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The Honolulu Declaration on Ocean Acidification and Reef Management The Honolulu Declaration on Ocean Acidification and Reef Management ! ! Prepared and adopted by participants of the Ocean Acidification Workshop, convened by The Nature Conservancy, 12-14 August 2008, Hawaii 1 IUCN Global Marine Programme Founded in 1948, The World Conservation Union brings together States, government agencies and a diverse range of non-governmental organizations in a unique world partnership: over 1000 members in all, spread across some 140 countries. As a Union, IUCN seeks to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. The IUCN Global Marine Programme provides vital linkages for the Union and its members to all the IUCN activities that deal with marine issues, including projects and initiatives of the Regional offices and the 6 IUCN Commissions. The IUCN Global Marine Programme works on issues such as integrated coastal and marine management, fisheries, marine protected areas, large marine ecosystems, coral reefs, marine invasives and protection of high and deep seas. The Nature Conservancy The mission of The Nature Conservancy is to preserve the plants, animals and natural communities that represent the diversity of life on Earth by protecting the lands and waters they need to survive. The Conservancy launched the Global Marine Initiative in 2002 to protect and restore the most resilient examples of ocean and coastal ecosystems in ways that benefit marine life, local communities and economies. The Conservancy operates over 100 marine conservation projects in more than 21 countries and 22 U.S. states; we work with partners across seascapes and landscapes through transformative strategies and integrated planning and action. The focus is on: (1) Setting priorities for marine conservation using ecoregional assessments and tools for ecosystem based management; (2) Ensuring coral reef survival by creating resilient networks of marine protected areas; (3) Restoring and conserving coastal habitats by utilizing innovative new methods; (4) Building support for marine conservation through strategic partnerships and working to shape global and national policies. Marine conservation in The Nature Conservancy builds upon the organization’s core strengths: achieving demonstrable results; working with a wide range of partners, including nontraditional partners; science-based, robust conservation planning methodologies; our experience with transactions; and, perhaps most importantly, our ability and commitment to back up our strategies with human, financial and political capital. For more information e- mail [email protected] or go to www.nature.org/marine. IUCN Climate Change and Coral Reefs Working Group The IUCN Climate Change and Coral Reefs Working Group on coral bleaching, resilience, and climate change was established in 2006 by the Global Marine Programme of IUCN, The World Conservation Union, on a 3-year grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. The goal of the working group is to draw on leading practitioners in coral reef science and management to streamline the identification and testing of management interventions to mitigate the impacts of climate change on coral reefs. The working group will consult and engage with experts in three key areas: climate change and coral bleaching research to incorporate the latest knowledge; management to identify key needs and capabilities on the ground; and ecological resilience to promote and develop the framework provided by resilience theory as a bridge between bleaching research and management implementation. Acknowledgements The participants would like to thank the Nature Conservancy’s Global Marine and Climate Change Teams, the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, the Marine Conservation Biology Institute, and Janice Larkin for their contributions to this workshop. We would like to thank the staff at IUCN, in particular James Oliver, for his hard work and dedication in design and layout. Finally, we would like to thank IUCN’s Global Marine Programme, and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation for supporting the publication of this document. Cover Photography Front cover: Luxuriant Indo-Pacific coral reef; Copyright: Paul Marshall Workshop Photography Copyright: Naomi Sodetani 2 The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of The World Conservation Union (IUCN) or The Nature Conservancy concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or The Nature Conservancy, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement. Published by: The World Conservation Union (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland Copyright: © 2008 The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources / The Nature Conservancy Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holders. Citation: McLeod, E., R.V. Salm, , K. Anthony, B. Causey, E. Conklin, A. Cros, R. Feely, J. Guinotte, G. Hofmann, J. Hoffman, P. Jokiel, J. Kleypas, P. Marshall, and C. Veron. 2008. The Honolulu Declaration on Ocean Acidification and Reef Management. The Nature Conservancy, U.S.A., and IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Available from: IUCN Global Marine Programme, The World Conservation Union (IUCN), Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland. Tel: +41 22 999 02 17 Fax: +41 22 999 00 25 E-mail: [email protected] A catalogue of IUCN publications is also available. Printed in Switzerland on chlorine-free paper from FSC-certified forests. 3 Table of Contents Background......................................................................................................................... 5 Policy Recommendations.................................................................................................... 7 Management Recommendations......................................................................................... 8 Workshop Participants and Signatories to the Declaration: ............................................. 11 Appendix A: Text to support policy recommendations.................................................... 12 Appendix B: Text to support management recommendations.......................................... 17 Appendix C: Impacts of ocean acidification on coral reef ecosystems ............................ 26 Appendix D: References................................................................................................... 28 4 The Honolulu Declaration on Ocean Acidification and Reef Management Resilient coral garden at Halmahera, Indonesia. Copyright: Emre Turak continue, the ocean will continue to Background undergo acidification, to an extent and at Ocean acidification is the change in rates that have not occurred for tens of ocean chemistry driven by the oceanic millions of years. A doubling of the uptake of chemical inputs to the concentration of atmospheric carbon atmosphere, including carbon, nitrogen dioxide, which could occur in as little as and sulfur compounds (Doney et al. 50 years, could cause major changes in 2007; Guinotte and Fabry 2008). The the marine environment, specifically ocean absorbs about one-third of the impacting calcium carbonate organisms carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere (Orr et al. 2005). Such changes by human activities each year (Sabine et compromise the long-term viability of al. 2004); and the pH of the ocean coral reef ecosystems and the associated surface waters has decreased by about benefits that they provide. 0.1 units since the beginning of the industrial revolution (Feely et al. 2004). Coral reefs systems provide economic If current carbon dioxide emission trends and environmental services to millions 5 of people as coastal protection from 2008. The workshop participants waves and storms, and as sources of included oceanographers, climate food, pharmaceuticals, livelihoods, and experts, marine scientists, and coral reef revenues (Best and Bornbusch 2001). managers from around the world. Coral reefs also support multi-billion dollar industries, such as tourism and fisheries. For example, in Hawaii, reef- related tourism and fishing generate $360 million per year, and their overall worth has been estimated at close to $10 billion (Cesar et al. 2002). Coral reefs and the services that they provide are threatened by the impacts of human stresses such as coastal development, pollution, overexploitation, and destructive fishing, in addition to climate change impacts. Climate change impacts, specifically increases in sea temperature, sea level, and ocean acidity, jeopardize the biodiversity of the ocean and threaten the food security of dependent coastal communities. Scientific evidence suggests that by 2050, we may lose more coral reef area to erosion than can be rebuilt naturally if urgent steps are not taken to reduce atmospheric CO2 (Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2007). Scaled-up management actions on global emissions and on reef recovery are required if the loss of coral-dominated
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