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Atlante Della Biodiversità Nel Parco Ticino

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Atlante Della Biodiversità Nel Parco Ticino Atlante della biodiversità nel Parco Ticino Edizione 2002 Volume 2 Monografie Parco Ticino Atlante della biodiversità nel Parco Ticino Volume 2 Monografie Atlante della biodiversità nel Parco Ticino Edizione 2002 Volume 2 Monografie A cura di Dario Furlanetto Indagini di Andrea Buffagni - Stefania Erba - Vincenzo Ferri Lorenzo Fornasari - Stefano Gomarasca - Andrea Agapito Ludovici Giulia Origgi - Silvio Pirovano - Lorenzo Pizzetti - Paolo Rosa Lucie Tallano - Mario Toledo - Mariagrazia Valcuvia Passadore Realizzazione editoriale Consorzio Lombardo Parco della Valle del Ticino via Isonzo 1, 20013 Pontevecchio di Magenta (MI) tel. 02-972101, fax 02-97950607 e-mail [email protected] sito web www.parcoticino.it Coordinamento editoriale Ilenia Canova Progetto grafico, impaginazione e redazione Nodo, Como Disegni Silvia Gandini Hanno inoltre collaborato Marina Lanticina Angela Manuela Vailati Gabriella Penna Fotolito e stampa Il Guado via Picasso 21-23, Corbetta (MI) Maggio 2002 Indice 7 Licheni Mariagrazia Valcuvia Passadore con la collaborazione di Guido Brusa - Daniela Chiappetta - Cristina Delucchi - Manuela Garavani - Valentina Parco 45 Efemerotteri Andrea Buffagni - Stefania Erba - Giulia Origgi 91 Imenotteri Crisidi Paolo Rosa 133 Chirotteri Lorenzo Fornasari con la collaborazione di Maria Cristina Borghetti - Elisabetta de Carli - Elena Gori - Valentina Moroni 143 Fontanili di Besnate - Cavaria con Premezzo Vincenzo Ferri - Stefano Gomarasca - Andrea Agapito Ludovici - Silvio Pirovano - Lorenzo Pizzetti - Lucie Tallano - Mario Toledo ATLANTE DELLA BIODIVERSITÀ NEL PARCO TICINO 7 MONOGRAFIE LICHENI Licheni Mariagrazia Valcuvia Passadore con la collaborazione di Guido Brusa - Daniela Chiappetta - Cristina Delucchi - Manuela Garavani - Valentina Parco 8 ATLANTE DELLA BIODIVERSITÀ NEL PARCO TICINO MONOGRAFIE LICHENI A pagina 7: Cladonia coccifera. Il disegno è stato realizzato da Silvia Gandini da originale a tempera di Dario Passadore. ATLANTE DELLA BIODIVERSITÀ NEL PARCO TICINO 9 MONOGRAFIE LICHENI 1. INTRODUZIONE Sono state condotte indagini floristiche sui licheni di alcune aree situate nel Parco della Valle del Ticino. Il territorio non è ancora stato valutato sotto questo aspetto, pur essendo stato oggetto di studi di biomonitoraggio con l’utilizzo di licheni epifiti (CASARINI ET AL. 1995; AA. VV., 2000). Le aree campione sono state scelte su C.T.R. (scala 1:10000) con la collaborazione del Direttore del Parco Lombardo della Valle del Ticino (Dario Furlanetto). I ricercatori coinvolti (Guido Brusa, Daniela Chiappetta, Cristina Delucchi, Manuela Garavani e Valentina Parco) hanno lavorato con il coordinamento e la consulenza scientifica di una docente di Botanica (Mariagrazia Valcuvia Passadore) dell’Università degli Studi di Pavia. area campionata 2. MATERIALI E METODI I campionamenti dei licheni sono stati effettuati su diversi tipi di substrato: scorza; terra; roccia e ciottoli; manufatti litici (muretti, mattoni etc.). I licheni corticicoli e terricoli sono stati raccolti facilmente mediante l’utilizzo di un coltellino; la raccolta dei liticoli, in particolare di quelli crostosi, è stata più laboriosa, perché ha comportato 10 ATLANTE DELLA BIODIVERSITÀ NEL PARCO TICINO MONOGRAFIE LICHENI molto spesso l’uso di martello e scalpello per l’asporto dei campioni insieme a parte della roccia sottostante. I licheni rinvenuti su manufatti, qualora non identificati in campo, sono stati staccati delicatamente dal substrato mediante bisturi. Gli esemplari sono stati poi messi in buste di carta sulle quali sono state riportate le annotazio- ni relative a: località di raccolta; tipo di substrato; data di rinvenimento; nome del raccoglitore. I campioni sono stati portati nel laboratorio di Lichenologia del Dipartimento di Ecologia del Territorio e degli Ambienti Terrestri dell’Università degli Studi di Pavia. L’identificazione è avve- nuta mediante l’ausilio di chiavi analitiche, di strumenti ottici (stereomicroscopio e microscopio ottico) e di test effettuati con reagenti applicati sul tallo (sulla cortex o sulla medulla) in quantità minime con micropipetta. I reagenti utilizzati sono stati i seguenti: idrossido di potassio, in soluzione satura; ipoclorito di sodio; parafenilendiamina, in soluzione alcoolica al 5%. Per la corretta identificazione dei licheni crostosi è stato necessario esaminare al microscopio alcune sezioni sottili dei loro corpi fruttiferi (apoteci o periteci) per osservare la loro struttura interna e, quando presenti, le spore con i loro caratteri (dimensioni, forma, colore, settazione). 3. LA FLORA LICHENICA 3.1 Premessa L’elenco floristico riporta, in quattro elenchi distinti e in ordine alfabetico, i licheni corticicoli, terricoli e liticoli, rinvenuti questi ultimi su substrati naturali o su manufatti. Per l’identificazione si sono seguiti CLAUZADE - ROUX (1985), NIMIS (1986), NIMIS ET AL. (1987), OZENDA - CLAUZADE (1970), PURVIS ET AL. (1992) e WIRTH (1980). La nomenclatura è relativa a Nimis (2000). I taxa, oltre al binomio specifico e al nome della famiglia di appartenenza, sono accompagnati dai seguenti dati: Forma di crescita Indici ecologici, desunti da NIMIS (2000), relativi a pH, grado di fotofitismo (L), di igrofitismo (H) e di nitrofitismo (N). - Indici relativi al pH: 1 su substrato molto acido 2 su substrato piuttosto acido 3 su substrato subneutro 4 su substrato piuttosto basico 5 su substrato basico - Indici relativi al grado di fotofitismo L: 1 in posizione molto ombreggiata: molto sciofitico 2 in posizione ombreggiata: piuttosto sciofitico 3 in aree con luce diffusa e scarsa radiazione solare diretta: moderatamente fotofitico 4 in aree esposte al sole ma senza radiazione solare estrema: piuttosto fotofitico 5 in aree con radiazione solare diretta elevata: molto fotofitico - Indici relativi al grado di igrofitismo H: 1 igrofitico 2 piuttosto igrofitico 3 mesofitico ATLANTE DELLA BIODIVERSITÀ NEL PARCO TICINO 11 MONOGRAFIE LICHENI 4 xerofitico 5 molto xerofitico - Indici relativi al grado di eutrofizzazione (inclusi i depositi di polveri e di sostanze azotate) N: 1 nessuna eutrofizzazione: anitrofitico 2 eutrofizzazione molto debole: moderatamente nitrofitico 3 eutrofizzazione debole: piuttosto nitrofitico 4 eutrofizzazione piuttosto alta: molto nitrofitico 5 eutrofizzazione molto elevata: estremamente nitrofitico Distribuzione nelle zone latitudinali europee, se disponibile, tratta da Wirth (1980), con le seguenti abbreviazioni: arkt = artico bor =boreale s’bor = sud-boreale mieur = centro europeo s’mieur = sud-centro europeo smed = submediterraneo med = mediterraneo atl = atlantico subatl = subatlantico mo = montano subko = subcontinentale oz = oceanico pralp = prealpino Quando l’areale è vasto e comprende più di una zona latitudinale, vengono indicate tutte le zone separate tra loro da una lineetta; per esempio arkt-med indica una specie il cui areale si estende dalla zona artica a quella mediterranea. Se una zona viene messa tra parentesi, significa che ivi la specie ha una presenza isolata. Il simbolo “.” specifica meglio la regione o la fascia altitudinale di distribuzione all’interno della zona corologica che lo precede. Per esempio mieur-med.mo indica una specie presente dalla zona centroeuropea a quella mediterranea e in quest’ultima predilige la fascia montana. Simboli e sigle sono riportati come compaiono in WIRTH (1980). Frequenza in Italia secondo NIMIS (1999): - molto rara - rara - abbastanza rara - abbastanza comune - comune - molto comune - estremamente comune Diffusione nel Parco con l’indicazione della frequenza delle specie Eventuali note relative a: nuove segnalazioni, precedenti citazioni bibliografiche e riferi- menti alla Lista Rossa di NIMIS (1992). 3.2 Elenco floristico Specie corticicole Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) Coppins & Scheid. [Physciaceae] Forma di crescita: crostosa Indici ecologici: pH: 1-2-3; L: 4-5; H: 3-4; N: 2-3-4 Distribuzione in Europa: bor-med Frequenza in Italia: comune Diffusione nel Parco: frequente 12 ATLANTE DELLA BIODIVERSITÀ NEL PARCO TICINO MONOGRAFIE LICHENI Già segnalata in: CASARINI ET AL. (1995), ROELLA (1999), AA. VV. (2000) Arthonia radiata (Pers.) Ach. [Arthoniaceae] Forma di crescita: crostosa Indici ecologici: pH: 2-3; L: 3-4; H: 2-3; N: 1-2-3 Distribuzione in Europa: s’bor-med Frequenza in Italia: comune Diffusione nel Parco: su scorza liscia, abbastanza frequente Arthopyrenia analepta (Ach.) A. Massal. [Pleosporaceae] Forma di crescita: crostosa Indici ecologici: pH: 2-3; L: 3-4; H: 3-4; N:1 Distribuzione in Europa: bor-med Frequenza in Italia: abbastanza comune Diffusione nel Parco: su scorza liscia, rara Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Stein [Candelariaceae] Forma di crescita: fogliosa Indici ecologici: pH: 3-4; L: 4-5; H: 3-4; N: 3-4-5 Distribuzione in Europa: s’bor-med Frequenza in Italia: molto comune Diffusione nel Parco: molto frequente su scorza, è stata reperita abbastanza frequentemente anche su substrati litici di natura diversa e con accumulo di nitrati Già segnalata come epifita (CASARINI ET AL. 1995; ROELLA 1999; AA. VV., 2000) Candelariella reflexa (Nyl.) Lettau [Candelariaceae] Forma di crescita: crostosa Indici ecologici: pH: 3-4; L: 4-5; H: 3; N: 4-5 Distribuzione in Europa: mieur-smed Frequenza in Italia: comune Diffusione nel Parco: molto frequente Citata precedentemente da: CASARINI ET AL. (1995), ROELLA (1999), AA. VV. (2000) Candelariella xanthostigma (Ach.) Lettau [Candelariaceae] Forma di crescita: crostosa Indici ecologici pH: 2-3; L: 3-4-5; H: 3; N: 2-3 Distribuzione in Europa: bor-med Frequenza in Italia:
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