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Page 1 : * M Mirdehghan@Sbu.Ac.Ir E-Mail: > > > * 1< 2 1 Archive of SID دوﻣﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺴﺘﺎرﻫﺎي زﺑﺎﻧﻲ 7د ، ش 3 (ﭘﻴﺎﭘﻲ 31 )، ﻣﺮداد و ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻮر 1395 ، ﺻﺺ-197 222 ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ در وﻓﺴﻲ در ﭼﻬﺎرﭼﻮب ﻧﻈﺮﻳ ﺔ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﮕﻲ * ﻣﻬﻴﻦ ﻧﺎز ﻣﻴﺮدﻫﻘﺎن 1، ﺳﻌﻴﺪرﺿﺎ ﻳﻮﺳﻔﻲ2 1 . داﻧﺸﻴﺎر زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺷﻬﻴﺪ ﺑﻬﺸﺘﻲ، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﻳﺮان 2 . ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎس ارﺷﺪ زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺷﻬﻴﺪ ﺑﻬﺸﺘﻲ، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﻳﺮان درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: /9/18 93 ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: /28/2 94 94 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﻫﺪف از ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ة دﺳﺘﻮري ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ در وﻓﺴﻲ در ﭼﻬ ﺎرﭼﻮب ﻧﻈﺮﻳ ﺔ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﮕﻲ 2 1 و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺪل ﺑﻬﻴﻨﮕﻲ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ آﻳ ﺴﻦ ( 2003 ) ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻮﺳﻮﻧﮓ ( 1985 ) ﭘﻴﺮاﻣﻮن ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ در ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺳﻴﺼﺪ زﺑﺎن ﺟﻬﺎن، ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ة ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت دﻗﻴﻖ و رده ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ واﻗﻊ ﻧﮕﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ، ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان زﻳﺮﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اي از ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻤ ﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ، ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﺄ ﺛﻴﺮ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي در ﻧﺤﻮ ة ﻇﻬﻮر ﺣﺎﻟﺖ در ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮدازد. ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ زﺑﺎﻧﻲ وﻓﺴﻲ ( Vide. Stilo, 2004 )، ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﮕﺮ آﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﺪاري در ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ، ﺑﺮ ﻧﻮع ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ در آن ﻣﺆ ﺛﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻫﺎي ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓ ﺔ ﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺪار و اﻧﺴﺎن در وﻓﺴﻲ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ (ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ) ﺗﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ ؛ در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓ ﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﺎﻧﺪار، در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ (ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ) ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻣﺪل ﺑﻬﻴﻨﮕﻲ ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ در ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﻴﺮي از ﭘﺮﻳﻨﺲ و اﺳﻤﻮﻟﻨ ﺴﻜﻲ ( 1993 )، اﺳﻤﻮﻟﻨﺴﻜﻲ ( 1995 ) و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺪل ﺑﻬﻴﻨﮕﻲ آﻳﺴﻦ ( 2003 ) در ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮاﺗﺐ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺘﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﺸﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ، ﺑﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﮔﻴﺮي اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﺻﻮري اﻧﻄﺒﺎق ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ و رﺑﻂ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﻧﺪ. واژﮔﺎن ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ، ﻣ ﻔﻌﻮل ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ، ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ، ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ در ﺑﻬﻴﻨﮕﻲ، ﺟﺎﻧﺪاري. .1 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ 4 3 وﻓﺴﻲ، ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ « ﺧﺎﻧﻮادة ﺗﺎﺗﻲ» از زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎي اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ ﺷﻤﺎل ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﭼﻬﺎر روﺳﺘﺎي وﻓﺲ، ﭼﻬﺮﻗﺎن، ﮔﻮرﭼﺎن و ﻓﺮك (ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﭼﻬﺎر ﮔﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ وﻓﺴﻲ) ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد. اﻳﻦ ﭼﻬﺎر ر وﺳﺘﺎ از ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ اﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺮﻛﺰي ﺑﻮده و از دو ﺷﻬﺮ اراك و ﻫﻤﺪان ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً داراي ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻳﻜﺴﺎن 5 ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. اﻳﻦ زﺑﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪود 18000 ﮔﻮﻳﺸﻮر، در ﺷﻤﺎر زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎي « ﻗﻄﻌﺎً در ﺧﻄﺮ » ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ دﺳﺘﺔ زﺑﺎﻧﻲ 11 % از زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎي ﺟﻬﺎن را ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ( Vide. Stilo, 1981: 174 ). ). 1 2 Aissen 43 Bosso ng NothwesternTatic group languages 5definitely endangered ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــ * ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪة ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ: E-mail: [email protected] www.SID.ir Archive of SID ﻣﻬﻴﻦ ﻧﺎز ﻣﻴﺮدﻫﻘﺎن و ﻫﻤﻜﺎر ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ ... 6 از آﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ وﻓﺴﻲ از ﺳﻮي ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻜﻮ در دﺳﺘﺔ زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎي « ﻗﻄﻌﺎً در ﺧﻄﺮ » ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪه و ادﺑﻴﺎت اﻳﻦ زﺑﺎن ﻣﺤﺪود ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ از آﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺪﻳﺪة ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ در زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻫﻨﺪ و اروﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻧﺎدر اﺳﺖ، اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑ ﺮ آن اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺛﺒﺖ اﻳﻦ زﺑﺎن و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ 7 ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ در آن و اراﺋﺔ رده ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ اي آن در ﭼﻬﺎرﭼﻮب ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﮕﻲ، ﮔﺎﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ و زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺑﺮدارد. ﭘ ﺮﺳﺶ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﻧﺪا از: اﻟﻒ) آﻳﺎ ﭘﺪﻳﺪة ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ در زﺑﺎن وﻓﺴﻲ وﺟﻮد دارد؟ ب) در ﺻﻮر ت وﺟﻮد، ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان آن را در ﭼﻬﺎرﭼﻮب ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﮕﻲ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻛﺮد؟ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻃﻮل ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ، ﻋﺒﺎرت اﻧﺪ از: ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ زﺑﺎﻧﻲ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺪﻳﺪة ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ در وﻓﺴﻲ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﭘﺪﻳﺪة ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ در وﻓﺴﻲ در ﭼﻬﺎرﭼﻮب ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﮕﻲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎد ه از ﻣﺪل ﺑﻬﻴﻨﮕﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺮﻳﻨﺲ و اﺳﻤﻮﻟﻨﺴﻜﻲ ,Vide. Prince, & Smolensky) (1993 و ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺪل ﺑﻬﻴﻨﮕﻲ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ آﻳﺴﻦ (Vide. Aissen, 2003) ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮد. 1 1- . روش ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ 8 ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي، ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ، ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ و ﭘﻴﻜﺮه - ﺑﻨﻴﺎن ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻣﻨﺒﻊ اﺻﻠﻲ اﻳﻦ 9 ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﭘﻴﻜﺮة زﺑﺎن وﻓﺴﻲ، ﻛﺘﺎب ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻣﻴﺎﻧﺔ وﻓﺴﻲ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺔ دوﻧﺎﻟﺪ اﺳﺘﻴﻠﻮ .Vide) 10 (Stilo, 2004 ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪة 24 داﺳﺘﺎن وﻓﺴﻲ ﮔﻮرﭼﺎﻧﻲ (وﻓﺴﻲ - گ) ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ از دو راوي ﺷﺎﻧﺰده و ﺷﺼﺖ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ 228 دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺻﺪاي ﺿﺒﻂ ﺷﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪ. 2 . ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ در زﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﺛﺒﺖ و اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن وﻓﺴﻲ را ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﻛﺘﺎب ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻣﻴﺎﻧﺔ وﻓﺴﻲ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺔ دوﻧﺎﻟﺪ اﺳﺘﻴﻠﻮ ( 2004 ) داﻧﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ﺑﻪ آواﻧﮕﺎري 24 ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺖ وﻓﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺷﻔﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ دو ﮔﻮﻳﺸﻮر وﻓﺴﻲ ﮔﻮرﭼﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ، ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ا ﺳﺖ و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ زﺑﺎﻧﻲ در ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ از ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ اﺛﺮ در زﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر وﻓﺴﻲ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﺎﻟﺖ در وﻓﺴﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﻫﻤﻴﻦ اﺛﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﺎﻟﺖ در ﮔﻮﻳﺶ وﻓﺴﻲ در ﭼﻬﺎرﭼﻮب ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﮕﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد. 6 87UNESCO atlas of endangered languages 9corpus-basedfactorial ty pology 10Vafsi folk tales ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻋﻼﻳﻢ اﺧﺘﺼ ﺎري در ﺟﺪول ا ﻧﺘﻬ ﺎي ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ. 198 www.SID.ir Archive of SID ﺟﺴﺘﺎرﻫﺎي زﺑﺎﻧﻲ دورة 7 ، ﺷﻤﺎرة 3 (ﭘﻴﺎﭘﻲ 31 )، ﻣﺮداد و ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻮر 1395 3 . ﭼﻬﺎرﭼﻮب ﻧﻈﺮي 11 ﭼﻬﺎرﭼﻮب ﻧﻈﺮي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﮕﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر اﻟﻦ ﭘﺮﻳﻨﺲ و ﭘﺎل 13 12 اﺳﻤﻮﻟﻨﺴﻜﻲ در ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺸﻲ در داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آرﻳﺰوﻧﺎ در ﺳﺎل 1991 اراﺋﻪ دادﻧﺪ (ﻧﻚ. دﺑﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺪم، 1383 : 644 - - 644 645 ). اﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ، دﺳﺘﻮر را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اي از ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻬﺎن ﺷﻤﻮل و ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ از ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي زﺑﺎن در ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد و ﺗﻨﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﻴﺎن زﺑﺎﻧﻲ را ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ و رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻴﺎن اﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ داﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ رﺗﺒﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان آراﻳﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎي 14 ﻣ ﺨﺘﻠﻒ را ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮد و در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم « وﺣﺪت در ﻋﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻮع» دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ (ﻧﻚ. ﻣﻴﺮدﻫﻘﺎن و ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻧﭽﻴﺎن ﺳﺎروي، 1390 : 54 ). اﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ در اﺑﺘﺪا روي واج ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ زاﻳﺸﻲ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﺪ؛ اﻣﺎ ﺳﭙﺲ در دﻳﮕﺮ ﺣﻮزه ﻫﺎي زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﺤﻮ و ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد و ﺳ ﻮدﻣﻨﺪي 15 آن ﺑﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت رﺳﻴﺪ. ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﮕﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﺻﻮل و ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﭼﺎﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺻﻮري ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻬﺎن ﺷﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺨﻄّﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛ در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ اﺻﻮل ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﻲ در ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﺻﻮل و ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺨﻄّﻲ ﻧﺒﻮده، ﺑﻠﻜﻪ زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس و ﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮد از ﻣﻴﺎن اﻳﻦ اﺻﻮل و ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺶ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ ( Vide. Legendre, & et.al, 2001: 1 ). ). 16 ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﮕﻲ، ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺑﺎزﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭼﺎﻣﺴﻜﻲ و ﻫﻠﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺸﺎن دادن اﻟﮕﻮي ﺻﺪاﻫﺎ 18 17 در اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ را ﻛﻨﺎر ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﺎ ﺣﺬف اﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻫﺎ، آن ﻫﺎ را ﺑﺎ « ﺗﻮازي » ﺟﺎﻳﮕ ﺰﻳﻦ ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري در ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮاﺗﺒﻲ واﺣﺪ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ .( .( Vide. McCarthy, 2008: 1; Kager, 1999: xi ) 4 . آواﻫﺎي وﻓﺴﻲ ﻫﻤﺨﻮان ﻫﺎي وﻓﺴﻲ، ﻫﻤﺎن ﻫﻤﺨﻮان ﻫﺎي زﺑﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ( 23 ﻫﻤﺨﻮان) ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، ﺑﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﻤﺨﻮان دوﻟﺒﻲ 19 /w/ ﻛﻪ از ﺟ ﺎﻳﮕﺎه واﺟﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ (ﻧﻚ. ﻟﻜﻮك ، 1382 : 518 ). واﻛﻪ ﻫﺎي وﻓﺴﻲ ﺑﻪ دو دﺳﺘﺔ ﻣﺆﻛﺪ و ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺆﻛﺪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. واﻛﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪول 1 از آواﻧﮕﺎري ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎدة اﺳﺘﻴﻠﻮ ( 2004 ) اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺟﻤﻼت آواﻧﮕﺎري ﺷﺪه در آن و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ را ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺣﻀﻮر آواﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ (ﻧﻚ. ﻣﻴﺮدﻫﻘﺎن و ﻳﻮﺳﻔﻲ، 1391 : ).86 ).86 11 1312 Alan Prince 14 ArizonaPaul Smolensky 1615 - Unity in Variety 17 rewriteprinciples rules & param eters 1918 The sound pattern of English (SPE) parallelismLecoq 199 www.SID.ir Archive of SID ﻣﻬﻴﻦ ﻧﺎز ﻣﻴﺮدﻫﻘﺎن و ﻫﻤﻜﺎر ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ ... ﺟﺪول 1 واﻛﻪ ﻫﺎي وﻓﺴﻲ Table1 Vafsi vowels ﻣﻌﺎدل ﻣﻌﺎدل ﻣﻌﺎدل ﻣﻌﺎدل ﻣﻌﺎدل ﻣﻌﺎدل ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ او e -ِ œ -َ u آ o -ُ a اي i او ﻣﺆ ﻛﺪ ú َ - ﺆﻣ ﻛﺪ œ́ ِ- ﻣﺆﻛﺪ é آ ﻣﺆﻛﺪ á ُ- ﻣﺆﻛﺪ ó اي ﻣﺆﻛﺪ í í او ﻏﻴﺮ َ - ﻏﻴﺮ ِ- ﻏﻴﺮ ُ - ﻏﻴﺮ اي ﻏﻴﺮ è œ̀ ù آ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺆﻛﺪ ì ì ò à ﺆﻣ ﻛﺪ ﻣﺆ ﻛﺪ ﻣﺆﻛﺪ ﺆﻣ ﻛﺪ ﻣﺆﻛﺪ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪت ﻫﺎي ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺑﺮاي زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮد، وﻟﻲ اﻳﻦ 20 ﭘﺪﻳﺪه را رﻓﺘ ﺎر ﻋﺠﻴﺐ ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻧﺪﻛﻲ از زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ داﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺌﻮرگ ﺑﻮﺳﻮﻧﮓ در دﻫ ﺔ ﻫﺸﺘﺎد ﺷﻮاﻫﺪي را اراﺋﻪ داد ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ داد ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ة ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ در ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺳﻴﺼﺪ زﺑﺎن دﻧﻴﺎ رخ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ( Vide. Bossong, 1985 .) ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد ﭘﺪﻳﺪة ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ در ادﺑﻴﺎت زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﻨﻮز ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر دﻗﻴﻖ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﺸﺪه و رده ﺑﻨﺪي زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﻳﻦ ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﮕﺸﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ اﺻﻄﻼح ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ در ﻣﻮرد ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از 21 زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻨﻼﻧﺪي و ﺗﺮﻛﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪ ( Vide.Lestrade, 2006 ) و ﻟﻴﺒﺮت ,Vide. Libert) 22 (2008 ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ، اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎ، ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮوه اﺳﻤﻲ در ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي آن ﺑﺎﻓﺖ، ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ را ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ 23 اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ، ﮔﻮﻧﺔ ﺷﻨﺎور ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ( Vide. Libert, 2008: 253 ; Lestrade, 2006: 15 ). 24 اﻣﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ و ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ در وﻓﺴﻲ ﻫﻤﻮاره در ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ 25 ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ، ﮔﻮﻧﺔ ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺗﺮﻛﻲ و ﻓﻨﻼﻧﺪي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﺑﺪان ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺮوه اﺳﻤﻲ، ﺗﻨﻬﺎ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﺎص ﻣﺜﻼً وﺟﻮد وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ و ﺟﺎﻧﺪاري، ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ و در ﻏﻴﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرت، ﺑﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ.
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