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Pelagic Sargassum and Its Associated Mobile Fauna in the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and Sargasso

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Pelagic Sargassum and Its Associated Mobile Fauna in the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and Sargasso View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Texas A&M University PELAGIC SARGASSUM AND ITS ASSOCIATED MOBILE FAUNA IN THE CARIBBEAN, GULF OF MEXICO, AND SARGASSO SEA A Thesis by LINDSAY MARGARET MARTIN Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Chair of Committee, Douglas Biggs Committee Members, R.J. David Wells Anthony Knap Amy Siuda Head of Department, Deborah Thomas May 2016 Major Subject: Oceanography Copyright 2016 Lindsay M. Martin ABSTRACT There are many species of the genus Sargassum distributed in tropical and subtropical waters but only two, S. natans and S. fluitans, have an entirely pelagic life cycle and offer ecologically-supportive structures of different forms in otherwise nutrient-poor environments. Sargassum represents a keystone species supporting relatively high levels of biodiversity which is required for the maintenance of the health and resilience of a unique ecosystem currently facing many anthropogenic pressures. While studied for years, no simultaneous comparisons have been performed between the three regions in which Sargassum is most commonly found: the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and Sargasso Sea. Dip-net Sargassum samples and associated macrofauna were collected from these three regions during the Spring/Summer of 2015 to examine differences in Sargassum species, structure, and faunal distribution. An unusually large abundance of the rare form S. natans VIII was seen in all three regions in addition to the more common forms of S. natans I and S. fluitans III. Isolated clumps and rows of Sargassum were equally common in all three regions while mats were comparatively rare. Sargassum from the Gulf, Caribbean, and Sargasso Sea shared five common (frequency >10%) species. Differences in the physical forms of Sargassum forms had a marked effect on fauna diversity and abundance. In all three regions, fewer individuals and species were found on the broad-leafed, less compact S. natans VIII than on the denser S. natans I and S. fluitans III. The majority of these species are benthic-like species that physically require the Sargassum substrate (unlike most fish), and therefore likely avoid loose S. natans VIII which offers less surface area and protection from ii predators. This study identifies the differences in macrofauna abundance and diversity between varieties of Sargassum and highlights the potential for dramatic community assemblage changes that could result from largescale Sargassum blooms and species shifts. iii DEDICATION To my family iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee chair, Dr. Biggs, and my committee members, Dr. Knap, Dr. Wells, for their guidance and, in particular, Dr. Siuda, without whom this project would not have been possible. I would also like to thank Dr. Jeffrey Schell and Dr. Deb Goodwin for their advice and comments. Thanks also to the faculty of the Oceanography Department for making my experience at Texas A&M University an educational one. To my friends and fellow students, it is only with your help, academic and personal, that I have been able to succeed. Concerning data collection, I would like to thank the students of the Sea Education Association cruises C-257 and C-259 for their efforts. I would also like to acknowledge Dr. Steve Dimarco (TAMU), Dr. Kate Mansfield (UCF), Dr. Joshua Voss (FAU), the NOAA Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary staff, and crew of the R/V Manta for their donation of ship time and assistance in sample collection. This work was supported in part by internal grants from the Oceanography Department, NSF S-STEM (Grant Number DUE1355807), and by my family, friends, and random strangers through a crowdfunding effort on Experiment.com. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................ii DEDICATION .................................................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ viii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. x I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 Sargassum Species, Form, & Aggregation Patterns .............................................. 1 Sargassum Fauna ................................................................................................... 9 Threats to Sargassum ........................................................................................... 10 Hypotheses ........................................................................................................... 12 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................ 14 Early Descriptions of Sargassum ......................................................................... 14 Pelagic Sargassum ............................................................................................... 16 Genetic Studies ......................................................................................... 16 Sargassum Reproduction & Growth ........................................................ 17 Ecosystem Services .................................................................................. 19 Sargassum Distribution & Patterns ...................................................................... 20 Rafting Communities ........................................................................................... 23 Sargassum Macrofauna – Close Associates......................................................... 25 The Sargassum Community ..................................................................... 25 Community Variation over Time ............................................................. 27 Regional Differences ................................................................................ 28 Association with Sargassum Species ....................................................... 30 Sargassum Macrofauna – Loose Associates ........................................................ 31 Icthyofauna ............................................................................................... 31 Other Associates ....................................................................................... 34 Threats to Sargassum Communities & Conservation .......................................... 35 Conservation Measures ............................................................................ 35 Marine Pollutants ..................................................................................... 36 Atypical Blooms ....................................................................................... 38 vi III. METHODS ................................................................................................................ 40 Sargassum Collection and Processing ................................................................. 40 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................... 43 IV. RESULTS .................................................................................................................. 44 Physical Setting & Sargassum Frequency ........................................................... 44 Regional Fauna Diversity by Pelagic Sargassum Species ................................... 48 Effect of Aggregation Pattern & Regional Colony Differences .......................... 50 Fauna & Effect of Sargassum Species ................................................................. 55 V. DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................. 58 Hypothesis 1 ......................................................................................................... 58 Hypothesis 2 ......................................................................................................... 65 Hypothesis 3 ......................................................................................................... 67 VI. CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE WORK ...................................................................... 70 LITERATURE CITED .................................................................................................... 74 vii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: Specimens of S. fluitans III, S. natans I, and S. natans VIII showing large and small-scale morphological differences. ........................................................... 4 Figure 2: From Gower & King (2011) with permission, showing MERIS detected Sargassum distributions over the course of approximately one year shows large accumulations of the algae moving from the Gulf in the spring and early summer to the northern Sargasso Sea in the fall, moving towards the south in the late fall to winter. ................................................................................ 5 Figure 3: Distribution of Sargassum in the Sargasso Sea (g/m2)
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