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Us Military Assistance to Saudi Arabia, 1942-1964
DANCE OF SWORDS: U.S. MILITARY ASSISTANCE TO SAUDI ARABIA, 1942-1964 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Bruce R. Nardulli, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2002 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Allan R. Millett, Adviser Professor Peter L. Hahn _______________________ Adviser Professor David Stebenne History Graduate Program UMI Number: 3081949 ________________________________________________________ UMI Microform 3081949 Copyright 2003 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ____________________________________________________________ ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The United States and Saudi Arabia have a long and complex history of security relations. These relations evolved under conditions in which both countries understood and valued the need for cooperation, but also were aware of its limits and the dangers of too close a partnership. U.S. security dealings with Saudi Arabia are an extreme, perhaps unique, case of how security ties unfolded under conditions in which sensitivities to those ties were always a central —oftentimes dominating—consideration. This was especially true in the most delicate area of military assistance. Distinct patterns of behavior by the two countries emerged as a result, patterns that continue to this day. This dissertation examines the first twenty years of the U.S.-Saudi military assistance relationship. It seeks to identify the principal factors responsible for how and why the military assistance process evolved as it did, focusing on the objectives and constraints of both U.S. -
Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979) Nima Baghdadi Florida International University, [email protected]
Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-22-2018 Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979) Nima Baghdadi Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC006552 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Other Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Baghdadi, Nima, "Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979)" (2018). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3652. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3652 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida DYNAMICS OF IRANIAN-SAU DI RELATIONS IN THE P ERSIAN GULF REGIONAL SECURITY COMPLEX (1920-1979) A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in POLITICAL SCIENCE by Nima Baghdadi 2018 To: Dean John F. Stack Steven J. Green School of International Relations and Public Affairs This dissertation, written by Nima Baghdadi, and entitled Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979), having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. __________________________________ Ralph S. Clem __________________________________ Harry D. -
Forces of History: American-Iranian Diplomacy 1949-1953
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2000 Forces of history: American-Iranian diplomacy 1949-1953 James H. Hippensteel The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Hippensteel, James H., "Forces of history: American-Iranian diplomacy 1949-1953" (2000). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5205. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5205 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY Hie University ofMONTANA Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. * * Please check " Yes" or "No" and provide signature * * Yes, I grant permission No, I do not grant permission Author's Signature Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author's explicit consent. THE FORCES OF HISTORY: AMERICAN-IRAMAN DIPLOMACY, 1949-1953 by James H. Hippensteel B.A. The University o f Montana, 1996 presented in partial fulfillment o f the requirements for die degree o f Master of Arts The University o f Montana 2000 Approved by: DearvGraduateSc to o l 5-31- 2M«> Date UMI Number: EP40669 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The guality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. -
The Long Month of January: Intensification of Conflicts Between Different Projects in Iran and the Rise of the Global Confederation of Iranian Students (GCIS)
Shiva Tabari February 2020 The Long month of January: intensification of conflicts between different projects in Iran and the Rise of the Global Confederation of Iranian Students (GCIS) There are moments in history, due to a myriad of events, shifts in the (e)motion of people, and simultaneity of social movements, that participants have a strange feeling of intensification of time. Any day endures as much as a week, every week appears as a month or so. It is unbelievable for people that this amount of change and events have happened only during a week or so. This amount of conflict and clash of ideas, bodies, projects should happen in several years or maybe more. Hence, if people in (so-called) Western countries like Australia, which have a relatively stable country, want to understand the everyday life of Iranians in January 2020 and learn from our experience, they have, first of all, to imagine themselves in a situation that all of the sad news they hear during some years, all of anger they feel due to misbehavior of their ruling class, all of their nightmares about another world war and losing their normal life, all their hopes and hopelessness, and also all of the social/political activities which they do during many years (demonstration, strike, signing a petition etc.), have been compacted and concentrated in a single month. I call it intensification of history. Possibly, an element of a revolutionary situation. I am sure that Iranian people had the same feeling during the September of 1941 when both the Allies and the Soviet Union invaded Iran, occupied Tehran and forcibly abdicated Reza Pahlavi and assigned his son (Mohammadreza), a puppet, as the King. -
Iran Relations
August 2021 Lectures in Diplomacy US – Iran Relations By Siham Al-Jiboury – Senior Advisor on the Middle East American writer George Friedman asked: “Do you know what is the most important global event in Bidaya? The twenty-first century after the events of the eleventh from September? It is the US-Iranian alliance.” Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 1980. Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embassy in Washington, D.C., and the US Interests Section of the Swiss Embassy in Tehran. In August 2018, Supreme Leader of Iran Ali Khamenei banned direct talks with the United States. The American newspapers in the 1720s were uniformly pro-Iranian, especially during the Mahmud Hotak's 1722 revolt against the Iranian monarchy. Relations between the two nations began in the mid-to-late 19th century, when Iran was known to the west as Persia. Initially, while Persia was very wary of British and Russian colonial interests during the Great Game, the United States was seen as a more trustworthy foreign power, and the Americans Arthur Millspaugh and Morgan Shuster were even appointed treasurers- general by the Shahs of the time. During World War II, Persia was invaded by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, both US allies, but relations continued to be positive after the war until the later years of the government of Mohammad Mosaddegh, who was overthrown by a coup organized by the Central Intelligence Agency and aided by MI6. -
H-Diplo Review Essay 234
H-Diplo ESSAY 234 STATE OF THE FIELD>> UNITED STATES-IRANIAN RELATIONS 22 May 2020 https://hdiplo.org/to/E234 Editor: Diane Labrosse | Production Editor: George Fujii Review by Gregory Brew, Southern Methodist University his essay reviews the state of the field of United States-Iranian relations. Rather than attempt a comprehensive survey of this dynamic and expanding body of scholarship, this essay offers a glimpse of the field as it is currently T evolving, proceeding chronologically according to topic rather than publications. The focus is on U.S.-Iranian relations, broadly defined, though for the sake of consistency diplomatic history is emphasized. Readers will note that works cited here focus predominantly on the international relationship, rather than the United States as an actor within Iran’s modern history.1 Key themes include the evolving importance of the Cold War, transnational ties, interpretations of the Islamic Revolution from the perspective of U.S. policy-makers, and the continued preoccupation with U.S.-Iranian confrontations in the post-revolutionary period. The Cold War and Iran Early encounters between the United States and Iran came chiefly through the work of missionaries, oil companies, and local diplomats.2 A number of diplomatic disputes between Iran and the United States in the 1920s, including the death of American consul Robert Imbrie in 1924, and an abortive effort by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey to secure an oil concession, marked an era of limited engagement.3 World War II brought about a more concrete American involvement in the country’s politics. Worried that the Anglo- Soviet occupation would weaken Iran’s internal stability, the U.S. -
Iranian Democracy: a Century of Struggle, Setback, and Progress Bridget Marie Heing Washington University in St
Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) Winter 12-1-2013 Iranian Democracy: A Century of Struggle, Setback, and Progress Bridget Marie Heing Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd Recommended Citation Heing, Bridget Marie, "Iranian Democracy: A Century of Struggle, Setback, and Progress" (2013). All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs). 1208. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd/1208 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN SAINT LOUIS University College International Affairs Iranian Democracy A Century of Struggle, Setback, and Progress by Bridget Marie Heing A thesis presented to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts December 2013 Saint Louis, Missouri Table of Contents Introduction . 1 • The Ongoing Struggle Towards Democarcy . .4 Part I: Under the Peacock Throne . 6 • Constitutional Revolution . 7 • Foreign Interference in Persia . 11 • Islam and Democracy in Persia . .12 • World War I . 14 • The Pahlavi Dynasty . 16 • World War II . 20 • Allied Occupation of Iran . 23 • Mohammed Reza and Operation Ajax . 26 • Iran After Mossadegh . 28 • The Rise of Ayatollah Khomeini . 30 • The Shah’s Iran . 33 Part II: The Islamic Republic . .35 • Rule of the Jurisprudent and the Islamic Iranian Constitution . 37 • Early Years: Consolidation of Power . -
British Policy in Iran and Relations with the Soviet Union, 1945-46
British Policy in Iran and Relations with the Soviet Union, 1945-46 by DAVID PIERPOINT A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts of The University of Birmingham for the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Modern History School of Historical Studies The University of Birmingham December 1999 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis is an investigation in to British policy towards Iran between the Yalta Conference and the resolution of the Iranian Crisis of early 1946 and the subsequent impact of those policies upon her relationship with her enigmatic partner, the USSR. It investigates the development of ideas within the British Embassy in Tehran and more especially within the Foreign Office relating to the future of Iran, which had been the subject of an Anglo-Soviet occupation since August 1941 and which had been, through its bounteous supply of oil, of vital economic importance to Britain since the late nineteenth century. The paper calls in to question the assertion that British foreign policy in the immediate aftermath of the war was based entirely upon the principles of the so- called 'New World Order', and its instruments, the Atlantic Charter and the United Nations. -
Foreign Policy of Modern Persia (Iran) and the Middle East
Journal of International and Global Studies Volume 10 Number 1 Article 9 12-1-2018 Foreign Policy of Modern Persia (Iran) and the Middle East Seyed Mohammad Houshisadat Ph.D. University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic of), [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lindenwood.edu/jigs Part of the Anthropology Commons, Critical and Cultural Studies Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Houshisadat, Seyed Mohammad Ph.D. (2018) "Foreign Policy of Modern Persia (Iran) and the Middle East," Journal of International and Global Studies: Vol. 10 : No. 1 , Article 9. Available at: https://digitalcommons.lindenwood.edu/jigs/vol10/iss1/9 This Essay is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Digital Commons@Lindenwood University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of International and Global Studies by an authorized editor of Digital Commons@Lindenwood University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Foreign Policy of Modern Persia (Iran) and the Middle East Seyed Mohammad Houshisadat PhD Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic of) [email protected] Post-Doctoral Fellow Departments of Political Science & Historical Studies University of Toronto, Canada [email protected] Abstract The following article discusses modern Iranian foreign relations in the Middle East and North Africa from the rise of the Safavid dynasty up to the fall of the Pahlavi dynasty. It looks at the interplay of nationalist and ultra-nationalist variables. The nationalist factors include the beliefs system of the policymakers, interests related to political survival, the political economy, the geopolitics of modern Persia and also the geographical realm. -
Timeline of Iran's Nuclear Program
TIMELINE OF IRAN’S NUCLEAR PROGRAM Date Major nuclear-related events 1957 The U.S. and Iran sign a civil nuclear agreement under the Atoms for Peace program. 1967 The Tehran Nuclear Research Centre is built and run by AEOI. July 1968 Iran signs the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and ratifies it, which goes into effect on February 2, 1970. June 1973 Iran signs the comprehensive safeguard agreement, which requires IAEA’s control over its nuclear activity. 1974 Iran plans to construct up to 20 nuclear power stations across the country. It signs contract with Kraftwerk Union and begins construction of the Bushehr power plant. 1979 Iran terminates the Bushehr contract with the German firm, Kraftwerk Union. January 1995 Iran signs a contract with the Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy (MinAtom) to complete a light water reactor in Bushehr under IAEA safeguards. 1996 Iran and China inform the IAEA to construct a nuclear enrichment facility in Iran, but China withdraws from the contract under U.S. pressure, while Iran pursues the plans. January 29, 2002 George W. Bush calls Iran “an axis of evil” that aggressively pursues nuclear weapons. December 2002 Iran declares all its existing atomic sites and says they are open to IAEA inspection. February 9, 2003 Iran officially announces it has discovered and extracted uranium to produce nuclear energy. (continued) © The Author(s) 2020 327 A. E. Torbat, Politics of Oil and Nuclear Technology in Iran, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33766-7 328 TimeLine of Iran’s NucLear Program (continued) Date Major nuclear-related events February 22, 2003 IAEA’s Director General Mohamed ElBaradei visits Iran and reports Iran has not disclosed its advanced nuclear facilities. -
“A Rush and a Push and the Land Is Ours”: Explaining the August 1941 Invasion of Iran
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2013-01-24 “A Rush and a Push and the Land is Ours”: Explaining the August 1941 Invasion of Iran Hann, Keith Hann, K. (2013). “A Rush and a Push and the Land is Ours”: Explaining the August 1941 Invasion of Iran (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/25000 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/458 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY “A Rush and a Push and the Land is Ours”: Explaining the August 1941 Invasion of Iran by Keith Hann A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF STRATEGIC STUDIES CENTRE FOR MILITARY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES CALGARY, ALBERTA JANUARY, 2013 © Keith Hann 2013 Abstract The origins of British participation in the August 1941 invasion of neutral Iran are poorly understood. Rarely examined on its own, the invasion is instead typically simplified in a historiography dominated by other subjects or brushed over altogether, with the most common explanation of its origins—a need to establish a supply corridor to better provide the Soviet Union with war material—being incorrect. -
The Iranian Crisis and the Birth of the Cold War Benjamin F
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2016 The Bridge to Victory: The Iranian Crisis and the Birth of the Cold War Benjamin F. (Benjamin Frederick) Harper Follow this and additional works at the DigiNole: FSU's Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES THE BRIDGE TO VICTORY: THE IRANIAN CRISIS AND THE BIRTH OF THE COLD WAR By BENJAMIN F. HARPER A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2016 © 2016 Benjamin F. Harper Benjamin. F. Harper defended this dissertation on November 8, 2016. The members of the supervisory committee were: Michael Creswell Professor Directing Dissertation Mark A. Souva University Representative Will Hanley Committee Member Nathan Stoltzfus Committee Member Andrew Frank Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii This small work, along with everything else in my life, is dedicated to Emily Izetta. I know who I married. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted in more ways than one to Florida State University and Dartmouth College for fostering an environment conducive to academic research. Thank you to the Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa (ASMEA) for support in the form of a 2014 international research grant, which provided me the opportunity to work in Moscow, Russian Federation, and Baku, Azerbaijan. I am much obliged to Dr.