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ICAC RECORDER June 2017 THE ICAC RECORDER International Cotton Advisory Committee Discover Technical Natural Information Section Fibres VOL. XXXV No. 2 Initiative JUNE 2017 Update on Cotton Production Research JUNE 2017 3 Contents Pages Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................3 Beware of the Boll Weevil, Bollworms, Whitefly and Leaf Curl Virus .................................................................... 4 Dr. David Matthias Stelly, Winner of the “2017 ICAC Researcher of the Year Award” ....................................... 30 International Cotton Researchers Association (ICRA): Updates on Major Activities .......................................... 31 ACRDN VII Meeting ............................................................................................................................................ 32 ALIDA XIV Meeting ............................................................................................................................................. 32 Introduction This issue of THE ICAC RECORDER has a technical article, in India and partly in Pakistan, whiteflies and leaf curl virus authored by Keshav R. Kranthi. It deals with immediate and proliferated in ecosystems saturated with the newly approved impending threats of boll weevil, bollworms, whitefly and susceptible Bt-cotton hybrids/varieties. Whiteflies developed leaf curl virus to cotton production systems in major cotton resistance to almost all recommended insecticides due to growing countries. In addition to the technical article, a brief repeated and indiscriminate use. Outbreaks followed soon. note from Dr Michel Fok, Chair of the International Cotton Recently, pink bollworm infestations have been causing Researchers Association (ICRA) provides an update on recent serious economic losses because of resistance to Bt-cotton in ICRA happenings. THE ICAC RECORDER is please to India and Pakistan. Reports of Bt-resistant-Helicoverpa spp., present a brief biographical sketch of Dr David Stelly, ICAC in USA, China, India and Pakistan are also causing concerns. Researcher of the Year 2017. Thankfully, there are some remedies and solutions reported Recent research publications indicate that there are at least in scientific literature. However, many of these are not five biotic-threats in the five major cotton growing countries, immediately around the corner. Biotech Bt-cotton expressing India, China, USA, Pakistan and Brazil which need to be VIP3A is a possible next-gen remedy that is now available taken seriously to prevent yield losses and to arrest a possible for use, but how long and how effectively it would keep decline in global cotton production. The five major problems Helicoverpa spp., at bay remains to be seen, especially in are represented in the newly discovered cotton bollworm light of bollworm resistance to the Cry1 and Cry2 proteins. Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) species in South America; the Recent scientific publications report a few other novel biotech pervasive presence of the notorious boll weevil in Brazil; the cotton technologies for the control of boll weevils, whiteflies, Bt-resistant pink bollworm, the highly invasive insecticide- CLCuD and bollworms. Unfortunately, these new biotech resistant whiteflies and the intractable cotton leaf curl virus products may take a few more years to complete biosafety disease (CLCuD) in India and Pakistan; and the impending assessment and field evaluation before they are approved for problem of Bt-resistant Helicoverpa species in USA, China, commercial cultivation. India and Pakistan. The increasing level of pesticide usage Pest management becomes fragile and more challenging in these countries over the recent past is a pointer towards when worms become resistant to Bt-proteins and insecticides. the rising levels of pest infestation. These pests pose serious In the absence of a robust arsenal of scientifically developed threats to cotton production and cannot be ignored. Except tools, these pests can potentially recreate the nightmarish the newly found H. armigera in Brazil, the other insect pest situation of the yester years. New insecticides are available, and disease problems are not new to these countries. All five but the worms have a history of winning the battle hands problems are recalcitrant and the countries are aware of this. down when confronted with chemicals. The current desperate Until about a few years ago, whiteflies and CLCuD were kept predicament of having to deal with the monstrous boll under control in India and Pakistan, with a combination of new weevils, the insecticide resistant whiteflies, the incurable leaf insecticides and tolerant cultivars developed by public sector curl virus and the Bt-resistant bollworms, steers the roadmap institutions, whereas bollworms were effectively controlled back again towards IPM. Why IPM? Will IPM deliver now by biotech Bt-cotton. But the overconfidence of rapid when it was considered to be unsuccessful in yester years by deployment of biotech cotton in a multitude of new cultivars, several researchers? The fact is that there is no alternative as while ignoring the basic tenets of integrated pest management of now except to look at holistic options that can lend long (IPM), allowed the worms to return with vengeance. Mostly term sustainability to pest management. All such roads lead The ICAC RECORDER (ISSN 1022-6303) is published four times a year by the Secretariat of the International Cotton Advisory Committee, 1629 K Street, NW, Suite 702, Washington, DC 20006-1636, USA. Editor: Keshav R. Kranthi <[email protected]>. Subscription rate: $220.00 hard copy, $180.00 electronic version. Copyright © ICAC 2017. No reproduction is permitted in whole or part without the express consent of the Secretariat. 4 ICAC RECORDER to IPM. However, IPM can be a practical option only if taken IPM was ignored almost completely. It is never too late to wake seriously. There is a need now to scientifically reflect on the up. Amalgamation of all available pest management strategies past performance of cotton IPM so that lessons can be learnt that work in consonance with ecosystem engineering could to reinvent and reconsolidate it with the help of new scientific provide a robust roadmap towards sustainability. The article findings. For sure, the worms would not have gained an upper ‘Beware of the boll weevil, bollworms, whitefly and leaf curl hand, if IPM strategies were implemented right from the virus’ attempts to throw some insights on potential remedies inception, incorporating Bt-cotton as one of the IPM tools. that are available in scientific literature, and a few that could Unfortunately, Bt-cotton in many countries was seen as ‘the be available in the future. silver-bullet-panacea’ to the bollworm problem, consequently Beware of the Boll Weevil, Bollworms, Whitefly and Leaf Curl Virus Keshav R. Kranthi, ICAC In the last ten years, five countries, India, China, USA, Pakistan enhancement that may take place, especially in the five major and Brazil together constituted 72 to 76% of the global cotton cotton producing countries. area annually and contributed to more than 75% of the global cotton production each year. In the recent past, there The Five Major ‘Biotic-Stress’ have been clear signals from research publications that pest Challenges problems are brewing up in these top five cotton producing countries. These insect pests are notorious. Concerted efforts The five major cotton growing countries are now plagued are required to address the problems at the earliest before they with either new insect pests or with Bt-resistant bollworms become more serious. The boll weevil, cotton bollworm, pink or herbicide resistant weeds and increasing pesticide usage. bollworm, whitefly and leaf curl virus are known to cause Incidentally, in all the five countries, the major yield-limiting heavy economic crop losses and are difficult to manage. factors are biotic threats. These relate to insects and an insect Needless to state, changes in production of the five countries transmitted disease. will impact global production proportionately. The most serious threats are: The past ten years were characterized by global yield • The boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis (Boheman) and stagnation and trends towards increasing chemical usage. the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hΰbner) in Increase in pesticide use during this period indicates the Brazil; increased levels of attention drawn by insect pests and an • The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), the leaf curl insect-vector transmitted disease. Yields reached a plateau in virus and the Bt-resistant pink bollworm, Pectinophora India, USA, Pakistan and Brazil over the past 10-12 years, but, gossypiella (Saunders) in India and Pakistan; have been on the ascent consistently during the past several years in China. Though, everything looks deceptively normal • Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) in USA and impending threat as of now, the different undercurrents of biotic threats in the of Bt-resistance in H. armigera in India, Pakistan and five major countries can potentially destabilize cotton yields China. in the near future, if unattended to. One of the major concerns The problems are very serious and so is the potential threat to is that, while insect pest infestation levels in major cotton cotton production systems growing countries continue to increase, new technologies to The threats are being addressed efficiently
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