic.r of :i ro:iil or of :L defcnsire psi- tion. being :ittnclicd to tlic m:ip. ties of rapid work,and is seldom 11 Tlie problem outlined :ibore wis solrid I)? ii class of Rtrielcnt meane are available. I officers :it the Infiintry and Caviilry Scliool. It involver1 the eketch- There in no queerion but ing of three positions. each :\bout a mile in length. and four ro:uh, used in military map making v:iryiiig in length from five to ten miles. These sketches. corering tiftecn square miles of country, were coniplcted .witbin wren hours, traversed it ia very :in11 inost of them were sufficiently :iccuratc tg hare enabled tlie JispenRed with or supposed division commander to have niored intelligently on tlic various rode, to have placed outposts at tho proper pointn, and to Iinve vxured the beRt defensive positions during the night. I"

~~PItOFESSIOX.4I. SOTES.~~

~~ROOK NOTICES AND ESCHAKGES~~

~~tant to skctcli (11. uiuke notes is~~

locomotion. .Is to scale, tlic siiiiple~tis the walk. c.otiiiting :iltc.rii;~tc. step. the .most accurate II:IS been fouiid to be tlie trot. :rltlioil,qli a tiiiic. wale (with stop watch) of walk: or trots II:IJ bceii us;ctl br wvci.:il. with excellelit results. ii \v. I,. H.

~~.I 1, -1 1 ' ' 11 -! BOOK' XOTICES AXD ESCH-ISGES.~~

~~" '1 FleiiraA" for~~

I ---t--- - - GIJ AVCs ,%DOLPIiIB. Lie teii:irit-Coloricl Tliemlorc~ .\yi*nrilt \ - 310 BOOh- NOTICES AXD ESCIIAYGES. I operations, and to the cengure that aas pasned upon him in SOIIIC quarters for his failure to march te the relief of Jhgdeburg whcii that uqhappy city was beaieged,byTilly, C'olonel Dodge mrll replies in the following words: Putting aside politics-in this' ase John George with his -rO,OOO men - - the military problem could be read Iv solved. Three or four stout marc~lic~s by way of Dessau. the destruction there of Tilly's force, the hulding ut :I tridge-head to preserve his line, ncl the siinimary attack of the eneiiiy tmieginp 3lagdebarg, were among he'posnibilities. But if we RFSUIIIP that ciustavus' duty was merely a militar.. one,and that he was bouuil to clisrtyard all political complications, we can rcely imagine liis pushing hr into the tan led netp'ork before him. All r at soldiers have succeeded because- t1it.y ma$e politics subserve their mifi rv srheme; and SO tlhl t e Swetlisli monarch. We may imagine the b Ici and rapid advonce whir^ SOIIII. hi$- torians hare told US it was his duty to make, to redeem his p1edgt.l to hIap,lt.- burg; we may pictiire ita success;i but we shall haw createil a a )er CRIII- paign, and a paper hero; we shall not have depicted the Gustavu$w\io sav~l the Reformation in Germany. and who was the father of IliQdern nar. Gustavus waa not great because he w.w eithcr cautious or boltl ; lie was grt.:it because he knew when to be cautious and when to bebold." The great battlo of Liitzcti brought to Gii9t:ivus bot$ triiiiii1)li I and death; and in sucli fear \v.w tic licld by his c.iietiiies tli:it. ii(it- tlie ~niperi:i~istarmy. [lie loss of'it3 ctili rc* the tielcl by tlie S\vedcs, :itit1 tiic rctixb:it tlie. result of tlie battle w:is spffic.ic,iit~y causc him to oriler :I Tc Depnt to IC , nothiiig can be tiiorqcIe:ii* :iii~I

TtiE Y~RcilSl.+~.4.\IPAION IIF 1St;z USDEK (iESEH.II. I'OI~E. TIii3 is tlie title of' ltic yiilii:il)lc collcctioii of liit]ic~rs rc~i(l1tcfi)l.c tlic. Jlilitnry Iiistoriwl Swictj- oi' JI:tssacliusetts, rel:itiiig to s1ieci:tl l)l~:isc~sot'tlic Civil W:ir inJic:itcvl in tlre title. It coniva :is :I gift to tlie <';iv:tIr>- Associntion, from thc socicty. \vltnsc pod work in col- Iwtiiig and publisliing sutli p~cpcrsslto~~lil Iic :tppreci:itivl liy all stii- tlvrits ut' niilitary history. It is siicli books :tr this tli:it will pitlc carried out. tlie stu,leiit and give iii:iiiy rille lights not fi~iiiiciiri tlic' colt1 but iri- v :I I us I) Ie ix-coi-cIS of' tlie I

~~Iii FI'~~

~~3-2~~

V.; 11. Review of the and Geiieml Weld, by Colonel Theodore L man, U.$. V.; 12. Tlic Conduct of' Gencr- als McClellao and Ball$ck io August, Idti?; and the Cnes of Fitz- John Porter, ~ig:ColoneilThoniaa 1,. Liverniort., ,V.S. V.; 13. Tlic Hearing in the Case ot'Fitz-John ,Porter, by John C. Itoptas. Eq.; .__ .- 14. The Battle of Cedar JLouutrin, -1ugust !)> lSti2. 113' C;t.ticr:il I Get rge-L. And re wi.

~~~ ~_f.__-. \ MII.ITARYLETTERS ASD ESSAYS.':By C;ipt;iiti F. S. Jl:iude. It. E. Hudson-kiinberb Publialiit)g CO., I.ians:ih City, 110.~~

~~disciplined troops. nntl by tlisvipli is measured by the endurance of due regard, of ~OIII.XC., to circum ployment under wliicli the losses In one ot' tlic essayye Slaiille a;rys: '.Think wli~~

~~of the International series.~~

CATECEISMOF OUT~STDUTY. tier. Hudson -Kimberly Pub- lielring Co., Kana, City, The AUCC~BBwhich attended blication of Captain Wagner's book, '&TheService of Securig nformation," bas induced hini to prepare the prese I

~~Il:lI ,It'~~

~~1 ! ! i~~