The Problem of Anti-‐Slavery in the Age of Capital, C. 1830-‐1888 Joseph
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The Problem of Anti-Slavery in the Age of Capital, c. 1830-1888 Joseph G. Kelly Thesis SubmitteD in accorDance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy School of Histories, Languages, anD Cultures, University of Liverpool September 2017 1 Contents AcknowleDgements .................................................................................................................................... 2 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................ 3 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 IntroDuction: The Problem of Anti-Slavery in the Age of Capital ........................................... 5 Chapter I: Slavery’s Products and The Problem of Anti-Slavery ......................................... 41 Chapter II: Manufacturing Outrage: Mobility, Morality anD Anti-Slavery ....................... 80 Chapter III: Ambivalent Commerce: Merchants, Character, and Anti-Slavery ............ 120 Chapter IV: ‘Drawing the Line’: Legitimising British Slave-ownership after Emancipation. .......................................................................................................................................... 160 Chapter V: Slavery and Joint-Stock Politics ................................................................................ 215 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................... 266 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 281 2 AcknowleDgements I woulD like to thank the Economic anD Social Research Council for generously funDing my PhD stuDentship. My stuDentship was a collaborative Doctoral awarD with the International Slavery Museum; anD I woulD also like to thank the museum staff who helped develop the workshop that grew out of my research. Throughout the PhD I have benefiteD from a supportive and challenging supervisory team. From our early Discussions of anti-slavery During my MA Dr Richard Huzzey has been a fantastic supervisor. Dr Stephen Kenny has proviDeD a keen critical eye throughout. Finally, thanks to Dr Will Ashworth who joined the project in its latter stages anD helpeD guiDe me towards submission. This thesis coulDn’t have been written without spare beDs, couches, and floor space. Shouts to Al, Dyzy, ED, Elle, GK, JP anD, Treas for all putting me up at some point over the last three years. Special thanks, to Aunt Myra anD Peter anD Helen Lee who put up with me for even longer. Of course frienDs anD family proviDe much more than places to stay, so thanks to everyone who maDe this a less lonely pursuit. Alison, Beth, Dan, Joe M, Nick, Tom, anD many other colleagues gave much neeDeD intellectual anD emotional support. Big up, also, to the group chats (RU anD NWC) for proviDing constructive Distraction throughout. It woulD be nigh on impossible to name everyone who directly or indirectly shaped this thesis, but it’s easy to iDentify the most important people. My parents GeD anD Una, have dealt with a lot, are tireless in their love and support. Emma, my sister, is the most inspiring person I know. This is for them. 3 Abbreviations Archives BLUT Benson Latin American StuDies Library, University of Texas, Austin. LCL Liverpool Central Library. SCRO StafforDshire Country RecorD Office, StafforD. TBA The Baring Archive, London. TNA The National Archives, London. WLO Weston Library, OxforD. Organisations BFASS British anD Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. IBMA Imperial Brazilian Mining Association. MCA Manchester Commercial Association. SJDR St. John D’El Rey Mining Company. Publications/Resources ASR Anti-Slavery Reporter. LBS Legacies of British Slave-Ownership database. ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. PP Parliamentary Papers. WCA Report from the Select Committee on the West Coast of Africa together with the Minutes of EviDence, AppenDix anD InDex. 4 Abstract The Problem of Anti-Slavery in the Age of Capital, c. 1830-1888 Joseph G. Kelly This thesis explores the relationship between Britain and transatlantic slavery in the post-emancipation perioD. Following West InDian emancipation various types of British capitalists continueD to profit from both the slave traDe anD slave-ownership. These economic connections haD to be rationalised within a Britain politically anD ideologically committeD to anti-slavery. I propose that the British government, abolitionists, anD capitalists were faceD with the problem of anti-slavery, namely the question of whether it was possible to operate morally in an Atlantic economy built upon chattel slavery. I explore a number of controversies relating to both British slave- ownership and involvement in the transatlantic slave traDe. I argue that these Debates must be consiDered as part of a longer traDition of slavery apologism that stretched back to the struggles over slave traDe abolition and West Indian emancipation. In Doing so I complicate our unDerstanDing of Britain as anti-slavery nation. Debates over British involvement of in transatlantic slavery blenDeD economic anD moral arguments. As such my thesis stresses the historically contingent nature of appeals to economic rationality, a key strategy of British capitalists justifying profiting from slavery. By examining business recorDs, private corresponDence, anD government papers I establish the material basis of British involvement with transatlantic slavery. I also analyse debates that took place in newspapers, journals, anD parliament to explore the arguments aDvanceD about Britain, commerce, anD slavery. I Demonstrate how British capitalists justifieD profiting from transatlantic slavery through a construction of Britons as more civilized than foreign slave owners, slave traders, and enslaved people. That this imagineD geography proviDeD a solution the problem of anti-slavery speaks to the heterogeneous nature of anti-slavery iDeology in Victorian Britain. 5 Introduction: The Problem of Anti-Slavery in the Age of Capital In June of 1840 abolitionists from arounD the globe crowDeD into LonDon’s Freemason’s Hall to attend the first General Anti-Slavery Convention. This was a granD occasion with even grander aims. In the opening adDress Thomas Clarkson, the 81- year-olD veteran of British abolitionism, laiD Down the gauntlet to his auDience: ‘My dear friends you have a most difficult task to perform; it is neither more or less the extirpation of slavery from the whole world.’1 Implicit in this call to arms were two assertions; that slavery had, mostly, been overcome in the British Empire anD that this success shoulD be exported to the wiDer worlD. British abolitionists having seen the Anglo-American transatlantic slave traDe abolisheD anD West InDian slaves emancipated looked out on a worlD still Dominated by slavery. Yet, some like the Irish abolitionist RicharD Allen also lookeD inwarDs. Warning against triumphalism Allen tolD the Convention ‘I have long been of the opinion that while we were speaking strongly against those abroad who are connecteD with slavery, we, ourselves, as a nation, were not entirely clear of the guilt.’2 The Irishman feareD that many British subjects remaineD heavily involveD in transatlantic slavery anD proposeD a committee investigate the following: 1. Whether manacles for slaves are manufactureD in this country? 2. Whether large quantities of inferior fire-arms are also manufactureD in Great Britain, to be solD to the Africans for their slave wars? 3. Whether cotton gooDs of a particular fabric anD to a large amount are manufactureD in this country, anD solely intenDeD for being useD in barter for African slaves? 1 BFASS, Proceedings of the General Anti-Slavery Convention, called by the Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, and Held in London, from Friday, June 12th, to Tuesday, June 23rd, 1840 (LonDon: 1841), p. 3.[https://archive.org/stream/oates71027137#page/n3/moDe/2up, accesseD 5 July 2017] (Italics in original) 2 IbiD, p. 265. 6 4. Whether persons in EnglanD holD shares in Brazilian anD other mines which are workeD by slaves? 5. Whether any British Joint Stock Banks have branch establishments in countries in which the slave-traDe prevails? 6. What are the quantities of gunpowDer exported from any port or ports in Great Britain to Africa anD other parts of the worlD, respectively?3 Allen’s questions spoke not only to fears about the complicity of Britons in the multi- national system of transatlantic slavery, but also to the diversity of British commercial activity in the early Victorian period. The first four DecaDes of the nineteenth century had been a period of economic innovation and ascendancy. British bankers, manufacturers, merchants, anD shareholDers haD inserteD themselves into the economies of the Americas anD Africa. This process haD corresponDeD with the dismantling of slavery within the British Empire from the Abolition Act of 1807 onwards, but now there appeared to be a tension between commercial expansion and moral progress. Allen’s speech was met with still more examples of British wrongDoing from the crowD. LonDon was said to be home to ‘sleeping partners in the mercantile houses of Cuba; and these traitors to humanity are the main