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Stress Corrosion Cracking of Welded Joints in High Strength Steels
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Welded Joints in High Strength Steels Variables affecting stress corrosion cracking are studied and conditions recommended for welding and postweld heat treat to obtain maximum resistance to cracking BY T. G. GOOCH ABSTRACT. High strength steels may linear elastic fracture mechanics prin detrimental effect on weld metal SCC suffer a form of stress corrosion ciples using precracked specimens. resistance, although segregation may cracking (SCC) due to hydrogen em Testing was carried out in 3% sodium be particularly significant in precipita brittlement, the hydrogen being liber chloride solution as representative tion hardening systems. SCC failure ated by a cathodic corrosion reaction. of the media causing SCC of high may take place intergranularly, by Most service media will be expected strength steels. Welds were prepared cleavage, or by microvoid coales to liberate hydrogen, and the problem in the experimental alloys and the cence, intergranular failure being affords a considerable drawback to pre-existing crack located in various largely associated with the presence the widespread use of high strength regions of the joint, while samples of twinned martensite and high sus steels. For a number of reasons, fail were also prepared using The Weld ceptibility. The results suggest that ure may be particularly likely when ing Institute weld thermal simulator highest SCC resistance will be ob welding is used for fabrication. Un to reproduce specific heat-affected tained from low carbon, low alloy less the -
Magnetically Impelled Arc Butt (MIAB) Welding of Chrome Plated Steel
MAGNETICALLY IMPELLED ARC BUTT (MIAB) WELDING OF CHROMIUM- PLATED STEEL TUBULAR COMPONENTS UTILIZING ARC VOLTAGE MONITORING TECHNIQUES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By David H. Phillips, M.S.W.E ***** The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Professor Charley Albright, Advisor Approved by Professor Dave Dickinson _________________________________ Professor John Lippold Advisor Welding Engineering Graduate Program ABSTRACT Magnetically Impelled Arc Butt (MIAB) welding is a forge welding technique which generates uniform heating at the joint through rapid rotation of an arc. This rotation results from forces imposed on the arc by an external magnetic field. MIAB welding is used extensively in Europe, but seldom utilized in the United States. The MIAB equipment is robust and relatively simple in design, and requires low upset pressures compared to processes like Friction welding. In the automotive industry, tubular construction offers many advantages due to the rigidity, light weight, and materials savings that tubes provide. In the case of automotive suspension components, tubes may be chromium-plated on the ID to reduce the erosive effects of a special damping fluid. Welding these tubes using the MIAB welding process offers unique technical challenges, but with potential for significant cost reduction vs. other welding options such as Friction welding. Based on published literature, this research project represented the first attempt to MIAB weld chromium-plated steel tubes, and to utilize voltage monitoring techniques to assess weld quality. ii Optical and SEM microscopy, tensile testing, and an ID bend test technique were all used to assess the integrity of the MIAB weldments. -
Part 2, Materials and Welding
RULE REQUIREMENTS FOR MATERIALS AND WELDING 2002 PART 2 American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862 Copyright 2001 American Bureau of Shipping ABS Plaza 16855 Northchase Drive Houston, TX 77060 USA Rule Change Notice (2002) The effective date of each technical change since 1993 is shown in parenthesis at the end of the subsection/paragraph titles within the text of each Part. Unless a particular date and month are shown, the years in parentheses refer to the following effective dates: (2000) and after 1 January 2000 (and subsequent years) (1996) 9 May 1996 (1999) 12 May 1999 (1995) 15 May 1995 (1998) 13 May 1998 (1994) 9 May 1994 (1997) 19 May 1997 (1993) 11 May 1993 Listing by Effective Dates of Changes from the 2001 Rules EFFECTIVE DATE 1 January 2001 (based on the contract date for construction) Part/Para. No. Title/Subject Status/Remarks 2-1-1/15.1 Permissible Variations in To clarify that mill scale is to be considered when the Dimensions – Scope plate is produced for compliance with the specified under tolerance Section 2-4-4 Piping To align ABS requirements with IACS UR P2 regarding fabrication of piping and non-destructive examinations, and to outline the requirements for the heat treatment of piping. This Section is applicable only to piping for installation on vessels to be built in accordance with the Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels. ii ABS RULE REQUIREMENTS FOR MATERIALS AND WELDING . 2002 PART 2 Foreword For the 1996 edition, the “Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels – Part 2: Materials and Welding” was re-titled “Rule Requirements for Materials and Welding – Part 2.” The purpose of this generic title was to emphasize the common applicability of the material and welding requirements in “Part 2” to ABS-classed vessels, other marine structures and their associated machinery, and thereby make “Part 2” more readily a common “Part” of the various ABS Rules and Guides, as appropriate. -
Metal Casting and Welding (17ME45A)
[METAL CASTING AND WELDING – 17M45-A] Metal Casting and Welding (17ME45A) Prepared by: Prof. Sachin S Pande Dept of Mechanical Engineering, SECAB I E T-586109 Page 1 [METAL CASTING AND WELDING – 17M35-A] METAL CASTING AND WELDING [AS PER CHOICE ASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS) SCHEME] SEMESTER – III Subject Code 17 ME 35 A IA Marks 20 Number of Lecture Hrs / Week 04 Exam Marks 80 Total Number of Lecture Hrs 50 Exam Hours 03 CREDITS – 04 COURSE OBJECTIVE 1) To provide detailed information about the moulding processes. 2) To provide knowledge of various casting process in manufacturing. 3) To impart knowledge of various joining process used in manufacturing. 4) To provide adequate knowledge of quality test methods conducted on welded and casted components. MODULE -1 INTRODUCTION & BASIC MATERIALS USED IN FOUNDRY Introduction: Definition, Classification of manufacturing processes. Metals cast in the foundry-classification, factors that determine the selection of a casting alloy. Introduction to casting process & steps involved. Patterns: Definition, classification, materials used for pattern, various pattern allowances and their importance. Sand molding: Types of base sand, requirement of base sand. Binder, Additives definition, need and types Preparation of sand molds: Molding machines- Jolt type, squeeze type and Sand slinger. Study of important molding process: Green sand, core sand, dry sand, sweep mold, CO2 mold, shell mold, investment mold, plaster mold, cement bonded mold.Cores: Definition, need, types. Method of making cores, concept of gating (top, bottom, parting line, horn gate) and risering (open, blind) Functions and types. 10 hours MODULE -2 MELTING & METAL MOLD CASTING METHODS Melting furnaces: Classification of furnaces, Gas fired pit furnace, Resistance furnace, Coreless induction furnace, electric arc furnace, constructional features & working principle of cupola furnace. -
STEEL for FORGE WELDING F Ra N K N
No. 1853 STEEL FOR FORGE WELDING F ra n k N . S peller, P ittsburgh, P a. Member of the Society In this paper the principal factors — method of manufacture, chemical composition, fluxing quality, susceptibility to heat and welding temperature — affecting the welding quality of steel are discussed and the average results of 80 tests made on forge welds of hammer-welded pipe are compared with the original material. In addition it is stated that tests have demonstrated that both steel not over 0.16 per cent carbon and minimum tensile strength of 47fi00 lb. per sq. in. and that not over 0S0 per cent carbon and minimum* tensile strength of 62,000 lb. per sq. in., are satisfactory for forge welding of pipe lines, penstocks, tank-car work and similar construction but that the former is best adapfed for welded parts of boilers and pressure vessels. In conclusion the writer believes that the most important consideration to pro duce uniformly good results in the forge welding of steel, is suitable ma terial, weU^trained operators and adequate facilities for the control of operations. An appendix is devoted to a presentation of the Tentative Specifica tions for Steel Plates for Forge Welding of the American Society for Testing Materials as revised in 1921. HE welding quality of steel, and the strength and reliability of such welds, depend on a number of factors, which include prin Tcipally: method of manufacture, composition of the metal, suscepti bility to heat, fluxing quality, the mechanical appliances for hand ling and controlling the work, and the skill of the operator. -
FORGE WELDING by Russell Colvin, CJF
Volume 11: Issue 1 FORGE WELDING By Russell Colvin, CJF Forge welding is a combination of heat, timing and of forge welding is to forge while you have a welding surface preparation. The heat sources we will discuss heat, that is, strike while the iron is hot. I may seem to in this article are gas (propane or natural gas) and be stating the obvious but insufficient heat, a cold anvil coal/coke. Welding is a little more difficult in gas fires and disorgani zation of the smith are the leading causes because of temperature limitations and the fact that gas for missed welds. To be sure you can recognize a fires tend to be oxidizing welding heat take two (excess oxygen). long pieces of steel, ‘apply flux’ and hold one When welding in a gas end of each piece in the fire I preheat the material fire. When the two to a bright red heat and pieces will stick together brush. Flux is then firmly, they are at a applied (if flux does not welding heat. melt then heat is insuffi - ci ent) and the piece is Our anvils are a heat returned to the fire. I sink. They will effectively allow the piece to remain pull the heat from the in the fire until a full materiel being welded. welding heat with The size of the anvil and lemon/yellow color is the ambient temperature reached. The piece is both affect the length of removed and immediately time an anvil must be welded on the anvil with preheated in order to quick light blows. -
Weld Defect Categorization from Welding Current Using Principle Component Analysis
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 10, No. 6, 2019 Weld Defect Categorization from Welding Current using Principle Component Analysis Hayri Arabaci1 Salman Laving2 Electric-Electronics Engineering Department Mechatronics Engineering Department Selçuk University Konya, Turkey Selçuk University Konya, Turkey Abstract—Real time welding quality control still remains a Several undesired scenarios can appear during the welding challenging task due to the dynamic characteristic of welding. processes which may directly affect the quality of the final Welding current of gas metal arc welding possess valuable welds. Some of the known factors of weld defect and information that can be analyzed for weld quality assessment irregularities during GMAW are; Instantaneous short circuits, purposes. On-line monitoring of motor current can be provided failure of arc re-ignition and wire feed rate variations [3]. information about the welding. In this study, current signals These factors, if kept under steady control, can lead to obtained during welding in the short- circuit metal transfer mode achieving a good final weld. Other factors which cannot be were used for real-time categorization of deliberately induced directly controlled like contamination and environmental weld defects and good welds. A hall-effect current sensor was conditions in the welding area need to be kept optimal to employed on the ground wiring of the welding machine to ensure quality welding. Commonly used off-line techniques to acquire the welding current signals during the welding process. Vector reduction of the current signals in time domain was identify welding quality include destructive (macrographs) and achieved by principle component analysis. -
A Study of Weld Defects of Gas Metal Arc Welding with Different Shielding Gasses
VOL. 12, NO. 6, MARCH 2017 ISSN 1819-6608 ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2017 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved. www.arpnjournals.com A STUDY OF WELD DEFECTS OF GAS METAL ARC WELDING WITH DIFFERENT SHIELDING GASSES Norfadhlina Khalid, Puteri Zirwatul Nadila M. Zamanhuri and Faisal Ahmad Shaiful Baharin Section of Marine Construction & Maintenance Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering Technology, Lumut, Perak, Malaysia E-Mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Welding is the preferred joining method of two or more parts into one piece and it has been developed depending on the combination of temperature and pressure. In Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process, shielding gas selection has a great influence on the quality and the strength of a welded joint. Shielding gas is very important and therefore any changes in gas mixture or flow parameter affects the arc transfer characteristics and resultant weld quality. Shielding gas systems is rather problematic as mixed cylinders are expensive and gas mixers are often inaccurate, therefore more efficient and alternative shielding gas technology is of interest. The aim of this study isto determine the weld defects by using different gasses which are Carbon Dioxide and Argon. The Visual Inspection, Dye Penetrant Inspection (DPI) and Ultrasonic Testing were used and the data from the inspection were analyzed and measured according to the ISO 5817 and ASTM E164/E165 standard. The findings defined the weld defects of the specimen of the Carbon Dioxide was less than the specimen of the Argon. The findings also identified the Carbon Dioxide shielding gas has a great potential to produce stronger weldment compared to Argon due to the oxidizing potential of CO2 and CO2 has a higher thermal conductivity level than Argon. -
Collection De Notes Internés De La Direction Des Etudes~Et Recherches
Collection de notes internés de la Direction des Etudes~et Recherches COMPARAISON DE LA RESISTANCE A LA CORROSION SOUS CONTRAINTE EN MILIEU PRIMAIRE DES METAUX FONDUS DE TYPE 152,182 ET 82 COMPARISON OF PWSCC RESISTANCE OF INCONEL WELDING ELECTRODE 152 WITH WELDING ELECTRODE 182 AND FILLER METAL 82 Electricité de France Direction des Etudes et Recherches SERVICE HÉACTETJRS NUCLÉAIRES ETECHANGETJRS Département Etude des Matériaux Décembre 1993 BUISINED. VAILLANTE GIMOND C. VIDAL P. COMPARAISON DE LA RESISTANCE A LA CORROSION SOUS CONTRAINTE EN MILIEU PRIMAIRE DES METAUX FONDUS DE TYPE 152, 182 ET 82 COMPARISON OF PWSCC RESISTANCE OF INCONEL WELDING ELECTRODE 152 WITH WELDING ELECTRODE 182 AND FILLER METAL 82 Pages: 00021 94NB00108 Diffusion : J.-M. Lecœuvre EDF-DER Service IPN. Département SID © Copyright EDF1994 1, avenue du Général-de-Gaulle 92141 Clamart Cedex ISSN 1161-0611 SYNTHÈSE: Les métaux déposés à l'aide de l'électrode 182 (15 % de chrome) et du £1 TIG 82 (20 % de chrome) ont été trouvés sensibles à la corrosion sous contrainte en milieu primaire. Afin d*?méliorer la résistance à la corrosion, INCO a donc développé un Alliage 152 à plus forte teneur en chrome (30 %). L'ensemble des essais sur éprouvettes selles-de-cheval, en traction lente ou sous charge constante conduits en milieu primaire à 360°C et des essais sur U-bends en vapeur dopée à 400°C, ont démontré 3e meilleur comportement de l'Alliage 152. D. BUISINE, F. VAILLANT C. GIMOND*, P. VIDAL** * Framatome, ** EDF/SQR 94NB00108 (HT44/COM1678-A) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY : Weld metals 182 (15 % chromium) and 82 (20 % chromium) were found to be sensitive to primary side cracking. -
Effect of the Inclusion Defect on the Mechanical Behavior of Thermite
Advances in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Vol. 9, 2016, no. 1, 11 - 20 HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/atam.2016.623 Effect of the Inclusion Defect on the Mechanical Behavior of Thermite Welds Zakaria Mouallif 1,*, Bouchaib Radi 1 and Ilias Mouallif 2 1 Laboratoire Ingénierie, Management Industriel et Innovation (LIMII), FST Université Hassan 1er, BP 577, Settat, Morocco 2 Département GIP, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Arts et Métiers (ENSAM) Université Moulay Ismaïl – Meknès, BP 4042 Béni M'Hamed Meknès, Morocco *Corresponding author Copyright © 2016 Zakaria Mouallif et al. This article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract In order to ensure safety and reduce maintenance costs within the railway system, it is necessary to characterize the effect of the inclusion defect « corundum or aluminum oxide » for different values of gap width (distance between two rail ends to be welded) on the mechanical behavior of thermite welding. The influence of this defect, present in the filler metal at level of the rail foot, was studied by simulating eight different values of gap width. The stresses according to the Von Mises criterion were analyzed at level of the rail foot. Calculations were carried out for a loading level corresponding to the weight of a TGV trailer, using the finite element method with the code ANSYS 15.0 Keywords: Finite elements; Thermite weld; Inclusion defect; Aluminum oxide 1. Introduction In Morocco, the assembly of railroad rails is done by the thermite welding process with limited preheating (PL). -
The Origin and Nature of Flash Weld Defects in Iron-Nickel Base Superalloys
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 6-1974 The Origin and Nature of Flash Weld Defects in Iron-Nickel Base Superalloys Ronald William Gunkel University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Metallurgy Commons Recommended Citation Gunkel, Ronald William, "The Origin and Nature of Flash Weld Defects in Iron-Nickel Base Superalloys. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1974. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1234 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Ronald William Gunkel entitled "The Origin and Nature of Flash Weld Defects in Iron-Nickel Base Superalloys." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Materials Science and Engineering. Carl D. Lundin, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: C. R. Brooks, W. T. Becker Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Ronald William Gunkel entitled "The Origin and Nature of Flash Weld Defects in Iron-Nickel Base Superalloys." I recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements fo r the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Metallurgical Engineering. -
Review on Verious Type of Welding Process
International Journal For Technological Research In Engineering Volume 3, Issue 3, November-2015 ISSN (Online): 2347 - 4718 REVIEW ON VERIOUS TYPE OF WELDING PROCESS Onkar Patel1, Prakash Kumar Sen2, Gopal Sahu3, Ritesh Sharma4, Shailendra Bohidar5 1Student, Mechanical Engineering, Kirodimal Institute of Technology, Raigarh (C.G.) 2,3,4,5 Lecturer, Mechanical Engineering, Kirodimal Institute of Technology, Raigarh (C.G.) ABSTRACT: In manufacturing process two part are joint is Friction welding necessary where welding is generally use. Welding is a Cold presser welding permanent joint process in this paper discuss in welding Spot welding process there type and its defect and safety process. Seam welding Key word- welding pressure arc. Projection welding Upset but welding I. INTRODUCTION Flash but welding Welding often done by melting the work pieces and filler Percussion welding material is added to form a pool of molten material that cools to become a strong joint, with the pressure, sometimes used 2.2 Non presser welding (fusion welding)-in this type of in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld. welding process of joining two piece of metal by application The history of joining metals goes back several millennia, of heat the two parts to be joined are placed together heated with the earliest examples of welding from the bronze Age to molten state often with the addition of filler metal until and the Iron Age in Europe and the Middle East [1]Welding they melt and solidify on cooling . in this welding , the technology which is a high productive and practical joining material at the joint is heated to molten state and then method is widely used in modern manufacturing industry allowed to solidify Such as shipbuilding, automobile, bridge, and pressure vessel Gas welding industry [2].