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Rocznik Astronomiczny 2002

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Rocznik Astronomiczny 2002 INSTYTUT GEODEZJI I KARTOGRAFII ROCZNIK IGiK ASTRONOMICZNY 2002NA ROK INSTYTUT GEODEZJI I KARTOGRAFII ROCZNIK ASTRONOMICZNY NA ROK 2002 LVII WARSZAWA 2001 Rada Wydawnicza przy Instytucie Geodezji i Kartografii Adam Linsenbarth (przewodniczący), Andrzej Ciołkosz (zast. przewodniczącego), Teresa Baranowska, Stanisław Białousz (Wydział Geodezji i Kartografii PW), Hanna Ciołkosz (sekretarz), Wojciech Janusz, Jan R. Olędzki (Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych UW), Andrzej Sas–Uhrynowski, Karol Szeliga, Janusz Zieliński (Centrum Badań Kosmicznych) Redaktor naukowy Rocznika Astronomicznego Jan Kryński Sekretarz: Marcin Sękowski Okładkę projektował Łukasz Żak Adres Redakcji: Instytut Geodezji i Kartografii Warszawa, ul. Jasna 2/4 email: [email protected] http: www.igik.edu.pl ISSN 0209-0341 INSTYTUT GEODEZJI I KARTOGRAFII Arkuszy wydawniczych 24.85. Papier offsetowy kl. III, g 90, 707–500 mm. Do druku od- dano 14.XII.2001 r. Druk ukończono w grudniu 2001 r. na zamówienie ZAGiGS/IGiK/2001 DRUK: INSTYTUT GEODEZJI I KARTOGRAFII — WARSZAWA, ul. Jasna 2/4 SPIS TREŚCI Przedmowa .................................................................................. 5 Skróty stosowane w Roczniku Astronomicznym .............................................. 6 Dni świąteczne, pory roku, stałe precesyjne, obserwatoria astronomiczne ...................... 7 Czas gwiazdowy Greenwich .............................................................. 8÷11 Słońce, współrzędne równikowe, wschody i zachody w Warszawie ........................ 12÷19 Księżyc, współrzędne równikowe, wschody i zachody w Warszawie ....................... 20÷27 Pozorne położenie Słońca ................................................................... 28 Planety, współrzędne równikowe ............................................................ 28 Fazy Księżyca, apogeum i perigeum ........................................................ 29 Tablice do obliczania czasu wschodu i zachodu Słońca i Księżyca poza Warszawą ........ 30÷31 Wschód i zachód Słońca w niektórych miastach Polski .................................. 32÷33 Wschód i zachód Słońca w niektórych stolicach europejskich ................................ 34 Wykresy wschodu i zachodu Słońca oraz wybranych planet w Warszawie .................... 35 Konfiguracje planet ........................................................................ 37 Zaćmienia Słońca i Księżyca ............................................................ 38÷39 Współrzędne północnego bieguna Ziemi i czas uniwersalny .............................. 40÷41 Sygnały czasu .............................................................................. 42 Miejsca średnie gwiazd ................................................................. 43÷61 Wielkości redukcyjne ................................................................... 62÷69 Miejsca pozorne gwiazd o deklinacji mniejszej niż 80 stopni ............................. 70÷83 Miejsca pozorne Biegunowej i gwiazd okołobiegunowych ................................. 84÷93 Przybliżony azymut Biegunowej ............................................................ 94 Przybliżona odległość zenitalna Biegunowej ................................................. 95 Szerokość geograficzna z wysokości Biegunowej .............................................. 96 Współczynniki do wzorów interpolacyjnych ................................................. 97 Refrakcja i ekstynkcja .................................................................. 98÷99 Zamiana czasu słonecznego na gwiazdowy i zamiana odwrotna ........................ 100÷105 Zamiana godzin, minut i sekund czasu na ułamek doby .................................... 106 Zamiana miary stopniowej kąta na czasową i zamiana odwrotna ............................ 107 Zamiana dziesiętnych części stopnia na minuty i sekundy oraz zamiana odwrotna ........... 108 Zgeneralizowana mapa deklinacji magnetycznej ............................................ 109 Zestawienie gwiazdozbiorów .......................................................... 110÷111 Mapa nieba gwiaździstego ............................................................ 112÷115 Niektóre stałe, definicje i wzory astronomiczne i geodezyjne ........................... 116÷118 Objaśnienia i przykłady .............................................................. 119÷138 4 PRZEDMOWA Niniejszy, LVII tom Rocznika Astronomicznego jest kontynuacją serii roczników astrono- micznych opracowywanych i wydawanych nakładem Instytutu Geodezji i Kartografii w Warszawie od pierwszego roku istnienia Instytutu. Został on opracowany w ramach tematu ”Wyznaczanie zmian astronomiczno–geodezyjno–grawimetrycznych parametrów podstawowego punktu polskiej sieci w Obserwatorium Geodezyjno–Geofizycznym IGiK w Borowej Górze, z wykorzystaniem me- tod kosmicznych, w powiązaniach z międzynarodowymi badaniami nieregularności ruchu obroto- wego Ziemi” wchodzącego w zakres badań statutowych Zakładu Astronomii Geodezyjnej i Geodezji Satelitarnej IGiK. Niniejszy tom Rocznika zawiera szereg uzupełnień, w szczególności w jego części opisowej. Zespół autorski LVII tomu Rocznika Astronomicznego stanowią: Marcin Sękowski, Jan Kryński i Helena Bieniewska. Zawartość większości tablic w Roczniku stanowi wynik obliczeń wykonanych w Zakładzie Astronomii Geodezyjnej i Geodezji Satelitarnej IGiK przy użyciu programów opracowanych przez Marcina Sękowskiego. Program do interpolacji izogon deklinacji magnetycznej oraz mapę tych deklinacji na rok 2002 sporządziła Elżbieta Welker z Zakładu Geodezji Fizycznej IGiK. Przykłady zamieszczone w części opisowej Rocznika zostały przeliczone przez Macieja Moskwińskiego. Obliczenia dotyczące zaćmień i konfiguracji planet w roku 2002 wykonano wykorzystując pa- kiet programowy AE v.3 autorstwa Instytutu Astronomii Stosowanej Rosyjskiej Akademii Nauk w Sankt Petersburgu. Do sporządzenia efemeryd Słońca, Księżyca i planet układu słonecznego posłużyły dane w systemie DE403/LE403. Współrzędne chwilowego bieguna północnego Ziemi oraz różnice UT1–UTC zaczerpnięto z wydawnictw Centralnego Biura Międzynarodowej Służby Ruchu Obrotowego Ziemi (IERS) w Pa- ryżu. Począwszy od bieżącego wydania Rocznika zrezygnowano z publikowania ostatecznych, wy- równanych danych nt. bieguna, publikowanych w corocznych sprawozdaniach IERS. Sprawozdania te ukazują się z dwuletnim opóźnieniem i na ogół nie są dostępne w chwili wydawania Rocznika. Informacje o radiowych sygnałach czasu oparte są na danych dostarczonych przez Bureau Interna- tional des Poids et Mesures w S`evres. Definicje, wzory i wielkości stałych astronomicznych użyte w Roczniku są oparte na rezolu- cjach podjętych przez Międzynarodową Unię Astronomiczną (IAU) na kolejnych Zgromadzeniach Generalnych (Grenoble, 1976, Montreal, 1979, Patras, 1982), które stały się podstawą Systemu Stałych Astronomicznych IAU 1976 oraz Zgromadzenia Generalnego IUGG (Canberra, 1979), na którym przyjęto obowiązujący Geodezyjny System Odniesienia GRS 1980. System Stałych Astro- nomicznych IAU 1976, zgodnie z uchwałą IAU, od 1984 r. obowiązuje we wszystkich pracach astronomicznych oraz krajowych i zagranicznych rocznikach. Nowy system stałych i jednostek astronomicznych, zaaprobowany przez Zgromadzenie Gene- ralne IAU (Buenos Aires, 1991), obligatoryjnie jeszcze nie wprowadzony, został przedstawiony na stronach 136–145, XLVII tomu Rocznika Astronomicznego z roku 1992. Obecnie jest on uaktual- niany. Projekt najnowszego systemu stałych astronomicznych 2000 jest przedmiotem dyskusji na forum IAU. Podobnie, nowy geodezyjny układ odniesienia dyskutowany podczas Zgromadzenia Generalnego IUGG (Birmingham, 1999) nie doczekał się jeszcze akceptacji jako obowiązujący. Obok dotychczasowej wersji drukowanej, Rocznik opracowany został po raz pierwszy także w formie elektronicznej, w formacie pdf . W najbliższym czasie przewiduje się publikację Rocznika na internetowych stronach IGiK (www.igik.edu.pl). Jan Kryński Redaktor naukowy Rocznika Astronomicznego SKRÓTY STOSOWANE W ROCZNIKU BG – Borowa Góra CEO – Celestial Ephemeris Origin (początek niebieskiego układu efemerydalnego) CIO – Conventional International Origin (międzynarodowy umowny średni biegun północny Ziemi) CIP – Celestial Intermediate Pole (pośredni biegun niebieski) CSE – czas środkowoeuropejski (objaśnienie na str. 122) DORIS – Doppler Orbit Determination and Radio Positioning Integrated on Satellite (francuski globalny system nawigacyjny dla obiektów naziemnych i kosmicznych) DUT1 – różnica czasów UT1 i UTC ET – czas efemeryd (objaśnienie na str. 120) FK4 – czwarty fundamentalny katalog gwiazd FK5 – piąty fundamentalny katalog gwiazd GPS – Global Positioning System (system nawigacji globalnej) GRS – Geodetic Reference System (geodezyjny układ odniesienia) IAU – International Astronomical Union (Międzynarodowa Unia Astronomiczna) ICRS – International Celestial Reference System (międzynarodowy niebieski układ odniesienia) IERS – International Earth Rotation Service (Międzynarodowa Służba Ruchu Obrotowego Ziemi) IRP – IERS Reference Pole (biegun odniesienia IERS) IUGG – International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (Międzynarodowa Unia Geodezji i Geofizyki) JD – dzień juliański (objaśnienie na str. 122) JPL – Jet Propulsion Laboratory JSD – juliański dzień gwiazdowy (objaśnienie na str. 123) LLR – Lunar Laser Ranging (laserowe pomiary odległości do Księżyca) MJD – zmodyfikowany dzień juliański (objaśnienie na str. 122) PRARE – Precision Range and Range Rate Experiment (niemiecki globalny system nawigacyjny dla obiektów naziemnych i kosmicznych) RA – Rocznik Astronomiczny
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