RUPRECHT-KARLS-UNIVERSITÄT HEIDELBERG INSTITUT FÜR POLITISCHE WISSENSCHAFT ASEAN’S DEFENCE DIPLOMACY: THE ROAD TO SOUTHEAST ASIAN DEFENCE COMMUNITY? Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Dr.rer.pol. im Fach Politischenwissenschaft vorgelegt von Rodon Pedrason Eingereicht an der Fakultät für Wirtschafts - und Sozialwissenschaften der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelBerg Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Aurel Croissant, Institut für Politische Wissenschaft, Universität HeidelBerg 2. Prof. Dr. Jörn Dosch, Lehrstuhl für Internationale Politik und Entwicklungszusammenarbeit, Institut für Politik- und Verwaltungswissenschaften, Universität Rostock HeidelBerg, im Sommersemester 2015 i Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine whether the practice of ASEAN member states’ defence diplomacy through practical defence cooperatives for handling security challenges in Southeast Asia contain the characteristics of a defence community which could pave the way for the formation of a future Southeast Asian defence community. The security challenges facing the countries of Southeast Asia today lie in creating a stable environment. The debate over the concept of security has broadened the discourse on regional security cooperation, which drives states to engage more deeply in multilateral diplomacy in order to defend better and promote their national interests, and particularly in handling problems in maintaining a stable peace in the region. As the unit of analysis, this study examined the forum of the ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting (ADMM) and ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting Plus (ADMM-Plus), and selects six ASEAN member states as the loci of the study, namely: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore; Thailand and Vietnam. The different forms of government system became the reasons for selecting these six countries, i.e. a democratic state such as Indonesia, a semi-authoritarian system such as in Malaysia and Singapore, a monarchy as in Brunei and Thailand, socialist countries such as Vietnam. However, only four out of the six chosen countries were founding members of ASEAN. This study proposes two central questions. The first question focuses on the development of forms of threats found in Southeast Asia today, which encourages ASEAN member states to conduct defence diplomacy, while the second question focuses on whether the implementation of ASEAN defence diplomacy helps to shape an ASEAN defence community. In answering those questions, this study is applying qualitative methodology to address an explanatory aspect of these questions, and using the theory of regionalism through presenting empirical evidence of ASEAN member states practical defence diplomacy. It seeks to show how ASEAN member states develop their military role in handling new emerging non-traditional security threats contain the characteristics of a defence community which could pave the way for this regional organisation to turn into a collective defence grouping. ii Acknowledgements All Praise be unto Allah, the Almighty, for the completion of this doctoral thesis. Heartfelt thanks to Prof. Dr. Aurel Croissant as my “Doktorvater” who was willing to accept me as his disciple and helped me from the very beginning of my study in Germany. Without his invaluable guidance, understanding, patience and unlimited support, this doctoral thesis would not have been finished. I am also very grateful to Prof. Dr. Jörn Dosch for his willingness to be my Co-Supervisor and for his support in finishing my study. I am deeply indebted to ‘my brother’ Prof. Bantarto Bandoro of Indonesia Defence University whose guidance and mentorship for years has been a major source of inspiration to pursue higher education as a doctoral student to the completion of this study. My sincere thanks to Dr. Yohanes Sulaiman for his criticism and thoroughness for various drafts of writing this doctoral thesis. This doctoral thesis and my presence in Germany would not have been possible without the role of the Indonesian Ministry of Education which provided me with an Excellent Scholarship; specific thanks to Dr. Abe Susanto as the man in charge of this scholarship provision. My grateful thanks to the Indonesian Ministry of Defence, Indonesian National Defence Force, and Indonesian Army, which make taking a doctoral education in a foreign country for active military personnel like me be possible. I would also thank the Faculty of Total Defence Strategy at Indonesia Defense University for supporting me in pursuing a doctoral education. Academic colleagues at the Political Science of Heidelberg University have also contributed to this study. My particular gratitude goes to Dr. Philip Lorenz who guided my early presence at Heidelberg University and taught me political science material on a weekly basis, and of course for his iii patience in treating me as family. Thanks to Dr. David Kühn, who monitored the progress of my thesis, Stephan Giersdorf who supported me with specific written work related to this thesis and Thomas Wencker to whom I owe much for helping me in creating a thinking concept that opened ‘my road’ for research. I must also not neglect my Indonesian friends as well as my doctoral fellows in Heidelberg who have, in their own ways, assisted me during my study: Faishal and his family, Aditya and his family, Ikwan and Yanti, Mbak Diah and Marc, Adi and his family and many other Indonesian fellows from my time in lovely Heidelberg. Additionally, I need to mention Dr. Widya Sumadinata and his team at the Department of International Relation, Padjajaran University, Bandung for their constructive critics and discussion, Chello for helping me in transcribing the interviews result, without which this thesis would not be accomplished. My sincere thanks also go to my interview partners who provided their time and shared their experience as well as their valuable information. Last but most important, the greatest honour and appreciation are assigned to my beloved wife, Lisa for her love, encouragement, patience, understanding and her tireless support. My son, Ibi and my daughter, Like for their belief that I can accomplish this doctoral thesis. I also owe deep gratitude to my mother, and parents in law for their faith and love. I dedicate this humble piece of work to all of them. Although the institutions and persons mentioned above provided significant contributions to my study, I alone take full responsibility for any factual inaccuracies and misinterpretations in this doctoral thesis. iv Table of Contents Abstracts …………………………………………………………………… i Acknowledgments ………………………………………………………… ii Tables and Figures ………………………………………………………. viii Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………… ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: THE STUDY OF DEFENCE DIPLOMACY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA ……………………………………. 1 1. Background …………………………………………………………... 1 2. Security Regionalism in Southeast Asia ………………………….. 3 3. Does Defence DiPlomacy in Southeast Asia Matter? …………… 6 4. Definition of Defence DiPlomacy …………………………………… 13 5. Definition of Defence Community ………………………………….. 18 6. Statement of Problems ……………………………………………… 22 7. Research Design …………………………………………………….. 25 8. Thesis Structure ……………………………………………………… 27 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW: DEFENCE COMMUNITY AND THE ASEAN COMMUNITY ……………………………………………… 28 1. Introduction …………………………………………………………… 28 2. Regionalism in Southeast Asia’s Defence DiPlomacy ………….. 30 3. Defining a Security Community ……………………………………. 37 4. The Construction of ASEAN Community ………………………….. 46 5. The Significance of Study ………...………………………………… 53 6. Summary ……………………………………………………………… 56 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY …………………………………............. 58 1. Introduction …………………………………………………………… 58 2. Qualitative Research ………………………………………………… 58 3. Case Selection ……………………………………………………….. 62 4. Data-Gathering Techniques ………………………………………… 65 4.1. In-DePth Interview …………………………………………..... 66 v 4.2. Direct Observation ……………………………………………. 71 4.3. Documentary Analysis ……………………………………….. 72 5. Data Analysis ………………………………………………………… 73 6. Summary ……………………………………………………………… 75 CHAPTER 4 THE HISTORICAL EXISTENCE OF COLLECTIVE DEFENCE ORGANISATIONS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONALISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA………………………………….. 76 1. Introduction …………………………………………………………… 76 2. The DeveloPment of Regionalism …………………………………. 78 3. Historical Evidence of Collective Defence in Regional Organisations in Southeast Asia …….…………………………….. 83 3.1. The creation of Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO) ……………………………………………………….. 84 3.2. The Establishment of Association of Southeast Asia (ASA) 86 3.3. The Formation of Malaysia, PhiliPPines and Indonesia (MAPHILINDO) ……………………………………………….. 88 3.4 The Formation of ASEAN ……………………………………. 91 3.5. The Emergence of ADMM …………………………………… 95 4. The Characteristic of a Defence Community in a Southeast Asian Defence CooPeration ………………………………………... 99 5. The Reasons for Defence Procurement …………………………... 102 6. Summary ……………………………………………………………… 106 CHAPTER 5 REGIONALISM IN HANDLING SECURITY ISSUES ….. 108 1. Introduction …………………………………………………………… 108 2. Common PercePtions of Threat in ASEAN ……………………….. 109 3. Political Efforts and Defence CooPeration Mechanism in Tackling Challenges …………………………………………………. 112 3.1. The RoadmaP for an ASEAN Community ………………….. 114 3.2. The Mechanism of Defence DiPlomacy Within the Framework of ADMM …………………………………………. 121 3.3. The Mechanism of Defence DiPlomacy Within the Framework of ADMM-Plus …………………………………… 127 3.4. Working Mechanism of ADMM and ADMM-Plus ………….. 129 vi 4. ASEAN Defence Industry Collaboration (ADIC) ………………….. 133