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12 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

(4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for 2007 – the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the protection of his interests. for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater Article 24. Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including knowledge about man-made climate change. reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays 2006 – and of Bangladesh with pay. for their efforts to create economic and social development from Article 25. (1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living below. adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his 2005 – Mohamed ElBaradei and the IAEA for their efforts to family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other safest possible way. lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. 2004 – () for her contribution to (2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and sustainable development, democracy and peace. assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall 2003 – (Iran) for her work fighting for democracy enjoy the same social protection. and the rights of women and children. Article 26. (1) Everyone has the right to education. Education 2002 – (USA) for his decades of untiring effort shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and professional education shall be made generally available and social development. higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of 2001 – the and for a better merit. organized and more peaceful world. (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the 2000 – Kim Dae-jung for his work for democracy and human human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, and reconciliation with North Korea in particular. tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious 1999 – Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) in groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for recognition of the organization’s pioneering humanitarian work the maintenance of peace. on several continents. (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education 1998 – and for their efforts to find a that shall be given to their children. peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland. Article 27. (1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the 1997 – ICBL (International Campaign to Ban Landmines) and cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in for their work for the banning and clearing of anti- scientific advancement and its benefits. personnel mines. (2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and 1996 – Carlos Felipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta for material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in production of which he is the author. East Timor. Article 28. Everyone is entitled to a social and international 1995 – and the Pugwash Conferences on Science order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration and World Affairs for their efforts to diminish the part played by can be fully realized. nuclear arms in international politics and eventually to eliminate Article 29. (1) Everyone has duties to the community in which such arms. alone the free and full development of his personality is possible. 1994 – (Chairman of the Executive Committee (2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be of the PLO, President of the Palestinian National Authority), subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for (Foreign Minister of Israel) and the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights (Prime Minister of Israel) for their efforts to create peace in the and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of Middle East. morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic 1993 – (Leader of the ANC) and Fredrik society. Willem De Klerk (President of the Republic of South Africa). (3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised 1992 – Rigoberta Menchú Tum (Guatemala) for his campaign contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. work for human rights, especially for indigenous peoples. Article 30. Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as 1991 – (Myanmar), opposition leader and implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any human rights advocate. activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of 1990 – Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (president of the USSR) the rights and freedoms set forth herein. for helping bring the Cold War to an end. 1989 – The (Tenzin Gyatso) for his religious and political leadership of the Tibetan people. 1988 – The United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces. Winners: 1983–2007 1987 – Oscar Arias Sánchez (President of Costa Rica) for initiating peace negotiations in Central America. When the scientist, industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel 1986 – (USA), author and humanitarian. died in 1896, he made provision in his will for his fortune to be 1985 – International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear used for prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, War, Boston, USA. Literature and Peace. A prize for Economics was added later. 1984 – Desmond Mpilo Tutu (South Africa, Bishop of The Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Nobel Peace Johannesburg) for his work against apartheid. Prize, and the Nobel Foundation in (founded 1900; 1983 – Lech Wałęsa (Poland), founder of Solidarity and human Mailing address: Box 5232, SE-10245, Stockholm, Sweden) rights campaigner. awards the other five prizes. The Prize Awarding Ceremony takes place on 10 Dec., the anniversary of Nobel’s death. The last Norwegian Nobel Committee Headquarters: Det Norske 25 recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize, worth 10m. Sw. kr. in 2007, Nobelinstitutt, Henrik Ibsens gate 51, N-0255 Oslo, Norway. are: Website: http://www.nobel.no/

B. Turner (Ed.), The Statesman’s Yearbook © Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 2008