Pests of Trees and Palms in Hawai`I

Home , Achaea janata, Darna pallivitta, Freycinetia arborea, Opogona sacchari, Pandanus, Pandanus tectorius

A.H. Hara, UH CTAHR 3/12/2015

Pests of Trees and Palms in Hawaiʻi

Dr. Arnold H. Hara What will be covered University of Hawai`i at Manoa College of Tropical Agriculture & Human Resources (CTAHR) Komohana Research & Extension Center, Hilo, HI Identification

PRESENTED BY - By host plant Dr. Zhiqiang Cheng University of Hawai`i at Manoa, CTAHR - Positive pest ID before treatment Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences

Darcy Oishi Control Methods Mach Fukada Hawai`i Department of Agriculture - Prevention Plant Pest Control Branch - Biological control agents Susan Cabral - Ruth Niino-DuPonte Non-chemical University of Hawai`i at Manoa, CTAHR - Chemical Komohana Research & Extension Center, Hilo, HI

Palm Pests

o coconut rhinoceros beetle Oryctes rhinoceros o banana moth Opogona sacchari o coconut leafroller Hedylepta blackburni o fiorinia scale Fiorinia phantasma o hala scale Thysanococcus pandani o New Guinea sugarcane weevil Rhabdoscelus obscurus o coconut mite Aceria guerreronis o blue coconut leaf beetle Brontispa chalybeipennis

http://www.irac-online.org/

Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle (CRB) Life cycle of the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB) Oryctes rhinoceros Adult females lay eggs in dead Grubs (larvae) hatch in Native range: Southeastern Asia coconut palms, decaying organic 8 to 12 days from matter or mulch. whitish brown eggs (<1/4” long) laid in • CRB was discovered in Guam in September 2007. organic matter. • CRB was discovered in Hawai`i in December 2013. Adults live 4 to 9 months; each Beetle feeding damage: female lays 50 to 140 eggs during hole bored into trunk her lifetime. (below); leaves with V- cuts (right)

sharp spines on legs 1-1/4 to 2-1/4” long Grubs feed on decomposed Adult beetles remain in pupae for organic matter for 82 to 207 17- to 22 days, then emerge and days, and grow from ¼” to 4” fly to palm crowns to feed on long (3 instars). tiny mouthpart exududed sap.

Egg to egg-laying adult 1-1/2 to 2” long (132 to 282 days) Grubs enter non-feeding prepupal stage for 8 to 13 days usually in the soil; pupal stage lasts 17 to 22 days.

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Major CRB Breeding Site in Coconut Trimming Debris (Asan, Guam)

Damage caused by adult CRB boring into petiole at growing tip in Guam Known Host Plants of CRB

Larvae feed on rotting organic matter: • Preferred larval habitat is rotting Cocos nucifera (coconut) wood, followed by Artocarpus spp. (breadfruit), Calophyllum inophyllum In mulch and refuse piles (kamani), Mangifera spp. (mango), and Pandanus spp. (hala).

Adult beetles bore into plant tissue, causing damage: • Cocos nucifera (coconut), Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm), and In rotting coconut trunk terminal (can breed other Elaeis spp. above ground)

Circular boring damage to folded new terminal growth Area of attack by adult CRB bore hole thru frond petiole

Use binoculars or cherry picker hole on bucket truck to inspect taller trees grown-out with suspicious damage frond

hole on Rat or grown-out trimmer trunk damage GUAM GUAM

Banana moth Opogona sacchari Oriental flower beetle versus Coconut rhinoceros beetle wingspan ¾ to 1” 1-1/4” length • In Hawaii since 2002 (Protaetia orientalis) • Adult beetles active at night (nocturnal) • Adult beetles active during the day (diurnal) • Adult feeds on pollen, nectar, plant sap. Walter Nagamine, HDOA • May damage flowers of papaya, mango, up to 2.5” length, shiny black coconut. Pritchardia (largest beetle In adult grub Hawai`i) single, centered horn Caterpillars tunnel and feed on dead and living plant tissue, causing leaves up to 1” to wilt and eventually drop. length plumeria coconut Rough head • Adult beetle moss green to reddish- capsule black with white or metallic flecks with smooth head capsule • Grub crawls straight or flips on its back • Grub curls into a C-shape, crawls on its side REPORT SUSPICIOUS INSECTS OR DAMAGED TREES TO: Robert G Hollingsworth Hawaii Department of Ag Pest Hotline 643-PEST (7378) Frass and debris on these Dracaena canes infested with banana moth larvae. USDA-ARS-PBARC Contact insecticides (pyrethroids) are not effective if caterpillars have entered the plant stem.

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Coconut leafroller Hedylepta blackburni Larval feeding damage Fiorinia scale Fiorinia phantasma Damage on upper leaf surface of areca on coconut leaves • First discovered in Hawaii in Dec 2004 on Japanese privet on Oahu; previously, only reported from Philippines. • Found on palms, including coconut and traveler’s palm, kamani, Coconut leafroller’s Ficus benjamina, Cassia sp., naio (myoporum), pandanus, silk threads on heliconia, mock orange, Madagascar olive. Pritchardia leaf • Serious pest on areca palms in the landscape in Wailea/ Kihei, Maui (Sept 2011). • Natural enemies recently observed (ladybeetle, parasitoid wasp). Scales on underside • Horticultural oils should be effective against crawler stages. • Systemic insecticides (e.g. dinotefuran) and insect growth Older instars attach edges regulators (e.g., pyriproxyfen, buprofezin) may be effective. of leaves together with silk Ronald Heu, HDOA to create a protective chamber

The caterpillar molts five

times (1/12 to 1-1/4” Ronald Heu, HDOA length) before pupating. Cybocephalus nipponicus Parasitoid emergence hole on A nitidulid beetle ADULT MOTH F. phantasma, Plumeria leaf, feeds on this scale, Wingspan ~1” Kona whiteflies, and Females are yellow mealybugs Forest & Kim Starr, Starr Ronald Heu, HDOA with red stripes Environmental, Bugwood.org Janis Garcia, HDOA; Arnold Hara, UH-CTAHR Oct 2011

Hala Scale, Thysanococcus pandani New Guinea sugarcane weevil Rhabdoscelus obscurus • was first observed in Hana, Maui in 1995, Adult female and East Maui's hala (pandanus) is infested weevil chews • causes loss of leaf quality (yellowing, through plant pupa in fibrous cocoon deformation, shortening) formation of prop tissue, deposits its eggs from which roots in unusual places, loss of plant vigor larvae hatch and frass tunnel through • Adult scale’s dark body is surrounded with a adult weevil white fringe. host plant tissue larva (grub) and eventually pupates. Hala scale damage causes leaf • Rarotonga, in the Cook Islands, apparently Walter Nagamine, Hawaii Department of Agriculture yellowing (Ha'iku, Maui) lost its hala trees in the 1920s to this scale. Adult weevils are active in late afternoon, night. Host plants: palms, dracaena, sugarcane, anthurium Walter Nagamine, Hawaii Department of Agriculture

Walter Nagamine, Hawaii Department of Agriculture Larval feeding damage to coconut palm Larval feeding damage to loulu palm Wendy Osher (Aubrey Moore and George Wall, University of Guam) http://guaminsects.net/uogces/kbwiki/index.php?title=New_Guinea_sugarcane_weevil_damage_to_coconut (Pritchardia sp.) Hala scale on a hala leaf and fruit (keys) http://www.reportapest.org/pestlist/thypan.htm The larvae of a parasitic fly introduced in Hawaii (Lixophaga spenophori) attack weevil grubs.

blue coconut leaf beetle Brontispa chalybeipennis Coconut mite Aceria guerreronis Mite pierces tissue under protective perianth at stem • mites are microscopic and end of immature fruit translucent, and may appear only as a silvery patch when viewed with a 10x hand lens. • mites disperse by wind, being carried on insects or birds; in dense plantings, mites are able to crawl between plants. actual size: .01 L x .002 W inches Adults and larvae feed on/ between young terminal leaflets of coconut palms (browning, fraying). Fruit develop cork-like surface with deep cracks, may prematurely drop or be deformed, stunted and scarred.

Eulopid wasps (Tetrastichus brontispae) parasitizing a larva; had been controlling the beetle since 1992, but beetles have recently been observed on Maui and O`ahu. All photos: Hawai`i Department of Agriculture

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Cycad Pests

o cycad scale Aulacaspis yasumatsui

Cycad scale Innoculative Biological Control of the Cycad Scale Aulacaspis yasumatsui Rhyzobius ladybeetle

female larva pupa adult

male

Adult female and eggs under armor

• Heavy infestations difficult to control with insecticides, including systemics and insect growth regulators. • A neonicotinoid, dinotefuran, is effective on cycad scales and soft scales. Immature ladybeetle infests the roots, trunk, leaves and • Horticultural oils have provided the most feeding inside scale covering petioles of cycads, especially sago consistent control in FL (at 4 applications at palms, and to a lesser extent, 10-14 intervals). queen sago and zamia. • Long term control with a ladybeetle

Examples of Beetles Near Peak Densities Biological Control (3 Months after Establishment) Biological Control - reduction of pest populations by natural enemies (predators, parasites or diseases). Classical - introduction of natural enemies (from the pest’s native home) to a new locality where they do not occur naturally. Fortuitous – “do nothing”; natural enemies unintentionally arrives with pest to new locality or is already in new locality. Augumentative - supplemental release of natural enemies. Innoculative Release: release mass numbers of natural enemies to prey or parasitize target pest Inundative Releases: release a few individuals and rely on their natural reproduction by preying or parasitizing target pest.

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Insecticide Toxicity to Natural Enemies Conservation of Beneficial Insects Duration of Selectivity Common name Predator General impact to Class (affected Parasites (trade name) Mites Predators natural groups) enemies

• Learn to recognize natural enemies and when a pest is carbaryl Broad Moderate/ (Sevin) carbamate (insects, mites) High High Long already parasitized. High Broad chlorpyrifos (insects, OP • Avoid plantings in windy or ocean front areas, or (Dursban) mites) Moderate High High Moderate fenpropathrin extremely hot environments. Modify conditions to Broad Moderate (Tame) similar Pyrethroid (insects, High High High Long for Talstar encourage natural enemies. to (Talstar) mites)

imidacloprid Narrow • Avoid use of broad spectrum insecticides: Neonico- (sucking, - - (Merit as a drench) tinoid insects) Low Low Organophosphates: Dursban, Malathion imidacloprid Narrow Neonico- (sucking, - Short to Carbamates: Sevin (carbaryl) (Merit as a foliar) Moderate High tinoid insects) moderate Pyrethroids: Talstar (bifenthrin) Broad Insecticidal Soap (insects, soap (M-Pede) mites) Moderate Moderate Moderate Short to none http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r302900111.html

Honeydew-producing Insects and sooty mold Woody plant pests Honeydew excreted by aphids, mealybugs, soft scales, and/or - sucking/rasping mouthparts whiteflies adheres to plant surfaces, serving as a medium for sooty mold growth. This black, powdery fungus inhibits photosynthesis . lobate lac scale Paratachardina pseudolobata and is aesthetically unappealing. . glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca coagulata . Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri . cotton lace bug Corythucha gossypii . azalea lace bug Stephanitis pyrioides . spiraling white fly Aleurodicus dispersus . giant white fly Aleurodicus dugesii . acacia psyllid Accizia uncatoides . myoporum (Naio) thrips Klambothrips myopori . fringed aphids Cerataphis spp.

Biological control of Papaya Mealybug on Plumeria Controlling ants to reduce infestations of honey-dew producing insects

Cryptolaemus • Ants feed on sweet honeydew excreted by aphids, mealybugs, montrouzieri soft scales and whiteflies. • Ants will nurture these pests by protecting them from Biological Control parasitoids/predators. “Mealybug destroyers” resemble • 4 species of ladybeetles. adult mealybugs but are actually • 3 species of tiny parasitic wasps • Using “softer” chemicals and encouraging predacious insects the larvae of a ladybeetle. These larvae have longer legs and move providing excellent control of will reduce these pests and help control ants. to prey on insects while mealybugs mealybugs in most situations in are not as mobile and suck on Hawaii. plant sap. Mealybug destroyers are less numerous than mealybugs in a colony.

Mealybugs

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lobate lac scale Paratachardina pseudolobata • First seen in Hawaii Oct 2012 on Ficus benjamina , Moanalua Park. • Produces honeydew which promotes sooty mold

Zhiqiang Cheng, UH CTAHR • Host range of over 300 species of woody plants, including Fabaceae (Acacia), Malvaceae (Hibiscus), Lobate Lac scale Moraceae (Ficus), Myrtaceae (Eugenia, guava), rose, (adults, black), (crawlers,red) gardenia, Phoenix palm, mango, tahitian gardenia, golden rain tree.

• Hard to spot these tiny scales against woody bark of Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture, Plant Pest Control Branch stems; usually not found on stems larger than ¾” Walter Nagamine, Darcy Oishi, Bernarr Kumashiro, Janis Garcia • Belongs to lac scale family from which shellac is made diameter • In Florida (Howard & Steinberg 2005), drench application of imidacloprid) to large Indian • Adult female lobate lac scales are X-shaped, dark red- Laurel Tree, Ficus retusa, eradicated lobate lac scale for over a year (523 days). brown, and 1/16” in L W H • Foliar applications of imidacloprid and bifenthrin were also highly effective against crawler • Immature scales are bright red, flat, oval, 1/64” long and adult stages of lobate lac scale. • In Hawai`i, imidacloprid was very effective for 1 year (on-going observations) on weeping Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture, Plant Pest Control Branch banyan and Chinese banyan (Zhiqiang Cheng, UH CTAHR). Walter Nagamine, Darcy Oishi, Bernarr Kumashiro, Janis Garcia

Glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca coagulata On-going research at UH Manoa on 10 weeping • Native to the SE US (Louisiana, Mississippi, ADULT banyan and 45 Chinese banyan trees indicates that NYMPH Alabama, Arkansas, Texas, N & S Carolina, imidacloprid is very effective against lobate lac northern Florida) and northern Mexico scale, and the treatment effect lasts for at least • Detected in California in 1989; threat to grape, one year (Z. Cheng, UH CTAHR). wine, almond, and citrus as a vector of deadly plant diseases • Found in Tahiti in 1999; “sharpshooter rain” a nuisance to residents and tourists 3.5 4.5 Untreated (Control) TRT • Found in Waiau and Waimalu areas on O‘ahu in Imidacloprid A B 4.0 C May 2004, spreading to adjacent areas. No plant l 3.0 D

v E

e blister on leaf surface 3.5 l

L disease-causing organisms accompanied GWSS

e o

l 2.5

t 3.0

n to Hawai‘I at that time.

a f

2.5 t n s 2.0

I • wide host range of >250 species of ornamental e

eggs on underside

n I a 2.0 e plants including, citrus, oleander, roses, avocado, M 1.5 1.5 and macadamia nut. In Hawai‘i, also on hibiscus, 1.0 1.0 Tahitian gardenia, croton, crown flower, 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 Month after Treatment Months after tretatment monkeypod, oleander, African tulip, Pittosporum weeping banyan trial Chinese banyan trial tobira, mountain apple, and plumeria. (E: control; A & C: treatments containing imidacloprid) Photos by Jack Kelly Clark, University of California, Davis 44 days from egg to egg-laying adult

Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri

• Adults and nymphs feed on plant sap. • Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening disease, is caused by a bacteria spread by this psyllid as it feeds. parasitized eggs Gonatocerus morrilli adult feeding position • Symptoms are initial yellowing of leaves on an individual G. ashmeadi laying eggs in GWSS (1/6-1/8” L) limb or part of tree’s canopy, and eventually fruit are egg mass. affected (abnormal shape, coloring, premature drop). • Nymphs also excrete honeydew (through waxy tubules), which promotes sooty mold and attracts ants.

Gonatocerus ashmeadi nymphs and cast skins wasp emergence holes

These GWSS egg parasitoids are found in the southeastern US, and related species may occur in Hawai‘i. G. ashmeadi may have been on eggs when GWSS arrived in Hawai`i. Gonatocerus triguttatus nymphs excrete waxy tubules citrus greening on mock orange Photos by Jack Kelly Clark, University of California, Davis unless otherwise specified http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74155.html

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cotton lace bug Corythucha gossypii ORCHID TREE: LEAF YELLOWING LEAF DAMAGE ON CASTOR BEAN AND BLEACHING HOST PLANTS o soursop, Annona muricata o orchid tree, Bauhinia variegata o castor bean, Ricinus communis o red hibiscus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis nymph adult o Erythrina sandwicensis o white sapote, Casimiroa edulis R. Heu, HI DOA W. Nagamine, HI DOA o akia, Wikstroemia sp. Adult actual size: 1/10” length CONTROL METHODS FOR COTTON LACE BUG CULTURAL W. Nagamine, HI DOA • First observed in the state in 2001 in • For a light infestation, remove affected leaves and soak Kapolei, O‘ahu and has since been found in soapy water before discarding. on Maui, Kaua‘i, and the Big Island. CHEMICAL ADULT FECES • For heavier infestations, horticultural soap has been • Has been observed feeding on at least 16 effective but should be sprayed directly on the insects. plant species (including weeds, Follow label rates and recommendations. vegetables) but is most common on castor • Systemic insecticides, such as imidacloprid, initially take CAST NYMPHS bean and the orchid tree. longer to work but will provide months of protection. SKINS BIOLOGICAL • Common in southern Florida • Probably only general predators, such as green Forest & Kim Starr tiny, shiny black fecal spots, nymphal cast skins on undersides of leaves Photo # starr-030530-0037 lacewings. distinguish lace bug damage from spider mite damage M. Fukada, HI DOA

Azalea lace bug Stephanitis pyrioides Giant Whitefly Spiraling Whitefly Aleurodicus dugesii Aleurodicus dispersus Host plants: Evergreen azalea, rhododendron, EGGS pyracantha, andromeda, laid in waxy spiral and vireya varieties are secretions preferred; other members of laurel family

1/10” length PUPA Damage by nymphs and adults NYMPH NYMPHS feeding on undersides of leaves, causing discoloration ranging 1 x .75 mm from white to bronze stippling Short, waxy on topside of leaves, less Fine, long, filaments & colorful flowers (similar to thrips waxy filaments cottony damage), which lowers the secretions plants' aesthetic qualities and ability to produce food by James. L. Castner, University of Florida Clemson University - USDA CES Slide Series inhibiting photosynthesis. Patterned Wings with few ADULT Natural enemies: stink bugs, spiders, predaceous mites, assassin bugs, lacewings. wings, tent-like light markings, Physical method: Spray underside of leaves with strong stream of water over body flattened over Chemical: nymphs appear the most vulnerable stage; use contact sprays of organic soaps, insecticidal length up to 4 mm Length 2-3 mm body soaps, hort oils. For heavier infestations, imidacloprid, beta-cyfluthrin and cyfluthrin are most effective.

Giant Whitefly Spiraling Whitefly Biological Control of the Giant Whitefly

1 mm (1/25”)

W Nagamine HDOA W Nagamine HDOA Encarsia guadeloupe Idioporus affinis

Up to 100s of giant whitefly adults and Spiraling whitefly on undersides of leaves nymphs per leaf 1/16” Delphastus pusillus Parasitized giant whitefly nymphs • First discovered on O`ahu in 2002 on • First discovered on O`ahu in 1978, then on all major hibiscus (native to Mexico; also occurs islands by 1981 (native to Central America and the • Two wasps are effectively controlling the giant whitefly in Hawaii: Encarsia guadeloupae, in California, Texas, Louisiana, Florida) Caribbean; also found throughout the Pacific islands, brought in 1980 to control the spiraling whitefly, and Idioporus affinis, which arrived with tropical Asia, West Africa, southern Florida) the giant whitefly from California (“fortuitous” biocontrol). • In Hawaii, favored plants include • fiddlewood, hibiscus, and plumeria, Parasitic wasps may not be effective in windy or oceanfront areas and in hotter conditions • Plumeria is the most preferred, but other host plants with lighter infestations found on (greenhouses, interior landscapes) and partly sheltered areas (under eaves). include many vegetable, ornamental, fruit, and shade other plants such as hau, milo, • Tiny black ladybeetles are found among heavy whitefly infestations. Both adult and larvae trees in Hawaii avocado, citrus, and guava. stages feed on whitefly eggs and nymphs.

• Cultural: remove and bag infested leaves for disposal; Physical: directed “syringing” with a strong • 1/2 - 1-1/2” long filaments produced • Population builds up during warm, dry weather (June stream of water directed to undersides of infested leaves as effective or better than chemical by nymphs – Sept), decreasing with heavy rains and cool treatments; Chemical: IGRs (pyriproxyfen) and neem are not as detrimental to parasitic wasps as temperatures (from December). insecticidal soaps or horticultural oils are. • .

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Biological Control of the Spiraling Whitefly Acacia psyllid Psylla uncatoides Parasitic wasps are very effective against the spiraling whitefly • first found in Hawaii in 1966 except in windy, coastal areas. • feeds and breeds in the new growth of koa • has become a serious pest of the closely related koaia (Acacia koaia) • Feeding can result in the accumulation of black sooty mold on koa leaves parasitized and phyllodes. (Leeper & Beardsley 1973) whitefly nymphs W Nagamine HDOA Normal whitefly Aleuroctonus Encarsia sp. vittatus emergence (non-parasitized)

Adult

Photos: Scot Nelson, UH CTAHR parasitized whitefly pupa

1.0 – 1.5 mm L A predacious lady beetle Parasitoid emergence Nephaspis sp. hole Physical: Apply strong stream of water to underside of infested leaves; Cutlural: Healthy plants without water stress can better tolerate whitefly infestations; Chemical: Systemic neonicotinoids applied as drench Damage to koa by acacia psyllid S Nelson, UH CTAHR or bark spray, foliar applications of IGRs are effective and least detrimental to biological control agents. Nymph

Myoporum or Naio thrips Klambothrips myopori fringed aphids • only aphid known to commonly occur Cerataphis spp. on palms; resembles scale insects or whitefly pupae • have been recorded on Pritchardia palm (loulu) and various orchids, including vanilla Galling damage to naio papa (false Dying Myoporum sp. along • generally occur in dense aggregations, sandalwood) (Kona, HI) roadway (San Diego, CA) typically on the young and unopened • Myoporum thrips are specific to plants in the fronds, but also occasionally on the genus Myoporum. flowers and young fruits • The minute pirate bug, Orius sp., a thrips predator, has controlled myoporum thrips in • secretes honeydew and are often CA and will also impact thrips in HI. tended to by ants, which covers the • Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides that will aphids with protective debris. harm these predators. on orchids and palms • Suggested chemical treatments include neonicotinoid drench (dinotefuran) and Leaf galls (left); larva (top) and adult naio spinosad foliar application (spinosad) thrips (bottom).

Biological Control of Aphids Chewing Insects

. Nettle caterpillar Darna pallivitta . Chinese rose beetle Adoretus sinicus A parasitic wasp laying Wasp eggs hatch The adult wasp cuts a Lacewing larva with aphid prey. its eggs in an aphid. circular hatch and David Cappaert, Michigan State University, within live aphids that Bugwood.org . Croton caterpillar Achaea janata swell as the wasp emerges from the develops within. mummified aphid. Praying mantis . Citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella . Pacific beetle cockroach Diploptera punctata Ladybeetles Lacewings Hoverflies

immature

adult Pseudoscorpion

Curinus coeruleus Azya orbigera Lacewing eggs

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stinging nettle caterpillar Darna pallivitta

Newly-laid eggs Hatching larvae MatureMature larva larva

nettle caterpillars on mondo grass pupae in phoenix palm Prepupa Pupa Adults

male female

Life stages S Chun (UH CTAHR) and W Nagamine (HDOA) larval stage: 45-72 d (8-11 instars); pupal stage 18-20 d; adult 8-12 d Life cycle (egg to adult eclosion): 72 to 87 days adult moths

Host Status of the Nettle Caterpillar in Hawaii Host range test plant species for Darna pallivitta honohono grass Commelina diffusa (Prior to Host Range Study) iris Crocosmia (Tritonia) ×crocosmiiflora Name Host Status* Name Host Status* Manila palm Veitchia merrillii vigna (beach pea) (indigenous) Vigna marina Coconut C+ Honohono grass F Coffee Coffea arabica ti Cordyline terminalis Mondo grass C+ Maunaloa vine F starfruit Averrhoa carambola Koa (endemic) Acacia koa Ti plant C+ Monkey grass Mamaki (endemic) Pipturus albidus Areca palm C Monstera F loulu plam (endemic) Pritchardia hillebrandii Phoenix palm F dracaena Dracaena massangeana ; Dracaena fragrans Dracaena spp. C loulu Hiwa palm (endemic) Pritchardia martii Pink Quill Fishtail palm C Peace lily Spathiphyllum sp. 'Clevelandii' Pony tail F tree fern (hapuù) Cibotium chamissoi Rhapis palm C pink quill Tillandsia cyanea Rabbit’s foot fern F ìeìe (indigenous) Freycinetia arborea Walking iris F+ Red ginger F pandanus (hala) (indigenous) Pandanus tectorius Banana F òhià lehua (endemic) Metrosideros polymorpha Chickweed F Whaleback F monstera Monstera deliciosa ùki (indigenous) Dianella sandwicensis Golden glory F (HDOA & UH-CTAHR data) common guava Psidium guajava *Host Status F = Observed Feeding C= Completed life cycle + = Heavy infestations Koster's curse Clidemia hirta mock orange Murraya paniculata observed

Short Term Control Strategy Long Term Control Strategy Insecticides Against the Nettle Caterpillar Classical Biological Control of Nettle Caterpillar

Days to • An effective natural enemy was discovered in Taiwan, imported to Brand Name Common Name Class >95% mortality* Hawaii, evaluated extensively, then approved and released by Hawaii Board of Agriculture and USDA in 2007. Decathlon cyfluthrin pyrethroid 3 • Aroplectrus dimerus has been very effective on the nettle Dursban chlorpyrifos organophosphate 3 caterpillar. Conserve spinosad spinosyn 14 Adult wasp laying eggs on caterpillar Wasp eggs hatch, feed on caterpillar Dipel Bacillus thuringiensis microbial 14 Sevin carbaryl carbamate 14 * Moribund caterpillars stop feeding but brushing against spines will cause sting.

W. Nagamine, Hawaii Department of Agriculture W. Nagamine, Hawaii Department of Agriculture

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Croton caterpillar Achaea janata Chinese rose beetle Pupation occurs in soil. Pupae are ¼ W x ½” L. Adoretus sinicus

Pupa These larval stages (grubs) ½ inch long, T.M. Leong, 2010 reach a maximum length of Egg to adult reddish brown, The pupa (1/4 “ length) is 1-1/3”, do not attack live 6 to 7 weeks plant tissue, and prefer to covered with encased in loosely woven silk. live in loose, rich soil, leaf fine white hairs st rd litter, or compost. 1 to 3 Adult Adult moth – nocturnal, black & white instars Eggs banding not always visible (~ 2” wing span) S. Cabral, UH CTAHR) Tiny eggs are laid 1-½ • First found on O`ahu in 1944; has since spread to inches beneath soil surface all of the islands. • A fungus found in soil, Metarrhizium • Outbreaks of the predominantly brownish-gray anisoplia , infects and destroys many caterpillars, up to 2-1/2” long, have been documented in Green Sands, Pahala, Naʻalehu, beetles (grubs and adults) particularly Miloliʻi, and Kailua-Kona in 1955, 1992, 1996, during the wet season. and 2011. • Adult beetles are attracted to light , so • In addition to croton, other host plants include T.M. Leong, 2010 light traps can be used with light Nocturnal feeding damage by adult beetle vegetables and ornamentals (kou, poinsettia, mini white poinsettia), but also consumes infestations. noxious roadside/pasture weeds (koa haole, castor bean and Christmas berry).

Citrus leaf miner Pupation occurs in leaf mines; the 4th instar Pacific beetle cockroach spins a silk cocoon, and draws the leaf edge Diploptera punctata Phyllocnistis citrella over the pupa as protection.

Egg to adult A H Hara, UH CTAHR 3 weeks burrowing cockroach pupae Pycnoscelus indicus Larva and leaf mine damage 0.7 to 0.9” length ¾ to 1” length Mach Fukada, HDOA Hawai`i Department of Agriculture A H Hara UH CTAHR

adult Silvery, serpentine leaf mines caused by tunneling larvae (3 of 4 Adult moths are about the size of instars) are typically found on undersides of young terminal a mosquito (2/10 “), with leaves, rarely on upper leaf surfaces, stems or fruit. hindwings that appear feathery with a black spot at the tip girdling A tiny parasitic wasp Ageniaspis citricola (adult, far left and pupae, near left) is established on all islands and has kept citrus

leafminer under control. A H Hara, UH CTAHR S Nelson, UH CTAHR Brian Bushe, UH CTAHR All photos: Walter Nagamine, Hawaii Department of Agriculture

Two larval stages that feed black (coffee) twig borer on ambrosia fungus precede pupation. Xylosandrus compactus Boring Insects Grubs

. Black twig borer Xylosandrus compactus Tiny eggs are laid on ambrosia fungus inside twig galleries. . Plumeria stem borer (long-horned beetle) Lagocheirus undatus Egg to adult Eggs 30 days . Eucalyptus long-horned borer Phoracantha semipunctata . Monkeypod round-headed borer Xystrocera globosa Dieback symptoms Pupae The pupae are initially white, changing to light brown with black wings Adults (female) near maturity. Upon emergence, adults are light brown.

Pinhole entry Female beetles become shiny to gallery in twig black in 3-4 days, and are about 1/16 “ L, while males are about half as long, incapable of flight, and turn reddish-brown.

10 A.H. Hara, UH CTAHR 3/12/2015

Plumeria borer, plumeria stem borer or plumeria Eucalyptus longhorned borer Monkeypod round- longhorned beetle Lagocheirus undatus Phoracantha semipunctata headed borer DAMAGE Xystrocera globosa • The larval stage of the plumeria longhorned beetle first feeds on dying or decaying plant tissue, moving on to feed on live stem tissue from within Host plants: mostly • Affected stalks have a small entry hole oozing with black liquid. leguminous trees, including albizia, Leaves fall and the tree eventually dies. acacia • Hosts include but are not limited to plumeria, hibiscus, allamanda Adult beetle (1/2 - 1-1/4” length) vine, kukui nut, breadfruit, and poinsettia. adult beetle 0.6-1.25” length • Cut off infested branches; remove and http://www.cerambycoidea.com/foto.asp?Id=96 destroy to prevent adult beetles from • Moisture-stressed, injured or spreading. pruned trees most susceptible but Source: (PDDIRS – submitted by J Yalemar) borers will also attack healthy trees. larvae causing • Breeding sites: freshly chopped Juliana Yalemar HI Dept of Agriculture feeding and boring logs, drying branches for firewood Adult beetle: ¾ inch long Walter Nagamine, Hawaii Department of Agriculture damage to a (burn, bury, chip, or solar-treat eucalyptus log Steve Freeland bagged wood for several months)

Erythrina Gall PUPAE (20 d after egg-laying) 1 mm (length) 1.5 mm Wasp ADULT Quadrastichus Gall-forming erythrinae

. Erythrina Gall Wasp Quadrastichus erythrinae . Chinese banyan stem gall wasp Josephiella sp.

. Chinese banyan leaf gall wasp J. microcarpae Causes galls by egg deposition and larval feeding on leaves and petioles 14 day old LARVAE – native wiliwili Male Female

Photos: W. Nagamine, Hawaii Department of Agriculture

A Successful Classical Biological Control Banyan leaf gall wasp Josephiella microcarpae Banyan stem gall wasp Josephiella sp.

Zhiqiang Cheng, UH CTAHR

Hawai`i Dept of Agriculture Hawai`i Dept of Agriculture

11 A.H. Hara, UH CTAHR 3/12/2015

Treating a tree for banyan stemgall wasp On-going research at UH Manoa on 45 Chinese banyan trees indicates that emamectin benzoate is effective to some extent against stem gall wasp up to 14 months after trunk injection.

Both emamectin benzoate and imidacloprid were effective against leaf gall wasp up to 18 months after trunk injection. (Z. Cheng, UH CTAHR)

• 40” diameter trunk at chest height 5.0 Trt. Trt. Control Control 4.5 Ema Ema

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• Pressure applied with bicycle pump (50 PSI) a

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v 3.0 A • Better uptake during mornings with cooler temperatures A

2.5 3.0 • Acephate had quicker knockdown of stem-galling wasp compared with imidacloprid; Trt. CE I CE I C E I CE I CE I CE I CE I CE I CE I C E I CE I CE I CE I Trt. CE I CE I CE I CE I CE I CE I CE I C E I CE I CE I C E I CE I CE I emamectin benzoate and imidacloprid were effective against the leaf gall wasp up to 18 Month after treatment 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 18 Month after treatment 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 18 months after trunk injection (Zhiqiang Cheng, UH CTAHR) Stem gall infestation level (1-5) Leaf gall infestation level (1-5)

COMMON ANTS IN HAWAIʻI Ants Larger than 2.0 mm Smaller than 2.0 mm Red Brown Black Red Pale Two-tone _ _ _ - - o Little Fire Ant Wasmannia auropunctata

Pheidole megacephala Technomrymex spp. Monomorium pharaonis Plagiolepis alluaudi Tapinoma melanocephalum “big-headed ant” “white-footed ant” “pharaoh ant” “yellow ant” “ghost ant” Length: 3.0 mm. Length: 3.0 mm. Length: 1.5-2.4 mm Length: 1.4 mm Length 1.6 mm Soldier w/ enlarged head Abdomen teardrop-shaped Slow-moderate moving Semi-translucent body Fast moving Slow moving Slow-moderate moving Moderate moving Stings Does not Sting _ _ _ _ _

Monomorium destructor Anoplolepis gracilipes (longipes) Ochetellus glaber Solenopsis papuana Monomorium floricola “Singapore ant” “long legged ant” “black house ant” a red ant “floral ant” Length: 1.8-3.5 mm Length: 4.0 mm Length: 2.5 mm Length: 1.8 mm Length: 1.8 mm polymorphic workers Long antenna Abdomen short, rounded Dark brown abdomen Narrow body Slow moving Fast moving Moderate moving Slow moving Slow moving Prefers sweets (sucrose) Prefers fats, protein _ _ _ _ Very similar to LFA: Check antenna club, propodeal spine)

Solenopsis geminata Paratrechina spp. Wasmannia auropunctata Tetramorium simillimum “red ant” “crazy ant” “little fire ant” (photo: PIA) Length: 3.5 mm Length: 2.3-3.0 mm Length 1.9 mm Length <2 mm Moderate moving Long antenna and legs Stings Stings Fast, erratic moving Slow moving Slow moving * Actual size bar in upper right corner of photo Prefers fats, protein Prefers fats, protein

little fire ant (LFA) Wasmannia auropunctata Tropical fire ant or “red ant” Solenopsis geminata

Little fire ant (LFA) Wasmannia auropunctata

claspers

C Hirayama, HI Dept of Agriculture • LFA workers are ~ 1.5 mm (1/16”) L, reddish to golden brown, and move very slowly • Distinctive characteristics under magnification.

. 2 GROOVES on the front of the head where the antennae can lay at rest (antennal scrobes) Large, dark colored, often winged ants in . antennae end in two-segmented CLUBS LFA colony are reproductive males and . long, pointy SPINES on the upper abdomen (propodeum) queens (although queens can reproduce . 2 NODES (petiole and post-petiole) without mating (cloning)). W Nagamine, HDOA (queen’s wings clipped) Photo credits: (left) http://antkey.org/taxa/wasmannia-auropunctata; (right) Michael Branstetter / © AntWeb.org / CC-BY-SA-3.0

12 A.H. Hara, UH CTAHR 3/12/2015

FIRST STEP: MONITOR / SURVEY FOR LFA USING FOOD LURES SECOND STEP: APPLY INSECTICIDAL ANT BAITS (REPEAT AS NEEDED) Amdro Pro, Probait, Maxforce Complete (hydramethylnon) • LFA prefer protein sources, like peanut butter, hot dog,

luncheon meat (use SMALL amounts). • Spray paint the chopsticks or vials a bright color to make them easier to locate and recover.  morning, late afternoon, or when overcast Corn grit with soybean oil sugars, proteins (including silk  hot and sunny conditions or heavy rain worm pupae), fats and oils, which vial with luncheon meat stick with peanut butter accommodate insects' changing nutritional needs  smear Extinguish Plus  dollop (hydramethylnon + methoprene)

W Nagamine, HDOA

LFA attraction to different baits (2 hours after placement) Control Amdro Pro Probait TIPS for SUCCESSFUL ANT BAITING (Peanut Butter) 0.73% hydramethylnon 0.73% hydramethylnon • Be consistent (re-apply every 4-6 weeks according to label) • Make your applications count! WHEN: afternoon with no forecast of rain since it degrades in sunlight (12 hours) and more rapidly in rain (45 minutes) minimal wind movement to control where granules are placed WHERE: LFA do not forage very far, so monitor populations to place bait near each colony Scott™ “Handy Green” fertilizer Apply baits according to label specifications for site and spreader type of plants (edible or ornamental) MaxForce Complete Extinguish Plus Extinguish Professional 1.00% hydramethylnon 0.36% hydramethylnon + 0.50 % S-methoprene LFA Fact Sheet 4 “An improved spreader for ant baits: How to modify a cheap fertilizer spreader 0.25% S-methoprene so it works more effectively” – Hawai`I Ant Lab

PASTE ANT BAIT FOR COLONIES IN TREES

3 cups warm water

2 cups corn oil or other vegetable oil

4 Tbsp Tango (methoprene)

1 Tbsp xanthan gum LFA attracted to a splatter of bait on a plant leaf

Formulation will have the consistency of mayonnaise. Apply with hand-held sprayer up into trees.

Cas Vanderwoude www.littlefireants.com

13 A.H. Hara, UH CTAHR 3/12/2015

THIRD STEP: CONTINUE TO MONITOR/SURVEY WITH FOOD LURES AND PREVENT REINFESTATION Pest Alerts • Look for and correct potential nesting sites around buildings and grounds to deter LFA colonies. o Red palm mite Raoiella indica o Red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus • To prevent dispersal by movement of infested plants, carefully inspect plants before transporting them. o Giant palm weevil (South American palm weevil) Rhynchophorus palmarum • Drench potted plants with hot water (113 oF for 10 min) or o Bamboo Long-Horned Beetle Chlorophorus annularis Sevin before movement from an infested area. o Wingless Weevil Otiorhynchus dieckmanni • Create chemical barriers, if necessary, to deter LFA o Soft Wax Scale Ceroplastes destructor migration from adjacent properties (Talstar or Upstar (bifenthrin), or Termidor (fipronil) (PCO only, around o Japanese Wax Scale Ceroplastes japonicus buildings).

Red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

red palm mite Raoiella indica

Photos by: John Kabashima, UCCE Christina Hoddle – UCR, CISR • Two color forms: red stripe (found in Laguna Beach, CA from Malaysia/Asia) and orange/red color (Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Mediterranean) • Feeds on over 19 palm species but prefers Phoenix spp., Canary Island date palm Adults attracted to dying, damaged, or healthy palms. • Larvae bore into soft tissue (tree crown, upper portion of trunk, base of petioles in mature palms, decaying tissue of dying palms, trees < 5 yrs old)

Oozing brown sap, exit holes Damage at growing tip Damage at base Chewed fiber, sawdust Mite photos: Daniel Carrillo http://www1.montpellier.inra.fr/rhynchophorus/sources/index.php?page=rhynchophorus_cycle_de_vie

giant palm weevil Rhynchophorus palmarum Bamboo Long-Horned Beetle or South American palm weevil Chlorophorus annularis

John Kabashima Oregon DOA, Steve Valley

Peter Kovarik John Kabashima Ken Walker Description Distribution Host Plants Description Distribution Host Plants Larvae feed on growing tissue at Tropical regions of Found in bamboo products palms: oil, coconut, dried bamboo products crown of palm; vector of nematode Mexico, Caribbean and (garden stakes, baskets, Phoenix; papaya, citrus, South/Southeast Asia, (garden stakes, baskets, that causes red-ring disease of Central America, South building supplies); black and banana, guava, mango Australia building material), coconut; deep black (1.8” L) America yellow pattern on adult sugarcane, citrus (0.5” L)

14 A.H. Hara, UH CTAHR 3/12/2015

Wingless Weevil Soft Wax Scale Otiorhynchus dieckmanni Ceroplastes destructor

Christoph Benisch Rosa Henderson, Landcare Research, NZ Bugwood.org Botanic Gardens Trust Sydney Description Distribution Host Plants Description Distribution Host Plants Found in soil under plants; grasses, clovers, mock Body completely embedded in female can reproduce orange, lettuce, privet, white wet wax with irregular citrus, coffee, avocado, parthenogenically (without Western Europe Africa, Asia, Australia, strawberry, rose, ridges and furrows. Under wax, cocoa, guava, plumeria, fertilization by male); South Pacific Islands conifers adult is reddish-brown. oleander nocturnal (0.3” L) (0.25” L)

Japanese Wax Scale Links to Presentation and Handouts Ceroplastes japonicus

Dr Arnold Hara’s website (select “Presentations” on menu at left) http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/haraa/index.asp

University of Hawai`I CTAHR Publications (search by topic) http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/site/Info.aspx

Hawai`I Department of Agriculture New Pest Advisories http://hdoa.hawaii.gov/pi/ppc/new-pest-advisories/ Giuseppina Pellizzari Bugwood Giuseppina Pellizzari Bugwood Hawai`iAnt Lab / Dr Cas Vanderwoude (download “how-to” guides) http://www.littlefireants.com/ Description Distribution Host Plants Oval or rectangular, reddish Insect Resistance Action Committee (updated MoA booklet) ornamentals, fruit brown under thick oily wax http://www.irac-online.org/updated-irac-moa-classification- East Asia, Europe, Russia trees (apples, pears, covering that is pinkish-gray to booklet-and-poster-now-available/ peaches, citrus) pinkish white. (0.2” L)