SCULPTURED STONES Of SCOTLAND AND IRELAND. 306

VIII. ON SOME POINTS OF RESEMBLANCE BETWEEN THE ART OF THE EARLY SCULPTURED STONES OF SCOTLAND AND OF IRELAND. BY J. ROMILLY ALLEN, F.S.A.SooT. s beeha n t I assume somy b d e antiquaries thae peculiath t r stylf eo art we are accustomed to call Celtic, for want of a more precisely descriptiv es origi it term d n Irelandi n ha , d spreaan , d thenc otheo et r parts of Great Britain, and even to the continent of Europe. No doubt it is true that Celtic art attained its highwater-mark of excellence in the Irish MSS. of the best period, such as the Books of Kells, e wortb Armagh y h d ma whilDurrow t an i , et inquirinbu , o what g t extent the scribes who illuminated these beautiful codices were in- debted to foreign sources for the ideas they elaborated with such unrivalled ingenuity d alsan o; whethe e similaritieth r s which exist betwee e Christiath n n monument e lltth s hdatino t h g8t froe mth centurie n varioui s s part f Scotlando s , Ireland, England d Walesan , , may not be accounted for by development along parallel lines, rather than by copying one from the other. To the Fellows of this Society the most interesting part of the investigation will be the tracing of any points of resemblance it may possible b o detect e t betwee e earlnth y sculptured stone f Scotlano s d and those of Ireland. My attentio s beeha nn recently directe o thit d s subjec y severab t l very good rubbings, which have bee frieny , takenm me y dsen b no t t Mr D. Griffith Davies of Bangor, of some hitherto unpublished cross- shafts and fragments at Clonmacnoise, King's County, Ireland. Photograph f thes o se her ar ee reproduced (fig I thin . d 1)t i an k; wil t a oncl e strike s anyonfamiliai o wh e r wit e earlth h y sculptured stones of Scotland, that the designs upon the large shaft at Clon- macnoise, more especially the figure subjects, are in many particulars very like what one would expect to see on an upright cross-slab in Perthshire or Forfarshire. e shaf Th s sculpturei t relien di foun o f r face s follows:a s —

EARLY SCULPTURED sfoMEs OF SCOTLAND AND IRELAND. 311

Front.—Divided into three panels, containing— (1) A beast with floriated tail, and below it an ecclesiastic on horse- back, carrying a crozier over his shoulder. staA ) g (2 wit s tonguit h e protruding s righit d t an fore-le, g fixed in a rectangular frame or hobble. (3) Figures of four men placed swastica-fashion, with their limbs interlaced, and grasping each other's beards with one hand, and lona ge nex locth f tk o man' s hair wit othere hth . Back.—Divided into three panels, containing— (1) Interlaced work, composed of three vertical rows of spiral knots. (2) A beast with crest forming interlaced work, eating or strangling a serpent. (3) A pair of men placed symmetrically opposite to each other, with their fore-locks interlaced mako t s a efigura o s , f eigheo t knots, and grasping each other's wrists. Riylit Side.—Divided into four panels, containing— (1) The tail of a serpent interlaced. spiraA ) (2 l design, consistin largx si ef g o tripl e spirals arrangen di a double row, with smaller spirals tilling in the spandrils. (3) Interlaced work, composed of knot No. 265, arranged in two vertical rows, each knot facing alternately upward downd san - wards (being the same as pattern No. 633, only with knots in a double instead of a single row). (4) Zoomorphic interlaced work. Left Side.—Divided into three panels, containing— (1) A pair of serpentine creatures, whose bodies form interlaced work, derived from a twelve-cord plait, each biting the tail of the other. (2 spiraA ) l design, consistin eighf go t large triple spirals, arranged in two vertical rows of four each, with smaller spirals filling in the spandrils. pai A f serpentino ) r (3 e creatures, whose bodies form interlaced work of the same type as pattern No. 402 B1 and portion of an interlaced pattern composed of knot No. 265, arranged in a 1 Thi somewhas si t different frointerlacey man d patter t recordenye Scotlandn di . e deriveb y dma froaddiny t I b m 0 gpatter61 extr. No na cord t eaca s h side,'and 312 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 10, 1897.

single vertical row, facing alternately upwards and downwards (being the same as pattern No. 633, but with an extra cord on each side). The ecclesiastic on horse- back on the Clonmacnoise slab at once calls to mind the three hooded horseme stone th en no t aMadoesS t , Perthshired an , the single hooded horseman on the stone at Eilean M6r, Argyllshire. The stag below and the beast above with the floriated tail (perhaps intended for a lion, like those on the stones from Papil and Bressay e th n i n Shetlandi w no , Jfational Museum, which are also associated with cowled monks) apparently have some symbolical significance when combined with the horseman, say eas not thougto y is it h what meanin intendeds gwa . Photographs are exhibited for compariso a rubbin f o n g of a fragment at Clonmacnoise (fig. 2) with a horseman and two beasts having floriated Fig. 2. Fragment of Cross-Shaft (?) at Clonmac- tails, one biting the fore-leg of noise. Photographed fro ma rubbin Dy b g. Griffith Davies. the other; and a portion of a

making them twis r croso t s over between each pai f knots o r pattern i s a , n .No. 705, froe Boomth f Durrow o k e samTh e. pattern t wit e knotbu , hth s arrangea n di double instead of a single row, occurs on another cross-shaft at Clonmacuoise (O'Neil . S) pi4 2 . EARLY SCULPTURED STONES OF SCOTLAND AND IRELAND. 313

cross-shaft at Killeany, Aran Mor, Galway^ with a horseman upon it (figs. 3 and SA). The latter was sent to me by Prof. A. C. Haddon. n earlA y Irish drawing opriesa f horsebackn o t s cowhi , l thrown back and his head tonsured, but not in the Celtic way, is to be found in the

Fig. 3. Fragment of Cross-Shaft (?) at Killeany, Fig. 3A. Fragment of Cross-Shaft at Killeany, Aran Mor. Front. Aran Jlor. Back. From photographs by Prof. A. C. Haddon.

margie Book a th pagf Kells,f o n o i n et LukS e xvii. 2-7. (Celtic Ornaments Boohe th f Kells,f o o pi. 43.) As far as I am aware, the only instance of the curious hand-grasping men placed swastica-fashion which occur n e sidScotlani s th f eo n o s di a recumbent monument at Meigle;1 although four serpents similarly 1 Proa. Son. Ant, Scot., vol. xii. pi. 25. 314 PKOCEEDlNGS Of THE SOCIETY, MAY 10, 1897.

arranged are to be seen on a stone at Eilean .Mor,1 Argyllshire, and the hand-grasping idea is perhaps to be detected in the figure of a mermaid (?)

on another stone at Meigle.2 Groups of men placed swastica-fashion

4 arc used decoratio e inth f thno e Book of Kells; Lismore th 3 e Crozier ; the north cross at Kilklispeen,5 Co. Kilkenny; the cross of SS. Patrick and Columba in Kells churchyard;6 the cross in the market place at Kells;7 the cross of Muredach at Monasterboice;8 and the north cross at Clonmacnoise.9 Hand-grasping figures not placed swas- tica-fashion may be noticed in other pages of the Boole of Kells, in the

t GalS l Boo f Fragmentsko . 1395,,No anothed 11an t GalS r l MS.e Th 13 w swastica arrangement anhand-graspine dth a g o possiblt idey e ama du e yb Scandinavian source, though the treatment is otherwise peculiarly Celtic. The spiral knot, with the awkward reverse curve of the band to join it 011 to the next knot, on the top panel of the back of the Clonmacnoise shaft, may be observed on the monument known as ' Sueno's Stone ' at Forres, on one of the narrow faces of which are also a pair of mermen,13 with their tails forming knot-work like those on the bottom panel of the Clonmacnoise shaft. r GriffitM h Davie s madsha eseriea f rubbingso larga f o se numbef o r inscribee th d cross-slab t Clonmacnoisesa , whic hopee able h b o et o st complete this year. Mr R. A. S. Macalister has these rubbings in his cared intendan , o publist s h them eventually comparisoA . e th f o n rubbings with the illustrations given in Petrie's Christian Inscriptions in the Irish Language has shown what an urgent need there is to have

Capt. White, Archaeological Sketches, Kyntyr Knapdaled ean , pi. 2S). 1- Stuart's Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. i. pi. 132, No. 18. Palceoy. Soc. Publ., , firspi89 . t t Mark'pagS f eo s gospel. s 4 O'Neill's Fine Arts of Ancient Ireland. ° O'Neill's Sculptured Grosses of Ancient Ireland, pi. 7 . 6 Ibid., pi. 28. 7 Ibid., pi. 34. 8 Ibid., . pi15 . » Ibid., pi. 24. 10 Celtic Ornaments from Booke th of Kells,. 37 pis , , 276 . 30 , 11 C. Purton Cooper's " Appendix A to Keport on Eymer's F'jedera," pi. 21. 12 Ulster Jour, of Archaeology, vol. viii. 13 These are not properly shown in Stuart's Sculptured Stones of Scotland. EAKLY SCULPTURED STONES 01' SCOTLAN IRELANDD DAN 5 31 .

accurate representations of all the Cloiimacuoise slabs. These are the most important historical monument e Earlth f yo s Christian period existing in Ireland; yet the Board of Works are such careless guardians of them that the allowee yp ar pilee b to periodicall p o e du dt th n o e yon e otheroth f foro t , mtemporara e ycelebratio th alta r e festivafo r th f no l of St Ciaran. The result is, that the slabs are being greatly damaged, mand an f theyo m have disappeared altogether sinc r PetrieD e mads ehi sketches. As Dr Petrie's identifications of the persons whose names are mentioned on the slabs are not always founded on correct readings, their valu therefors ei e considerably impaired. e questio e geographicaTh th f no l distributio e Iristh hf o ncrosse s si one to which sufficient attention has not been paid. The following is a e localitieth lis f o t s wher e beseth t known crosse foune s b ar o et d :—

ULSTER. Co. Donegal. Co. Gavan. Cardonagli. None recorded. Clonca. .Fahan. Go. Monayhan. Glencolumkill. Clones. Tory Island. Go. Londonderry. Co. Armagh. None recorded. Armagh. Co. Antrim. Tynan. None recorded. Co. Fermanagh. Co. Down. Boho. Camus. Drmngay Crannog. Dromore^ Co. Tyrone. Drumgoolan. Arboe. Kilbroney. Donaghmore. Newtownards (?).

LEINSTER. Co. Longford. Co. Louth. None recorded. Drumeskin. Co. WestviuKtli. Monasterboioe. None recorded. Termonfechin. Co. Meath. Duleek. Co. Dublin. Kells. Clondalkin. t KieransS . Finglas. Lisnock (?). Tallaght (?). 316 PROCEEDING f O THS E SOCIETY 10Y , MA 189?, .

LEINSTER—continued. King's County. Co. JVicklow—continued. , Clonmacnoise' . Blessingtou (?). Durrow. Delgany (?). Banagher. King's Court (?). . - Tihilly. Co. Kilkenny. Queen's County. Graiguenamanagh. None recorded. Kilklispeen. Killamery. Co. Kildare. Kilree. Castle Deriuot. Ullard. Kiloullen. Dunnauiagan. Moone Abbey. Co. Carlow. Co. WicMow. None recorded. - Fassaroe. Co. Wexford. Glendalough. Ferns.

CONNAUGHT. Co. Mayo. Go. Gaiway. None recorded. Aran I., St Brecan's. Aran I., Kileany. Co. Sliyo. Ardoilean. Drumcliff. Gong. Inismurray. Macdara's I. Tuam. Co. Leitrim. Go. Roscommon. None recorded. None recorded.

MUNSTEB. Go. Clare. | Co. Kerry. Dysart, near Ennis. Reask. Kilfenora. Go. Limerick. None recorded. Co. Cork. Co. Tipperary. Tullylease. Mona Incha. Koscrea. Co. Waterford. Cashel. None recorded. EARLY SCULPTURED STONES OF SCOTLAND AND IRELAND. 317

SUMMARY SHOWING GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF IRISH CROSSES.

N. E. ULSTER. LBINSTER. Co. Donegal, 5 Co. Longford, . Co. Londonderry, 1 Co. Westmeath, . Co. Antrim, Co. Meath, Co. Fermanagh, 2 Co. Louth, . Co. Tyrone, 2 Co. Dublin, Co. Cavan, King's County. , Co. Monaghan, . 1 Queen's County, Co. Armagh, 2 Co. Kildare, . DownCo , 5 Co. Wicklow. , Co. Kilkenny. , Co. Carlow, Co. Wexford, . 18 26

W. S. CONNAUGHT. MUNSTER. Co. Mayo, .... Co. Clare, .... 2 Co. Sligo, .... 2 Co. Limerick, . . . Co. Leitrim, Co. Tipperary, . 3 Co. Galway, C Co. Kerry, . " . 1 Co. Hoseommon, Co. Cork, .... 1 Co. Waterford, .

8 7

Looking at this summary of the geographical distribution of the Irish crosses, several remarkable facts are disclosed; namely, (1) the total number of recorded localities where such monuments exist in Ireland only amount s therefori n d allo aboui t s an ,0 6 et extremely smals a l compare 0 localitied30 wit e n th hScotlandi s n Englandi 0 n i 25 , 5 1 , n Walesi e greate th 0 Isle ) 4 f th Mane o (2 ; rd proportioan , e th f o n Irish crosses occu n Leinstei r d Ulsteran r e finesth , t examples being e countieth in f Tyroneo s , Meath, Louth, Kildare, Kilkennyd an , .in King's County; (3) the almost entire absence of crosses in Connaugh d Munster,—thian t s being especially remarkable th n i e 318 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 10, 1897.

counties of Kerry, Cork, and Waterford, which contain nearly the whole of the ogam-inscribed pillar-stones of the earliest Christian period. After making every allowance for the imperfect record we at present possess of the localities where the Irish crosses exist, and giving due weigh o suct t h consideration e greateth s a s r facility with which free- stone suitabl r sculptur e fo obtaine b n ca en particula i d r districts, aud alse relativth o e position e ricth h f o agriculturas e will th landd d an , tracts of mountain, bog, and barren moorland, the significance of the deductions to be made from the geographical distribution of the Irish crosses is in no way lessened. All the facts stated appear to me to indicate (1) that the pre-Norman crosses and other ornamented monuments in Ireland are, as a general rule, of later date than thos f Scotlandeo , England r Waleso , ) tha(2 ; t early Christian sculpture in Great Britain had its origin in Northumbria, and spread thence to Scotland before it spread to Ireland ; and (3) that the efflorescence, as Prof. A. C. Haddon has called it, of Celtic art is largely due to the stimulating effect of the continual intercourse between the Celts, the Anglo-Saxons, and the Norsemen, which took place after the English became Christians, and Ireland, Scotland, and Wales ceased to be isolated communicatiod an , n wit e Continenhth t became more frequent.' connection I n with this subject t wili , instructive b l o compart e e eth geographical distribution of the Irish crosses with the maps given in Miss Stokes Lord an ' d Dunraven's work n ancieno s t Irish architecture, observo t d nearlw an areae ho yth n whicsi e rouncrossee th hth d d san towers are most common correspond with the districts ravaged by the Northmen. e scrollTh e f crossefoliago sth n t o Kellsa es , Monasterboiced an , Clonmacnoise are clear indications of Northumbrian influence, as also

1 . ColleDH r y March hold e samth s e view n 'Ancieno s t Irish Art.e saysH " , "The conclusio e drawb o s t irresistibleni n e featureTh .f earlo s y Christian'art introduced from without .... Wherever these Byzantine and Scandinavian art- currents memingledd an t resule th ,s bee ha t n reinforcemen enrichmend an t t beyoni> strengte th beautd an h y that either possessed alone," Trans, Lam, d Cheshirean Ant, Soc,, vol, xi, EARLY SCULPTURED STONES OF SCOTLAND AND IRELAND. 319 are the bird-motive and leaf-motive patterns in the Book of Kells, The portraiornamentes it t Joh S d f no an t d frame e . sambeath a MS ren i l striking resemblance in the style to the decorations of the Lindisfarne GospelDurhae th d msan Cassiodorus I hav t bee. eno n abl deteco t e t anything clearly Scandinavian in the designs upon the Irish crosses, but the artificers in metal who made the shrine of the bell of St Patrick's will (A.D. 1091), and the crozier of Clonmacnoise, in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, have embodied two very characteristic Scandinavian features in their decorative work, namely, the pear-shaped eye, with the pointed end in front, and the two-toed beast. These are almost universal on the Scandinavian rune-inscribed monument e lltth hf so century . As regards the points of resemblance between the shapes of the early Christian monuments of Scotland and of Ireland, it is only in the West of Scotland that high crosses of the Irish type are to be found, the best known examples being at Kildalton in Islay (figs. 4 and 4A) and at lona. Upright cross-slab true th e f Scottiso s h typ conspicuoue ear y sb their absence in Ireland, in which country the monuments may be divided into four classes :— (1) Eude pillar-stones, with plain incised crosses of the very early period, and contemporary with some at least of the ogam inscriptions. ) Erec(2 t slabs, lef thein i t r natura havint l stateno d g, an their edges trimmed square, with ornamental crosser o s e carveon n o d both of the broad faces, but with no decorative background 'to the cross or frame round the whole slab, as in Scotland. These are often erected on a rude sort of altar built of dry rubble, and are now used for praying-stations, as on Inismur- n MacDara'o d an y sra e Islandnorth-westh f of , t coasf o t Ireland. ) Recumben(3 t sepulchral slabs, also left with their edges rough, havin n ornamentaa g l cross d generallan , y accompaniey b d an inscription in minuscules. The largest group of these monument t Clonmacnoisea s i s . 1 Celtic Ornaments from the Booh of Kells, pi. 34. 320 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 10, 1897.

Fig. 4. Cross at Kildalton, Islay. Front. EARLY SCULPTUKED STONES OF SCOTLAND AND IRELAND. 321

Fig. 4A. Cross at Kildaltou, Islay. Back.

VOL. XXXI. 322 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 10, 1897.

e higTh h ) crosses(4 , like thos t Monasterboicea e , Clonmacnoise, and Kells. s onli t yI upo lase nth t clas f monumeno s t that Celtic ornamens i t e Iris e othersth th largelhe n cas i f th MSSs o e a , n , yI of mad. e us e ornament is but sparingly used, chiefly in the form of decorative bosses in the centre of the crosses, and of interlaced or spiral terminations to e crosses th e arm th f o s . e higth Eve hn o ncrosse e ornamentath s l patterns are made quite subordinate to the figure subjects, just the MSSe reverssmalle e case th Th th n ei f wha.e o b rfine crossew to d t s and cross-slabs, with nothing but purely geometrical ornament upon them, commoo whics e ar hn Scotland i n , England Walesd an , , seem hardlo yt Irelandn i l exisal t a t. uprighw fe e t Th cross-slabs, even approaching distantl e Scottisyth h type that occur outside Scotland, are to be found in the Isle of Man1 an Englann di Wales,t no r Ireland; t d o aware m bu 2 a I ,s a 3 r andfa s ,a ther Irise onls ei crose th yhf on o styp England.n ei 4 All this indicates that Celtic art was not applied to sculptured stone work in Ireland until quite a late period, and probably subsequently to its full development in other parts of Great Britain. The last point to be considered in endeavouring to trace any resem- blances which may be found to exist between the early sculptured stones of Scotlan f Irelano e nature figure-subjectd th th dan s d f i e o s upoe nth monuments in each country. e followinTh g tables shoa glanc t we a mos th e t common scriptural subjects on the early sculptured stones of Ireland and Scotland, with the localities where they occur :—

1 At Kirk Maughold. 2 Llandevaelog, Brecknockshire. 3 The only example of the erect cross-slab recorded in Ireland is that at Lower Drurnhallagh unshape. n Donegala Co s ,i t I d. slab bearine obversth n o ga ecros s ornamented with interlaced work foud an ,r figures bearing staves r crosierso n , o d an , reverse th plaiea n rudcrosse Th e .characte sculpturee e th e styl th f th o f r o e d an , figures indicates a comparatively late date. It has been figured from a nibbing in the Journal of the Royal Historical and Archceologwal Association of Ireland, vol ix., Fourth Series (1889) . 279p , . t WiuwickA 4 , Lancashire. EARLY SCULPTURED STONE F SCOTLANO S IRELANDD AN D3 32 .

Scriptural Subjects on Irish Crosses.

§ 1 "5 3 o0 pa f ^3 3 1 (0 t o s" to "o S 'S S as 3 V 6 5 B s c I 1 o 1 5 S Kilcullen , Co . Kildare 1 O iloon e Abbey , Co . Kildare Donaghmore , Co . Tyrone § Duleek , Co . Heath Monasterboice , Co . Louth Termonfechin , Co . Louth ft o Clones , Co . Monaghan E? Ullard , Co . Kilkenny Drumclifl , Co . Sllgo Boho , Co . Fermanagh ] TOTAI, . TESTAMENTD OL . Clouca , Co . Donegal i Ada d Eveman , 1 i i 1 1 1 3 1 i 2 1 i 1 15

9

O 1 1 9 8 , 1 1 6 2 •• a

NEW TESTAMENT.

i

1 3 2 'i i 8 2 1 I 1 R

1 i 1 1

1 324 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 10, 1897.

Scriptural Subjects Sculpturedon Stones Scotland.of OLD TESTAMENT. Adam and Eve—Farnell; lona, . . . , . .2 . . . 1 Noah . thn i e Ark . —Oossins . (?), . . . 1Sacrifice . of Isaac— . Kildalton, ...... , Three . Children . Furnace,n i . David and Harp—Nigg; Aldbar, ...... 2 David and Lion—Nigg; Aldbar, ...... 2 . David Goliath.d examplean o ... N . . s recorded. . , Daniel in Lions' Den—St Vigeans; Meigle; Dunkeld; lona (2); Kildalton; Keills; Inchinnan; Newtonwoods, . . . . .8 Ascent of Elijah—Meigle, ...... 1 . Jonah and the Whale—Dunfallandy ; Woodwray ; Gask, . . .3

NEW TESTAMENT. Virgin and Child—Brechin ; lona (2); Kildalton ; Grail, . . .4 Adoration of Magi—Canna, ...... 1 Annunciation—Ruthwell, ...... 1 Salutation—Ruthwell, ...... 1 . . . 1Flight . into Egypt— . Butliwell, . Baptism of Christ. No examples recorded, . Miracle of Loaves and Fishes—Dunkeld, . . . . .1 Miracle of Healing Blind—Ruthwell, . . . . .1 Christ and Mary Magdalene—Ruthwell, . . . . .1 Raising of Lazarus—St Andrews, ...... i Crucifixion—Kingoldrum ; Monifiet h; Camusto n; Strathmartin e; Aber - nethy; Kirkholm; Lasswade . ; Ruthwell.. . 7 , . Resurrection. No examples recorded, .... Christ Glory—n i Camuston ; Knockliill , ...2 . Last Judgment. No examples recorded, ..... Agnus Dei— . Knockhill; . Ruthwell . 3 . , Dexter Dei.examplea o N s recorded, Symbols of Four Evangelists—Elgin ; Inclibrayoc k; Brechi n; Kirriemuir 4 , Angels—Eassie ; Glamis , &c., ....2 2 .

t appearsI , then, thascripturae th t l subject f moso s t frequent occur- renc n e IrelanCrucifixioni eth e ar d , Ada d Eve man e Sacrific th , f o e Isaac, Daniee Lionsth n e i scenel' th Den d san , fro life f Davidmo th e ; EARLY SCULPTURED STONES OF SCOTLAND AND IRELAND. 325

and in Scotland, the Crucifixion, Daniel in the Lions' Den, the Virgin and Child, and the symbols of the four Evangelists. The subjects common to both Ireland and Scotland are Adam and Eve, Noah (?), Sacrifice of Isaac, Daniel in the Lions' Den, David and the Harp, David and the Lion, Adoration of the Magi, Flight into Egypt, Miracle of Loaves and Fishes, Crucifixion, Christ in Glory, Agnus Dei, Angels. The subjects which occur in Ireland, but not in Scotland, are the Three Children in the Furnace, David and Goliath, Baptism of Christ, Resurrection, Last Judgment, Dextera Dei, Twelve Apostlesd An . those which occur in Scotland, but not in Ireland, are Ascent of Elijah, Eaisin f o Lazarusg e Whale, th Jona d ,an h Annunciation, Salutation, Miracl f Healino e e Blindgth , Chris Mard an t y Magdalene, Lazarus. subject e Oe earlth fth yn o ssculpture d stone f Irelano s d Scotan d - lane followinth d g e beloncyclth f subject o eo t g s e paintfounth n d-o e Catacombingth Sculpturee n si th d san d Sarcophag i 450)o (A.Ht 0 5 . .

Ada Eved man . Daniel in the Lions' Den. Noah. Jonah and the Whale. Sacrifice of Isaac. Adoration of Magi. Three Childre Furnacee th n i . Miracle of Loaves and Fishes. Ascent of Elijah. Miracle of Healing the Blind. e followinTh g subjects e belonLombardo-Byzantinth o t g e period (A.D. 700-1100). David. Christ in Glory. Baptis Christmf o . Last Judgment. Crucifixion. Agnus Dei. Resurrection. Dextera Dei. Flight into Egypt. Twelve Apostles. Virgi Child nan d (apart from Magi). Symbol Foue th f rso Evangelists. Christ and Mary Magdalene. Angels. Thu earlsthe y Sculptured Hiberno-SaxoStonethe sand n MSS Grea.of t Britain, and the Carlovingian Ivories afford a connecting link between the older symbolism of the primitive Christianity of the Catacomb period and the more strictly ecclesiastical art of mediaeval times. Quite apart fro e facmth t that King Davitypa f s Christo e dwa d an , 326 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 10, 1897.

tha pictures hi t s forme illustratione dth t surprisPsaltere no th s f i so t -i , ing that he should have been an object of popular worship amongst the warlike and musical Celts, to one side of whose character his heroic deed "rendinn i s e d lioslayine jawth an nth g f e gianso th g t Goliath, would appea strongls a l s talen harpehi a s s ya a t r woulothere th o dt . A . smalIrisMS hl .Psaltee Britisth n i hr Museum (Vit. F. i.)l contains two very curious miniatures, one of David Playing the Harp and the other of David and Goliath.2 The former is interesting, because I think it helps to explain the meaning of a. figure sitting on the back of a beast and playing a harp,3 sculptured on one of the panels of the cross at Clonmacnoise. As I hold, this is intended for David; and my reason for supposing this is, because the throne on which David is seated miniature inth Psaltee th n ei conventionalls i r y treate beasta s da . I am not quite sure whether the boat with men in it, on the stone at Cossins, is intended for Noah's Ark or not, but a boat of just the same kin representes di carvea n do d wooden pilla t Olaf'a r s church,4 Nesland, wher s associatei t ei d with other scriptural subjects, amongst othere th s creation of Eve, Samson and Delilah, and David and Goliath. In this cas elittle b ther n e ca doube t thaboae bu tth s intendeti t Noah'sr dfo Ark, so that probably the boat at Cossins has the same meaning. e angelTh r cherubimso , with four wings spiralsd an , wher e wingeth s bodye e stone th th see e o b n ,t t Eassiejoi nso whica o n t n o e har , Glamis, and elsewhere in Scotland, do not occur on any of the sculptured crosses in Ireland, but there are instances of angels or the symbols of the four evangelists treate e samth t n eGaldi S fashioe l th Gospels n i n , Codex e Booth No n ko . Shrint 51,d Molaise'S an 5f o e s Gospels,e th n i 0 Museum of the Eoyal Irish Academy in Dublin, and also on a bronze 1 Westwood's Miniatures, pi. 5. , In the miniature of David and Goliath in the Psalter, David holds a sling in one 2 . beast-headea han d dan d e other resemblance cluth Th n bi . e between this clud ban beast's-heae th d symbol, which occure Nome'th silven w so La sr ornamentsn o d an , several of the early incised slabs in Scotland, may be only accidental, but it is worth notin possibla s ga escripturae cluth o et l interpretatio symbole th f no . 3 O'Neil, pi. 24A. L. H. S. Dietrichsen, De Norske Stavkirker, p. 362. 4 5 C. Pui-ton Cooper's "Appendix A to Report on Kymer's Foedera," pi. 5. 6 Anhceologia, vol. xliii. p. 181. EARLY SCULPTURED STONES OF SCOTLAND AND IK ELAND. 327

plaque: of the Crucifixion, in the same collection. 1 have recently discovere a dver y curious instanc angen a f f thio o le s kind, with three wings a cross-slab n o , , with interlaced t workDavid'S n i , s Cathedral, give Westwood'n ni s Lapidarium e wingWalliaith t shu , , (pifig4) 63 .. and spirals onl angee y heae th shown th f ldo d omittedan , . The pair of ecclesiastics, sometimes standing, sometimes enthroned, sometimes kneeling, with a bird holding a circular disc in its mouth between them, is a subject common to the early sculptured stones of both Scotland2 and Ireland,3 but the exact meaning of it has yet to be ascertained if we are not to take the instance on the Kuthwell cross as authoritativn a e explanatio wholee th f no . A I shav e alread Ehiny ym pointen di t Lecturedou n Christiano s Symbolism, thera neare s i e r affinity betwee e subjectth n s choseo t n decorate the bases of the Irish crosses and the representations of hunting scenes, horsemen, chariots , uprighe etc.th n ,o t cross-slab e Northth f o s- Eas f Scotlando t , tha more nth e strictly Scriptural sceneshafte th f n o so the Irish crosses. The best examples illustrating this are to be seen on e crossee baseth th f t o s Kella , s Monasterboice 6) sd (figsan 5 . , Clon- macnoise, Castle Dermot (fig. 7), and Kilklispeen. The chariot on the Meigle slab, now lost, may be compared with the chariots to be seen on the shaft of the cross at Killamery, and on the crossee baseth f t Monasterboiceso sa , Kilklispeen n Kelli d s an ,church - streee crose th basth t e Kellyara n sti th f have o e d n eagle s w o ; e th e and fish, as on the ' Drosten ' stone at St Vigeans and as in the Book oe basf th f Armagh;thi o en o s same d crosth an f e f o s o cross d an , Muredae t Monasterboiceha , centaurs occur somn i , e respects like those e slabonth t Aberlemnosa , Meigle Glamisd an , . On the base of the Kilklispeen cross are portrayed a procession of ecclesiastics taking part in a most remarkable ceremony. On the south side of the base is to be seen a priest carrying a processional cross, and followed by a man leading a horse, on the back of which is laid the

1 Westwood'• s Miniatures, . pi51 . t Vigeans t S Nig. a AndersoJ d s r gan A D . n regard Nige sth g exampl s beinea g 2 intended for St Paul and St Anthony. 3 As at Kells, Moone Abbey, Clonca. Fig. 5. Cross in street of Kells, Co. Meath. From a photograph by W , T.awrpnpLawrencPe nof ThlhliDublinn . EARLY SCULPTURED STONES OF SCOTLAND AND IRELAND. 329

headless trunk of a man, with two birds of prey, or carrion crows, perche e topth .n do

Fig . . PatricCros6 . SS f Cohimbd so kan Kelln ai s Churchyard. Fro mphotograpa h by W. Lawrenc f Dublineo .

On the north side of the base are two ecclesiastics on horseback, followed by two more in a chariot drawn by a pair of horses, fig. 7. Great Cross at Castle Dermot. From a photograph by , Lawreucel_oW f Dublin, EARLY SCULPTURED STONE SCO'J'LANF O S IRELANDD DAN 1 33 .

easOe nth t sid severae ear l beasts, manbirdsa d .an , wesOnthe t a centrasid is e l figure, perhap a bishops , with three ecclesiastics holding crozier eacn so h sid f himeo . These scene hardln sca Scripturale yb t take f theno i e nd yar froan ; m the life of some saint, it is difficult to see what explanation remains to be suggested, except tha n evena t f locao t l importanc s heri e e com- memorated. The bases of the pillar-cross at Llandough and of the great wheel-cross t Margama , bot n Glamorganshirei h e onlth ye onear , s with figures of horsemen upon them in Wales. The symbolism of the shafts of the Irish crosses is so strictly Biblical that secular subjects may have been placed on the bases by way of con- trast, to indicate the actual world or earth on which the cross stood representin e spirituath g l world e eaglpersonif y fisd Th ma hean . e yth e centauoceanth e d desertth an r, whicr fo , have e hauthoritw th e f yo bestiariee e legendarth th d san t yAnthony S lif f o e . The points of similarity between the ornamental patterns on the stone f Irelanso Scotland dan d raise question o mucto f hso intricaco yt be dealt with here ; but it may be remarked that figure-sculpture forms the chief feature of the Irish crosses,—geometrical, zob'morphic, and foliageous designs being only as a rule applied to the decoration of the smaller panels on the sides of the shafts and to the rings connecting the arms. The upright cross-slabs of Scotland, more particularly those n Eoss-shirei , approach much more nearl style—ann yi d therefore pro- babl n age—tyi e illuminateoth d e Hibemo-Saxopageth f so n MSSf o . the bes e Irist periodth hf o crossesy , thaan o n.d In conclusion, I consider the so-called Celtic style to be a local variety e Lombardo-Byzantinoth f e style, from whic e figure-subjectsth h e th , interlaced work, the scrolls of foliage, and many of the strange real and fabulous creatures were apparently borrowed. The Lombardo-Byzantine style was introduced into this country after the Saxons became Christians beind an ; g grafte ' Late-Celtic e dth upo f e pagao th nt 'ar n period, was developed in different ways in different parts of Great Britain. y detractwa However o n s fron e i artisti mt th i , c capacit e Celth tf yo tha shoule h t d have adapted certain decorative motives belongina o gt foreign style instea f evolvininnen do ow rs consciousnesshi g f theo t mou , 332 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 10, 1897.

Although his materials may not all have been of native origin, they were so skilfully made use of in combination with native designs and developed with such exquisite taste, that the result was to produce an entirely original style e lik f th whic,o e e worl d th hneve ha d r seen before.