Міністерство освіти і науки України Ніжинський державний університет імені Миколи Гоголя

М.В. Нагач

CANADA

Навчальний посібник

Ніжин 2017

CONTENTS

UNIT I. INTRODUCTION 3 Fact summary Interesting facts about Canada Realia Canadian symbols and national icons The Maple Leaf The beaver The Canadian coat of arms The Canadian flag The Mounties Canadian bearskin hats (“Busbies”) Poutine Canadian character and culture Top ten Canadian contributions to the American way of life Canadian cuisine

UNIT II. GEOGRAPHY AND SIGHTS 25 Natural features Places of natural beauty in Canada Fascinating places of Canada National parks Canadian cities Sights

UNIT III. STATE SYSTEM AND POLITICAL DIVISION 60 Advantages and disadvantages of federalism Canadian provinces and territories Newfoundland Language State and provincial public holidays Christmas traditions in Canada Best festivals in Canada

UNIT IV. ECONOMY 84 Canadian economy: General Facts What are the top industries in Canada? Maple syrup

UNIT V. HISTORY 91 Some basic landmarks in the history of Canada Pre-colonial Canada European colonization

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The Klondike gold rush History glitters in the Yukon Building the national railroad Canada in the 20th century – a timeline

UNIT V. POPULATION 104 Population of Canada: Factfile The First Canadians Totem poles American Indians‟ masks Our land (Nunavut) French Canadians Ukrainians in Canada Ukrainian Canadian Institutions Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Center Ukrainian Museum of Canada

UNIT VI. FAMOUS CANADIANS 127 The Greatest Canadian Contributing to the world culture

UNIT VII. CHALLENGES FOR CANADIANS 135 Two nations or one? The Canadian identity Native land claims Ecological issues Depletion of the fish stocks

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UNIT I

INTRODUCTION

Canada, historically the Dominion of Canada, is the northernmost country in North America. The country stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west. Canada also reaches the Arctic Ocean in the north where its territorial claim extends to the North Pole. At 9.98 million square kilometers in total, Canada is the world‟s second largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the world‟s longest land border shared by the same two countries (5,525 miles, including 1,538 miles between Canada and Alaska). Besides Canada has the longest coastline in the world, with a total length of about 243,000 kilometres. Fact Summary Official Name: Canada Capital: Ottawa Major Cities: Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Edmonton, Calgary, Quebec National Emblems: Maple leaf and beaver Anthem: O Canada Political structure: Independent constitutional monarchy (Head of State: Elizabeth II)

The name of Canada comes from an Iroquois word meaning “village”. There have been many theories about the origin of the name “Canada”, but there can be little doubt that the word is Indian in origin. When Jacque Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence River to an Indian village, he heard the village called “kanata” and took that to be the name of the country. In some Huron dialects, “kanata” means a settlement or a village. In the Mohawk language, a similar word means simply “a place”.

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In Cartier‟s map of the St. Lawrence River, he put the name “Canada” on the area that is now Quebec City. After the English conquest of the French colony of Arcadia in 1713, the name “Canada” started to be applied to the whole St. Lawrence colony. In 1867, the name “Canada” was applied to the four provinces that joined the Confederation. Eventually, the name “Canada” spread from a small community on the St. Lawrence to embrace half a continent, from sea to sea and from the 49th parallel to the North Pole.

Interesting Facts About Canada

Read the information. What facts do you find the most surprising? Which of them are illustrated by the pictures below?

1. Canada became a country on July 1, 1867, when the British North America Act was passed by the British Parliament. 2. The Canadian motto “A Mari Usque ad Mare” means “From Sea to Sea”. 3. The capital city, Ottawa, was originally named Bytown after Colonel John By, who headquartered there while building the Rideau Canal to connect the Ottawa River with Lake Ontario. 4. The world‟s strongest current is found in the Nakwakto Rapids at Slingsby Channel, British Columbia. The current has been measured at speeds up to 18.4 miles per hour. 5. The country has about one-fourth of all the fresh water available in the world. 6. Over 60% of the world‟s lakes are located in Canada. Many of the lakes have been created by the glaciers shaping. 7. Manitou Lake on Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron is the world‟s largest lake within a lake (41.1 square miles). 8. Despite being a really big country, it has the fourth lowest population density in the world, with only 3 people living per square kilometer! Almost half of the population of Canada were born in other countries. 9. It is the world‟s largest country that borders only one country, which is the USA. 10. The longest national highway in the world is the Trans-Canada Highway which is over 7604 kilometers in length. It travels from St. John in Newfoundland and Labrador to Victoria in British Columbia. 11. Over 80% of the total population of Canada reside in cities. 12. Canada is one of the world‟s wealthiest countries. It has a very high per capita income. 13. The average life expectancy at birth for a Canadian is 81.16 years, the eighth highest in the world. The United States ranks 46th, at 78.14 years. 14. The total unemployment rate in Canada is around 6%. It has been the lowest in the past 30 years. 15. Canada is known to have the sixth highest human development index in the world, according to the United Nations Human Development Index 2011. 16. The belief that the North Pole is owned by Canada is false. No country owns the North Pole.

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17. Canada features in the list of top five world‟s producers of gold, copper, zinc, nickel, aluminum, and natural gas. 18. It produces so much energy, that it provides it to the US too! 19. It is also the largest producer of a refreshingly sweet dessert wine called Icewine. 20. The Moosehead Brewery in Saint John, New Brunswick, turns out 1,642 bottles of beer per minute. 21. A funny fact about Canada‟s city of Montreal, sometimes called The City of Churches, is that it has more churches than houses. 22. Canada is also home to the world‟s smallest jail, located in Ontario. It is only 270 square feet. 23. It also has the highest tertiary education (syn. higher education) enrollment in the world, which includes locals as well as international students. 24. Toronto is the largest city of Canada, with a population of more than 5 million people. Toronto dwellers hold more university degrees than any other big city in the world. 25. The Ice Hotel in Quebec, known as Hotel de Glace is created every year using 400 tons of ice and 12,000 tons of snow. It melts away every summer and is recreated every winter. 26. Winter temperatures in Canada fall below freezing point, with snow covering some parts of the country for nearly 8 months! North America‟s lowest recorded temperature was -63 C at Snag, Yukon Territory, on February 3, 1947. 27. Half of the country is covered with forests, which should not be surprising, considering one-tenth of the world‟s forests are here. It is also home to the polar and grizzly bears. 28. Canada has just one desert in British Columbia, towards the southernmost corner of the Okanagan Valley in Osoyoos. The desert is only 15 miles long, with over 100 rare plants, and over 300 rare animals. It is also the only desert in the world that has a long boardwalk, for people to walk on! 29. The first person to make paper from wood fibers was a Canadian, Charles Fenerty, a poet from Halifax, Nova Scotia. He started experimenting in 1839 and produced paper from wood pulp in 1841. 30. Many inventions including basketball, the baseball glove, the electric light bulb, the electric wheelchair, the electronic organ, insulin, the cardiac pacemaker, the foghorn, the first snowmobile and the electric cooking range were invented in this remarkable country. Also, the first practical electron microscope was constructed at the University of Toronto. 31. Canada has two national sports – Lacrosse as the country‟s national summer sport, and Ice Hockey as the national winter sport. The modern game of ice hockey was developed in Canada based on games that have been played since the 10th century. The rules were first published in the Montreal Gazette in 1877. 32. Canada holds the record for the most gold medals ever won at the Winter Olympics, since taking 14 Golds at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics. 33. A black bear cub from Canada named Winnipeg (or “Winnie”, for short) was one of the most popular attractions at the London Zoo after it was donated to the zoo in

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1915. Winnie became a favourite of Christopher Robin Milne and inspired the stories written by his father, A.A. Milne, about Winnie-the-Pooh. 34. The West Edmonton Mall in Edmonton, Alberta, was once the world‟s largest shopping mall. It now ranks fifth, but it still contains the world‟s largest indoor amusement park.

Realia – the names of the phenomena (objects of material culture, facts of history, state institutions names of national and folklore heroes etc.), which are present only in the life of a definite community. Compared with the other words of the language realia show tight links of the notion they denote with life of the people and historical period. Realia belong to the vocabulary items which do not have equivalents in the foreign languages and are translated into a foreign language with the help of transliteration, explanation, description or invention of neologisms. Realia are a part of the background knowledge. The background knowledge (or national cultural component in the meaning of the words) is closely connected with the culture, history and way of life in the society and reflects its characteristic features thus varying greatly in different languages. Here is the list of realia of Canadian culture, history and politics that you will come across in different sections of this textbook: The Assembly of First Nations is the representative body of the native Canadians. Bandy is a game unique to Canada. It is similar to ice hockey but uses a ball rather than a puck. Beavers are very symbolic of Canada, not only because they are a local animal, but also because the fur and trapping trade was very important to the development of Canada. Busbies are ceremonial bearskin hats worn by the English Queen‟s Household Cavalry. The Commonwealth of Nations is the associations of countries that comprises the UK and several former colonies.

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The Dominion of Canada was the name given to the emerging nation in 1867, so chosen to avoid “Kingdom” in its name in order not to antagonize anti- Monarchists. The First Nations is the collective term for the societies of Native Canadians, who have populated the land for about 10,000 years. The Governor General is the representative of the Canadian Head of State, Queen Elizabeth II. Igloos are the traditional ice huts made for temporary use by native Canadians. The Inuit are the largest group of native Canadians. Joual is the name given to the working-class French dialect used by some in Canada. The Klondike Gold Rush was the stampede to mark-off territory and search for gold, after discovery of the metal in 1897. La Francophonie is an association of France and several former French colonies. Lieutenant Governor is the title of regional representative appointed by the Governor General. The maple leaf is the primary symbol of Canada and is the object used on the national flag. The Metis are the descendants of marriage between native Canadians and European settlers, both French and British. Mosaic culture is the formation and development of a nation and its culture from distinct groups that remain. It is thought of as the opposite of what Americans believe to be their „melting pot‟ culture. Mounties is the popular name for the RCMP, Royal Canadian Mounted Police who have become renowned for “always getting their man”. Many have wondered what happens if the perpetrator is a woman. New France is a name once given to a French colony in what is today Canada. Newfoundland English is an unusual dialect of English that has become a major area of study for both philologists and linguists. Poutine is a very tasty but unpleasant-looking dish of melting cheese curds and gravy on chips. Tipis, sometimes also known as tee-pees, are conical dwellings of animal skins stretched over wooden poles. Vinland the Good is a land mentioned in Scandinavian sagas that was found by Viking explorers in ancient times and is now almost certainly located in today‟s Newfoundland, now that archaeological proof of settlements has been found. Task: While reading the texts that follow recognize and point out the words that are the realia connected with Canadian culture.

Canadian Symbols and National Icons

Task: Look up in the dictionary the meaning of the word “icon”. Make a list of national icons in Ukraine.

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One of the responsibilities of Canadian Citizenship is to recognize Canada‟s symbols. All of Canada‟s provinces and territories have symbols that are special to them. These symbols may appear on their flags. Two of the most popular Canadian symbols are the beaver and the Maple leaf.

The National Anthem of Canada The national anthem reflects binational character of the state. The French lyrics, originally named “Chant national” was written by Adolphe-Basile Routhier, Calixa Lavallee composed music. The song was first performed in Quebec City in 1880. Later it was translated into English though the French and English versions of the anthem are not the same, not only in “the letter”, but “in spirit”. In 1967 it was approved by the parliament of Canada as the unofficial national anthem. It was proclaimed the official national anthem on July 1, 1980. „God Save the Queen‟ remains the royal anthem of Canada.

O CANADA O Canada! Our home and native land! True patriot love in all thy sons command. With glowing hearts we see thee rise, The True North strong and free; And stand on guard, O Canada, We stand on guard for thee. O Canada! Glorious and free! We stand on guard, we stand on guard for thee. O Canada! We stand on guard for thee. O Canada! Where pines and maples grow, Great prairies spread and lordly rivers flow, How dear to us thy broad domain, From East to Western sea! Thou land of hope for all who toil! Thou True North strong and free! O Canada! Glorious and free! [etc.] O Canada! Beneath thy shining skies May stalwart sons and gentle maidens rise To keep thee steadfast thro‟ the years From East to Western sea, Our own beloved native land, Our True North strong and free! O Canada! Glorious and free! Ruler supreme, Who hearest humble pray‟r, Hold our Dominion in Thy loving care. Help us to find, O God, in Thee A lasting rich reward, As waiting for the better day,

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We ever stand on guard.

The National Flag of Canada, also known as the Maple Leaf The Maple Leaf has been a symbol of Canada since the 1700s. It was used in the 1800s to decorate Canadian emblems and badges. In 1868, the Maple Leaf was part of the design for the coat of arms of the provinces of Quebec and Ontario. It used to be on every Canadian coin. Today it is only on the penny. There were other flags before this one, but they all looked like the British flag. In 1964, Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson appointed a committee to resolve the issue and create a truly Canadian national flag. More than 2,600 designs for a flag had been sent in to the Canadian government! The red and white flag with the Maple Leaf in the middle is the first distinctly Canadian flag. Red and white had been Canada‟s official colours since 1921. That year King George V proclaimed the official colours of Canada as red, from Saint George‟s Cross, and white, from the French royal emblem since King Charles VII.

The Canadian flag was first raised on top of the Peace Tower on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, on February 15, 1965. It is a red flag with a white square in its centre, featuring a stylized 11-pointed red maple leaf. The number of points on the leaf has no significance; they do not represent the ten provinces plus one point for the territories, such as the Australian Commonwealth Star denotes. The number and arrangement of the points of the maple leaf were chosen after wind tunnel tests showed the current design to be the least blurry of the various designs when tested under high wind conditions. The Royal Union Flag is also an official flag in Canada, used as symbol of Canada‟s membership in the Commonwealth of Nations, and of its allegiance to the Crown. The Governor General and the Queen each have their own personal Canadian flags. Wherever they are in Canada, their flags fly over the buildings that they stay in. The Queen is the Canadian Head of State. The Governor General is her representative in Canada.

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The Beaver Although the simple, precise image of a maple leaf was used for the flag, the Beaver was adopted as the national symbol on March 24, 1975. Why of all animals the beaver was chosen as a national symbol? What makes the animal so special for Canadians?

Task 1: Read the text and answer the questions: 1. What was the main reason for colonization of North America by Europeans? 2. What were beaver pelts used for? 3. Was fur trade a profitable business? 4. What saved the beaver from complete extinction? 5. In what way was the beaver paid homage to?

The beaver represents the importance of the fur trade in the early history of Canada. The early explorers, though disappointed that they did not find the riches of China in the New World, did notice the great number of forest animals and other natural resources. The “quest for religious and political freedom” is often given in American text- books as the reason Europeans colonized North America. But it is far more likely that the commercial value of natural resources was the prime reason. In Canada, these resources included whales, vast schools of cod, and especially tall pines used for ship‟s masts. After the early European explorers had realized that Canada was part of North America and not the Orient, rich in spices, the main attraction for merchants and traders was the uniquely large beaver population, then numbering in the millions. France soon realized that Canada or New France as it was called then, could provide great riches in furs. England recognized this as well when it set up the Hudson‟s Bay Company to trade for furs. In the late 1600s and early 1700s, the fashion of the day across Europe was for Top Hats, which were covered by beaver pelts. As these hats became more popular, the demand for the pelts grew. The beaver was soon the principal reason for the growth and development of Canada and was regarded from the outset as symbolic of Canada. The first North American coat of arms to depict a beaver was created by sir William Alexander, who was granted title in 1621 to the area now known as Nova Scotia. The trade of beaver pelts proved so lucrative that the Hudson‟s Bay Company honoured the buck-toothed little animal by putting it on the shield of its coat of arms in 1678. The shield consists of four beavers separated by a red St. Georges Cross and reflects the importance of this industrious rodent to the company. King Henry IV of France saw the fur trade as an opportunity to acquire much- needed revenue and to establish a North American empire. Beaver furs made many of the first settlers very rich. Both English and French fur traders were soon selling beaver pelts in Europe at 20 times their original purchase price. They created a new coin that was worth one beaver pelt. In 1678, Louis de Buade de Frontenac, then Governor of New France, suggested the beaver as a suitable emblem for the colony, and proposed it be included in the

11 armorial bearings of Quebec City. In 1690, in commemoration of France‟s successful defense of Quebec, the “Kebeca Liberata Medal” was struck. A seated woman, representing France, with a beaver at her feet, representing Canada, appeared on the back.

The beaver was included in the armorial bearings of the City of Montreal when it was incorporated as a city in 1833. Despite all this recognition, the beaver was close to extinction by the mid-19th century. There were an estimated six million beavers in Canada before the start of the fur trade. During its peak, 100.000 pelts were being shipped to Europe each year; the Canadian beaver was in danger of being wiped out. The future of the beaver was saved only because fashion changed. Luckily, about that time Europeans took a liking to silk-covered top hats and the demand for beaver pelts all but disappeared. The British Empire continually reinforced its presence by use of the Union Flag and images of Royalty, initially those of Queen Victoria, who ruled 1837-1902. However, when Canada issued its first postage stamp in 1851, depicted below the Queen‟s “VR” (Victoria Regina) insignia was a beaver. The beaver appeared on badges, medals and stamps. On March 24, 1975, the beaver received the highest honour ever bestowed on a rodent. On that day it became an official emblem of Canada when an “act to provide for the recognition of the beaver as a symbol of the sovereignty of Canada” received Royal assent.

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Today, thanks to conservation and silk hats, the beaver – the largest rodent in Canada – is alive and well all over the country.

Task 2: Find beavers on the following pictures. What information from the text do the pictures illustrate?

Task 3: What animal would you suggest as a national symbol of Ukraine? Substantiate your choice.

The Canadian Coat of Arms

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The fleur-de-lis is a symbol of Canada‟s historic connection to France. There are fleur-de-lis on Canada‟s coat of Arms and on the provincial flag of Quebec. The Union Jack and the Royal Crown appear as symbols on provincial flags and coat of arms. They represent the historic connection between Great Britain and Canada. Task: Find out more about all the symbols depicted on the Canadian coat of arms. What information about the country does each of them give us?

The Mounties The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), known popularly as the Mounties, are the national police force of Canada. In addition to providing national level policing, they also provide provincial, and municipal police services to parts of Canada under contract to the three territories, and eight of the provinces (not including Ontario and Quebec). Now the organization has more than 28,000 members. In French the Mounties are known as the Gendarmerie Royale du Canada (GRC). The RCMP are famous for its distinctive scarlet ceremonial dress uniform, and the Musical Ride which is a ceremony in which 32 RCMP officers show off their horse riding skills and uniform in the execution of a variety of intricate manouevres and cavalry drills with music.

The Mounties were immortalized as symbols of Canadian culture in numerous Hollywood movies and television programmes, often featuring the image of the

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Mountie as square-jawed, stoic, and polite and with the motto that the Mountie “always gets his man”. The RCMP were created in 1873 by Sir John Macdonald, the first prime minister of Canada, under the name the North West Mounted Police with the intent of bringing law and order (and asserting Canadian sovereignty) over the North-West Territories (which then included modern day Alberta and Saskatchewan). This need was particularly urgent with reports of American whisky traders causing trouble in the region. Acting on a suggestion in his cabinet, Macdonald had the force wear red uniforms both to emphasize the British nature of the force and to differentiate it from the blue American military uniforms. The force was organized like a British cavalry regiment and carries on some of the traditions of those units, like the Musical Ride, to this day. In 1895 jurisdiction was extended to the Yukon during the Klondike Gold Rush where the force served with distinction under the command of Sam Steele making the gold rush the one of the most peaceful and orderly affairs in history. Ironically, the force‟s dissolution was being discussed around this time in Parliament, but the Mounties‟ conduct so impressed the prospectors during the gold rush that the force became famous around the world and their survival was ensured. Today‟s Mounties cover the massive territory of Canada not just on their horses. The RCMP helicopter can be seen as often as the trooper on horseback.

Canadian Bearskin Hats (“Busbies”)

Buckingham Palace, British Queen‟s London residence, is patrolled and guarded by ”Foot Guards”. Bearskin hats are a key part of the uniform of the five Guards regiments – Coldstream, Grenadier, Irish, Scots and Welsh – and are quintessential to

15 traditional ceremonies like Trooping the Colour, with millions of photographs taken each year by tourists visiting London. The bearskins come from Canada, as they have done so since the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, but animal welfare groups say 40,000 black bears are killed every year for this purpose and this is unacceptable in today‟s society. The environmental organization PETA (“People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals”) issued a petition to Buckingham Palace calling for a switch from the use of Canadian bear pelts to synthetic materials in the headwear.

Poutine Poutine is a popular snack. It is a mixture of chips or “French Fries” with fresh cheddar cheese curds, covered with gravy. The freshness of the curds(typically made the day before) is most important as it makes them soft in the warm chips, without completely melting. A poutine with melting cheese is not regarded as a „genuine poutine‟. The exact origin of the name is unknown, but some believe it is derived from the English word “pudding”, used in the slang sense of “a mess”. Poutine is a fast-food staple, especially in Quebec and New Brunswick, and is sold by nearly all fast-food chains in the provinces, as well as by smaller diners. International chains like McDonalds, A&W and Burger King sell poutine, but their products are scorned by many as being an inferior reproduction. Task: Find out more about other prominent national symbols of Canada: Canada Goose, Common Loon, the Crown, the totem pole and Inuksuk.

Canadian Character and Culture

Have you ever met a Canadian? Do you have any experience of communication with Canadians? What kind of people are they? The text that follows will give you a glimpse on a Canadian national character and culture. Tasks: 1. Read the text and answer the questions: 1. Why is Canadian culture heavily influenced by British and American culture? 2. How are Canadians stereotyped by other nationalities? 3. What makes the Canada – USA border unique in the world? 4. How do you understand the expression “cultural takeover”? Why are some Canadians concerned about the issue? How does the Canadian government responds to their concerns? 5. What is the difference between a melting pot culture and a mosaic of cultures? Which approach is characteristic for Canada? 6. What critical differences between Canadians and Americans are mentioned in the text? 2. Look up the word “underdog” in the dictionary. Explain what the expression “an underdog hero” means. Give examples of such personages in the books you’ve read and films you’ve watched.

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While Canadian culture is heavily influenced by British and American culture and traditions, it retains many unique characteristics. In the past few decades, a more robust and distinct Canadian culture has developed, partially because of the nationalism that pervaded Canada in the years leading up to and following the Canadian Centennial in 1967. Canadians are stereotyped by other nationalities as being nice, but rather dull – “decaffeinated Americans” being one description, while the definition of a Canadian as “an American with healthcare and no gun” is another. A Canadian politician remarked that Canada was supposed to have British government, French culture and American know-how, but instead ended up with French government, American culture and British know-how. The Canada – USA border is the world‟s longest undefended border, and the United States and Canadian governments share a variety of close working partnerships in matters of trade, economics and legal concerns. As Canada and the United States have grown closer, many Canadians have developed complex feelings and concerns regarding what makes Canada a “distinct” nation within North America. The large American cultural presence in Canada has prompted some fears of a “cultural takeover”, and has initiated the establishment of many laws and government institutions to protect Canadian culture. Much of Canadian culture remains defined in contrast to American culture. For example, Canadians see their country as a mosaic of unique immigrant cultures, a large picture made up of many distinct pieces, rather than a melting pot, in the way that Americans like to describe their society and culture. Media outlets that receive government funding such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation attempt to promote such a view of Canada. Many of the critical differences between Canadians and Americans have emerged over the past 200 years in literature, the lyrics of folk and pop songs and all forms of art. The major differentiators are: Humor: Canadians do not shy away from serious subject matter, but they have often often approached it using humour. Humour is the Canadian way of approaching difficult or sensitive subjects. Satire and irony: If Canadian literature had to be distilled into a single word, for the sake of comparison with all other literature, that word would be “satire”. Satire has jokingly been called Canada‟s national sport. Canadians have used satire not only to entertain, but also to promote societal reform. The use of irony is very similar to that of the British, to the confusion of Americans. The underdog hero: If a Canadian novel has a hero at all, it is likely to be of the “underdog” type. An ordinary, everyday person overcomes a battle against the odds. Urban vs. rural: The underdog hero ties in with an urban vs. rural theme which has frequently appeared in Canadian fiction and poetry, and usually portrays the rural as morally superior to the city, which is portrayed as shallow and seedy. Nature (and a “human vs. nature” tension): Reference to nature is prolific in Canada‟s literature. Nature, while often interpreted as the enemy in some Canadian works, can also be interpreted as divine and ideal in others.

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Mild anti-Americanism: While not evident in every piece of work by a Canadian, there has unmistakably been an ongoing anti-American theme from time to time in Canada‟s literary history, often taking the form of gentle satire. It cannot be described as malicious (although at Canadian literature‟s beginning, re-invasion by the U.S. was a legitimate fear), but is better seen as mild sibling rivalry, and may tie in with Canada‟s loyalty to the underdog as opposed to the haughty hero , two roles played by Canada and the U.S. in Canadian mythology. Self-deprecation: Canadian literature, while often implying an underlying love and concern for the nation, is not patriotic propaganda in the US style. There is , on the contrary, often self-deprecation within its pages. Canadians have been known to be good at laughing at themselves, which ties in nicely with their ability for satire and humor.

II. This section further examines the differences between the citizens of the two countries. It deals with Canadians‟ consumer preferences and values and will give you more insight into Canadian character. Task: Make sure you know these words, if necessary look them up in the dictionary: consumer preferences, a cashless society, to embrace the Internet, a retailer, retail sector, to shatter the stereotype image, on a per capita basis, to be safety and security conscious, to use burglar alarms. The Canadian Professional Marketing Research Society (PMRS) surveys more than seven million individuals in Canada each year. This has shown that Canadians have some very different consumer preferences and values than their American „cousins‟. Some of the more interesting points posted on the PMRS website are: - Canadians buy smaller, less expensive vehicles than Americans. They place less social importance on the prestige of owning luxury cars. Understanding this fact helped Honda come up with a solution for its Acura model which, in the early 1990s, was selling well in the U.S. but was a poor seller in Canada. The answer was the Acura EL – a smaller, less expensive version strictly for the Canadian market – and it was an immediate success. - Canadians are more like the Scandinavians in the way they have embraced the Internet. Canadians far outpace Americans, and rival the Swedes, Fins and Norwegians, in overall usage of the Internet, downloading music, and having high speed access. They also prefer Canadian products and services when they shop online. But a paucity of Canadian sites means much of the $2 billion to $4 billion spent over the Internet goes to foreign retailers. - Surprise of surprises. Americans consume more maple syrup than Canadians, shattering the stereotype image of Canadian lumberjacks. On a per capita basis, Canadians drink more wine, consume more Worcester sauce, and read more newspapers than Americans. - Canadians drink their tea hot. Americans prefer iced tea. That may explain why electric kettles are plentiful in Canada, but a rarity south of the border.

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- Canadians are safety and security conscious. Oddly, they purchase and use more burglar alarms than Americans. - Canadians also lead the world in moving to become a cashless society which is good news for bankers and the financial sector and mission critical for the retail sector. Canadian use of debit cards far exceeds any other country – 54 per cent compared to 44 per cent in the Netherlands, 41 per cent in France, and 27 per cent in the U.S. Task: Using the information of the text make a character sketch of a Canadian.

Top-Ten Canadian Contributions to the American Way of Life In the United States little to no attention is paid to their Canadian neighbours to the north. I mean why should they, we all live in Igloos and endure year long winters. Who would think that we have made any significant contribution to the betterment of American life. It pains me to learn that very few of our cousins south of the border know anything about Canada. So here we go, let me give you my list of top-ten Canadian contributions to the American way of life. After you’ve read the introductory paragraph who do you think the author of the article is – a Canadian or an American? Why do you think so?

10. Food & Beverages It‟s not just the United States who have reinvented the way we eat, Canadians have added their own flavor to our food supply. Canadians have always had a different appetite and for that reason have a few food and beverage items Americans have later adopted. - Canada Dry Ginger Ale – Created by pharmacist John J. McLaughlin in 1907, ginger ale grew in popularity in the United States during the height of the prohibition years as the ginger helped mask the smell of liguor. - Poutine – French Canadian dish of French fries, cheese curds and gravy. - Peanut Butter – Patented by Marcellus Gilmore Edson in 1884, it was developed to serve as a dietary supplement for people with poor to no teeth. Again, these are just to name a few of the many foods we all know and love.

9. Quebec The Canadian province of Quebec is a contribution in and of itself. It gives Americans the ability to sample French culture without having to go to France where they are usually they are less than hospitable to tourists. I am always happy to find out that my American friends have or want to drive up to Montreal to sample their unique architecture, food and language. As a Quebecer myself I‟d just like to say that we love to share our French heritage with our southern neighbours, so come in Quebec the next time you want to experience something different.

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8. Inventions There are many inventions that are attributed to Canadians and ex-patriots living in the United States. - Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone was a Scottish Canadian living in the US when he registered his patent. He later became an American through immigration. - M1 Garand Rifle – Canadian born John C. Garand invented the rifle when he worked at the Springfield Armory. Called “the greatest battle implement ever devised” by General Patton, the M1 was a revolutionary new weapon for its time and became the standard weapon of the US Army in 1936-1957, serving as the principle rifle for soldiers in World War II, Korean and Vietnam Wars. - Insulin – Discovered by Frederick Banting, Charles Best and James Collip as a treatment for diabetes, insulin has saved countless lives. There are many moreCanadian inventions that we all use daily – these are just to name a few.

7. Bombardier Bombardier is a company that began in 1941 by Joseph-Armand Bombardier. He is credited for inventing the snowmobile and from those humble beginnings built a multi-national business that now builds everything from commuter trains, airplanes (de Havilland, Challenger, Canadair, and Learjets), and recreational vehicles (Ski- Doo, Lynx, Sea-Doo, ATV, and the new can-Am Spyder).

6. Canadarm 7. Developed by the National Aeronautical Establishment in 1981 to be used by NASA, the Canadarm is our little contribution for space exploration. The Canadarm has proven itself to be an invaluable tool used to do everything from launching satellites to building the International Space Station.

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5. Celine Dion & Cirque du Soleil Celine Dion & Cirque du Soleil are credited for saving Las Vegas after tourism dropped following September 11, 2001. Their regular performances at the casinos helped attract more visitors who were avoiding plane travel after the hijackers shook America‟s confidence in airport security after 9/11. Las Vegas tourism was already slumping before 9/11 when little variety has been shown at the casino – there is only so many times you can see bad Elvis impersonations. Both Celine and the Cirque are from my hometown of Montreal, Quebec so I have a special love for this proud Canadian contribution.

4. Anne of Green Gables I was a big fan of the Ann of Green Gables books and movie series as well as the off-shoot TV series Road to Avonlea as a kid. But I am always shocked at how popular the series was in the United States. Inspiring a generation of children to read is never a bad thing.

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3. Organized sports I am not sure of the reason but Americans have really embraced Canadian sports. If you are unsure of what I am talking about let‟s name a few games that have made their way into the American culture. - Lacrosse – The official Canadian National Sport, Lacrosse is played throughout the United States in high schools and universities. - Hockey – The unofficial national sport of Canada, the United States have more hockey teams in the NHL than Canada. - Baseball – Did this one catch you by surprise? Variations of bat and ball games have been played since medieval times, but the version that closely resembles modern day baseball was played in Beachville, Ontario in 1838. Soon after, baseball was played throughout the United States. - Basketball – Created by Canadian American Dr. James Naismith as a way to keep children at the local school physically active in the winter, basketball was originally played using a peach basket as a net. -

2. Gasoline The gas that you pump is partially Canadian. In fact, the United States only produces 36% of their oil and gas consumption needs. The remaining 64% has to be imported from other countries, including Audi Arabia and Venezuela. But the

22 majority of US oil imports come from Canada at a whopping 21%. That makes Canada the single largest supplier of oil and gas to the United States.

1. Tim Hortons Created by a Canadian hockey player of the same name, Tim Horton is by far the symbol for Canadianship, and it is expanding rapidly into the United States. There are over 4,000 Timmies (as we affectionately call them) in operation throughout the world. In the United States, locations are spread throughout the northern states but their expansion is expected to continue. The coffee is better (some accuse Tom Horton‟s for putting crack in their brew), the donuts are better and they make healthy sandwiches when you are too tired of eating burgers. In Canada you almost never see a line outside of a Starbucks like you do at Tim Horton‟s.

Task: After you’ve read the text tell which of the Canadian contributions to the world culture you personally consider the most precious. Substantiate your point of view.

Canadian Cuisine Canadian cuisine differs significantly from one region to another in terms of ingredients and dishes. Among the delicious cuisines of the world, the traditional Canadian recipes are worth mentioning. They are influenced by a number of foreign cuisines, indicating the multicultural makeup of Canada. While speaking about traditional Canadian recipes, it is categorized into two viz. the English Canadian cuisine and the French Canadian cuisine. The former resembles the British and American cuisines, whereas the latter is related to French food. The most commonly used ingredients in the traditional Canadian food are wild blueberries, rice, mussels, caribou, salmon, beef, pork, beer, wine, maple syrup and 23 cheese. As a tradition, lamb or ham recipes are cooked in the Canadian thanksgiving festival.

Canada is a major producer and consumer of cheese. In 1997, Canadians produced 350,000 tons of at least 32 varieties of cheese and ate an average of 23.4 pounds per person, with cheddar being the most popular. French-Canadian cuisine involves extensive preparation and the use of fresh ingredients. It is influenced by rural French cuisine, and also Irish and British cuisine. Cheese and wine are preferred foods. The major meals of the day are lunch and dinner, while breakfast is pretty simple. Generally, one starts off with a starter course, after which there is a main course constituting salad course and dessert. Dessert is usually a fruit, bagels, or maple taffy. Pork, shrimp, Charlevoix lamb, fiddleheads, wildberries, beans, cheese, yogurt, corn, fish, and maple sugar are all important ingredients in Quebec food. Quebec is also the main producer in the world‟s maple syrup industry, and a leading supplier of processed products ranging from berries to apple ice wines. Some typical French-Canadian dishes include Butter Tarts, Creton, Pea soup and Smoked meat sandwich. Tourtiere or meat pie is a traditional French- Canadian dish consumed generally during Christmas, New Year and Thanksgiving. When in Quebec, don‟t forget to try the signature dish ‟Poutine‟ – it‟s made up of French fries and flavored gravy mixed with chunks of cheese curd. Following is the recipe of this delicious traditional Canadian dish.

Poutine

Ingredients: 5 medium-sized potatoes (cut into slices) 2 cups yogurt cheese 1 quart vegetable oil 1 (10.25-ounce) can beef gravy Procedure: Preheat a deep frying pan and pour the vegetable oil in the pan. Add the sliced potatoes and fry till they turn light brown. Meanwhile, warm the sauce over a medium heat. Take out a slice and check whether it is cooked well by inserting a fork. If required, fry the potatoes in batches. After frying the potatoes, make sure to drain them by using tissue papers. Transfer the potato fries in a serving plate and sprinkle with cheese on the top. Ladle the gravy over the potato fries and cheese toppings and serve it hot. 24

Task: Try and cook this Canadian national dish. Do you find it delicious? What dish of Ukrainian cuisine can it be compared to? Immigrants brought and introduced an array of things from delicious cuisines, cafes to world-class architecture and different customs and traditions. Shish Taouk or chicken kebabs, for example, served in a pita wrap is a traditional Lebanese dish that has gained lots of popularity in Montreal, European-inspired baked products ranging from cakes, pastries to baguettes are also well-known in Quebec. Red, white, or sparkling wines are commonly consumed while dining. Their traditional love for sweets has attracted a wide range of festivals from Maple Syrup Festival to Chocolate Festival. They are held every year where people come to smell the aroma of maple syrup preparation, see all kinds and forms of chocolates, and get together to celebrate this one-of-a-kind event. A large majority of people in Quebec and Montreal are particularly fond of horse meat and consider it as a delicacy.

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UNIT II GEOGRAPHY AND SIGHTS

Natural Features Area: 9,984,670 sq km Major Island: Baffin Major Ranges: Coast Mountains, Rocky Mountains Notable Peaks: Mount Logan, (5,951 meters); Mount Fairweather, (4,663 meters); Mount Columbia (3,747 meters) Major Rivers: Mackenzie, St. Lawrence, Nelson, Saskatchewan, Peace Major Lakes: Great Lakes (partly in Canada), Great Bear Lake, Great Slave Lake, Lake Winnipeg Climate: Atlantic region – moderate, but cold currents. Central region – mild. Prairie region – short, hot summers. Pacific region – mild temperatures; dry interior; cool and rainy central interior. Northern region – harsh; rain light in northern Yukon, heavy on mountainous coast of British Columbia.

Task 1: Read the Chapter “Geography” (pp. 21-29 in the textbook Zhylko N.M. Canada . Навчальний посібник до курсу “Країнознавство” – Ніжин: Видавництво НДПУ ім. М.Гоголя, 2003. – 175c.) and answer the questions: 1. Where is Canada situated? What countries does it border on? 2. What is the country washed by? 3. How many geographical regions according to their relief are there in Canada? What are they? 4. What mountain ranges are there in Canada? What is the highest peak in the country? 5. How many great basins does Canada have? Name them. 6. Show on the map the biggest river of each basin. 26

7. What is the longest river in Canada? 8. What river is traditionally called the ”Mother of Canada”? 9. Name the four Great Lakes that are owned jointly by Canada and the United States. 10. What is the largest lake that lies entirely within Canada? 11. How many ecosystems do ecologists recognize in Canada? What are they? 12. What factors influence the climate of Canada? What climatic regions can be found in the country? Be ready to show all mentioned geographic objects on the map.

Task 2: Fill in the gaps in the following sentences: 1. Canada contains … time zones and … geographical regions. 2. … … is a vast, horseshoe-shaped region centered about Hudson Bay that is made of very ancient and very hard rock. 3. … … form the eastern boundary of the Cordilleran Region, besides they form the continental divide between eastward- and westward-flowing rivers. 4. One-half of the Canada‟s farmers live in the …, three fourths of all Canada‟s food is grown there. 5. The … Region consists of very old rock formations dissected by valleys. 6. … is composed of thousands of islands north of the Canadian mainland. 7. … is the smallest and the southernmost region, but about one-half of the Canadians line there.

Task 3: Read the Chapter “Plants and Animal Life” (pp. 30-33) and match the three types of ecosystems with the plants and animals that inhabit them. Ecosystems: 1) Tundra; 2) Forest Regions; 3) Grassland Plants: the white birch, purple saxifrage, balsam fir, lichens, black spruce, dwarf shrubs, red pine, white cedar, sugar maple, grain crops, beech, red oak, Douglas fir, sagebrush and cactus. Animals and birds: the moose, polar bear, white-tailed deer, pronghorn antelope, beaver, caribou, black bear, white fox, skunk, snow owl, raven and crow, badger, grey and red squirrels, hawk, bison (buffalo).

Explain the difference between the deciduous and coniferous types of forest.

Task 4: The image of the beaver as a national symbol of Canada is on the 5 cents coin. Find out what other animals are depicted on the Canadian currency. Here are some examples.

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Why were these animals selected for the Canadian currency?

1. PLACES OF NATURAL BEAUTY

Task: Read about natural wonders of Canada and find them on the map. Choose the one you would like to visit personally and find out more information about it.

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1.1. Canadian Rockies The mammoth mounting range that stretches along the western North American continent are the Rocky Mountains. The stretch is approximately 3000 miles, starting from the northernmost part of British Columbia (of Western Canada) to Southwestern United States (New Mexico).

Canadian Rockies contain the Canadian segment of Rocky Mountains that comprise some of the highest peaks like Mount Robson (12,972 feet), Mount Columbia (12,293 feet), Snow Dome (11,339 feet) and Mount Temple (11,624 feet). Amongst these, only Mount Temple has a proper scrambling route. These mountains are best suited for mountaineers who love to embark on rough and tough trekking trips. Besides, Canadian Rockies house five national parks of which the famous four (Banff, Jasper, Kootenay and Yoho) constitute the Canadian Rocky Mountains Parks World heritage site. Beautiful landscapes, glacier coated mountains, clear lakes, deep canyons and caves and many waterfalls are sure to make your trip a time to remember!

1.2. Mount Logan

Due to active tectonic uplifting, Mount Logan is still rising in height. Before 1992, the exact elevation of Mount Logan was unknown and measurements varied

29 greatly. In May 1992, a GSC expedition climbed Mount Logan and fixed the current height of 5,959 metres above the sea level using GPS. Temperatures are extremely low on and near Mount Logan. On the 5,000 m high plateau, air temperature hovers around -45C in the winter and reaches near freezing in summer with the median temperature for the year around -27C. Minimal snow melt leads to a significant ice cap, reaching almost 300 m in certain spots.

1.3. Baffin Island This island is the largest member of the Canadian Archipelago. If you are looking forward to a trip containing both adventurism and relaxation in the right blend, Baffin Island is the place where you will be heading towards! Located in the northern tip of Canada, in the Arctic Ocean, the tourists get the opportunity of their lifetime to view exotic animals like polar bears and walruses. And needless to say, this place has adventurism at its best, with kayaking between ice flows and catching a glimpse of the Northern Lights. In summers, the weather is not quite friendly with a sudden descent of hordes of insects. So, Baffin Island, with its astounding landscapes, happens to be one of the fascinating vacation spots to visit in Canada in winter.

1.4. Canadian Lakes Canadian lakes are part of the abundance of natural resources that make Canada a true outdoor wonderland. In between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans, the Hudson Bay and the U.S. border, nearly 9% of the country‟s landmass is made up of freshwater lakes, a rather significant number when you consider that Canada is the second largest country on Earth. Many cities are nestled along the shores of lakes in Canada, including Thunder Bay (Lake Superior), Yellowknife (Great Slave Lake), and Toronto (Lake Ontario). Each province and territory boasts lakes where people come to have fun and admire the scenery. Great Bear Lake Up in the Northwest Territories, the Great Bear Lake is the biggest of the lakes in Canada, discounting the Great Lakes that are also located in the United States. The seventh largest lake in the world is located north of the Arctic Circle, which means plenty of ice and winter scenery. The small town of Deline is located on the southwest corner of the lake, and mining operations take place on the eastern shore. During the warmer months of the year, the Great Bear Lake offers fantastic fishing

30 opportunities, and many adventure outfitters lead excursions to this northern outdoor paradise and the fishing lodges along the shores of thei northern lake. Great Lakes – Huron, Erie, Superior, Ontario The chain of Great Lakes, shared between the U.S. and Canada, hold more than 20% of the world‟s fresh water, and they are extremely important to trade, transportation, and tourism. Four of the five inland lakes are found within Canada – only Lake Michigan lies entirely within the United States. From Lake Superior in the west to Lake Ontario in the east, these Canada lakes offer a world of possibilities for vacations in any season.

During the summer, the list of opportunities is as long as your imagination – cruises, swimming, fishing, chilling out at the cabin, or whatever you want – on and off the lake. When the snow starts falling, a whole new group of activities opens up to enjoy along the Great Lakes.

1.5. Niagara Falls, Ontario The Niagara Region, a mere 90-minute drive from Toronto, offers a feast of things to see and do. Considered to be one of the natural wonders of the world, Niagara Falls has brought tourists to this part of Ontario for hundreds of years. This natural wonder welcomes more than 12 million visitors a year. This Canadian identity is truly God‟s biggest creation still alive on the Earth‟s surface. Niagara falls are one of the most beautiful waterfalls in the world. Half of the waterfall is in the Canadian province, while the other part is in the USA. Therefore there are two sets of falls and the larger one, in Canada is known as the Horseshoe Falls. It has 79,000 visitors every day and is a beautiful sight to see. The Falls are the subject of endless stories. One of the most intriguing was the day they stopped flowing! On March 29, 1848, the usual roar of the falls fell silent. The water flowing over the falls had been reduced to a mere trickle. People flocked to see the impossible. Some saw it as a sign that the end of the world was near. Others enjoyed crossing

31 back and forth across the riverbed, an act that would have normally killed anyone who tried. A curious collection of objects was found on the exposed bed, including bayonets, muskets, tomahawks and other War of 1812 artifacts. But what happened to the water? Ice jammed up-stream at the mouth of the Niagara River and Lake Erie stopped the water from running down the Niagara River. On the night of March 31, the ice broke up and the river began to flow over the falls once again. Few falls are as strong as Niagara Falls. About 3,400000 litres of water crash down 52 metres each second; as a result, these falls are one of the world‟s greatest sources of hydroelectric power. The awesome sight has inspired many a daredevil over the years. Jean Francois Gravelet “the great Blondin”, walked a tightrope over the gorge of the Niagara River in 1859; in 1886, Boston police officer William Kendall swam across the rapids below. And Annie Taylor, a 63-year-old schoolteacher, was the first person to go over the Falls in a barrel in 1901. The visitors needn‟t risk their lives to get a close-up look. The famous “Maid of the Mist” tugboat takes them on an exciting voyage to the base of the neighboring American Falls, or to the basin of the Horseshoe Falls, for the shower of their lives (hooded raincoats provided).

They can also take a helicopter flight, courtesy of Niagara Helicopters, for a magnificent bird‟s-eye view; see points behind the Falls through rock-cut tunnels, where they‟ll feel the incredible power of the water. You can take an elevator down to the Niagara Gorge below the Falls; and ride an aerocar 549 metres above the Niagara Whirlpool Rapids. Another alternative: the view from a far at the indoor/outdoor observatory of the Skylon Tower. Soaring 236 metres above the Niagara Gorge, the tower also offers dining in high style at either of its two restaurants – one revolving – and at its base, specialty shops and a game arcade. The view is especially stunning at night when the Falls come alive with a spectacular light display. The whole city lights up during the Winter Festival of Lights.

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During the summer months, all 100 acres of the Niagara Parks Botanical Gardens brim with colour. It is famous for the giant floral clock decorated with 19,000 blooms. The Niagara Region is one of the Canada‟s main grape-growing areas, home to the wine yards of over 25 wineries. The Ontario Wine Route takes the visitors on a comprehensive tour of the area – just follow the signs. They can be sure to stop at a winery or two along the way, for tours, tasting and wine boutiques. Also worth a visit is the idyllic town of Niagara-on-the-lake, which retains the look and feel of a 19th- century village. Here people will find charming inns and restaurants; shops full of old-fashioned delights; and the world-famous Shaw Festival, dedicated to works by George Bernard Shaw and his contemporaries.

1.6. Grand Falls, New Brunswick Large cataract 37 meters high; boats filled with flowers occasionally sent over falls in memory of a legendary Indian maiden.

2. FASCINATING PLACES OF CANADA

Besides natural wonders there are places in Canada that are characterized by some anomaly or even mystery. Tasks: 1. Explain in your own words the phenomenon of magnetism on Magnetic Hill. 2. Express your suppositions about what could be hidden on Oak Island.

2.1. Magnetic Hill, New Brunswick Magnetic Hill is a wild and wacky place that appears to defy gravity. For years now, people have been entertained by driving their car to the bottom of the hill, 33 putting the car in neutral and watching as their car rolls backwards, with them in it, UP the hill! In the 1800s, farmers were puzzled when it seemed that their horses had to strain to pull wagons that were seemingly going downhill; then on the way home, the wagons seemed to get tangled up with the horses‟ feet while going uphill. How was any of this possible? People thought perhaps their was a powerful magnet buried at the top of the hill which pulled objects to it. Actually, it‟s a common illusion where the level horizon is hidden in some way. Trees, walls and things that normally act as a visual clue may be leaning slightly. We expect such things to be straight and so we are fooled. An optical illusion makes a downhill appear to be an uphill. But seeing is believing, so even when you know the cause, you still can‟t help but think that when you‟re rolling uphill, you are actually rolling downhill. Freaky!

2.2. Oak Island, Nova Scotia Captain Kidd‟s treasure, Aztec gold, the manuscripts of Francis Bacon, perhaps even the Holy Grail – there are many theories as to just what is buried on Oak Island, off the eastern coast of Nova Scotia. For years people have been trying to get to the bottom of the mystery, or more accurately, to the bottom on the money pit. On a summer day in 1795, teenager Daniel McGinnis came across a circular depression in the ground. On closer examination he saw other signs that suggested that someone had buried something in the area. Over the next few days along with two friends Daniel began to dig. Two feet down the boys discovered a layer of flagstones. At ten feet there was a platform of oak logs, and the same at 20 and 30 feet. The boys abandoned their digging, returning eight years later to continue their search. This time they reached 90 feet, finding a layer of charcoal at 40 feet, putty at 50 feet and coconut fiber at 60 feet. Something was found every 10 feet, and at 90 feet a stone inscribed with strange writing was uncovered. At 90 feet water seeped in and stopped further digging. The cache had been ingeniously designed with passages that would flood the pit thereby foiling any attempts to reach what may be buried there. Further attempts uncovered a layer of spruce and what may have been a cask of coins at around 100 feet.

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Over the years countless people have tried to reach the supposed treasure using various methods and technology. Corporations have been formed and fortunes spent to try and solve the, as yet, unexplained mystery.

2.3. The Spotted Lake, British Columbia If you want to see one of the most interesting and unique places in Canada – go to Osoyoos Okanogan Valley. The area is located between the border of US and province of British Columbia. It is known to be the pocket desert of Canada with warm winter and hot summer. The Osoyoos Lake that is situated here is known for its warm waters and attracts a lot of tourists. This lake is a strange natural phenomenon, found nowhere else in the world – it has spots. The spots are of all colours – milky white, pale yellow, parrot green or even navy blue! The variety is not only in colours bot in shapes as well that vary from bun shaped spots to bread shaped ones! The lake is not a picnic spot or a place for bathers, as it is a sacred spot for the Okanogan Indians, the inhabitants of this area.

Indians believe that the lake‟s holy water has the power to heal wounds, sprains, skin diseases and body aches. When being ill they simply come to the lake and sit in its water applying it all over their body. So they have free medical benefits from their own holy lake. No drugs, no surgery, no heavy bills! Is it a miracle? No, the lake has mineral rich water, it is one of the most mineral rich waters found in the world. These minerals are mostly sulfates of magnesium, calcium, sodium etc.; silver, titanium and many others. During summer the water of the lake diminishes allowing the mineral- rich mud to form crystal lumps in strange shapes and colours.from ancient times the tribes even when engaged in wars reached the lake so that their warriors could heal their wounds in the medical waters of the holy lake. We can only imagine how many tribal lives have been saved during its long existence. The original inhabitants are wise enough to protect the lake, to preserve it. Money is not everything the tribal knowledge says. The lake‟s charming power was brought to the public eye and became an issue among politicians and ecologists. The latter stood by the rights of the indigenous people and didn‟t let the government turn this place into a picnic spot.

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3. NATIONAL PARKS

National Treasures Canada has 42 National Parks. They range in size from 8.7 sq km to 44 807 sq km and collectively cover about 2.2% of the total area of Canada. This territory has been set aside by the government of Canada for a variety of special purposes, including recreational use and preservation of wilderness. Each park is an area of outstanding scenic beauty, a locality of historical importance or a site containing unique features. Each year about 20 million people visit Canada‟s national parks and national park reserves. Facilities for sports, entertainment and shopping have been developed in many of the parks. National parks are also game sanctuaries. Hunting is prohibited and visitors are not permitted to disturb the animals or the birds and their nests.

3.1. Task 1: Read the text about the oldest national park in Canada and answer the questions. 1. Where is Banff National Park situated? How large is it? 2. When and under what circumstances was it founded? 3. What contribution did the Canadian Pacific Railway company make to the development of Banff National Park? 4. Who gave the park its present name? 5. What natural wonders are there in the park? 6. What facilities can the park offer to visitors? 7. What historic events and personalities are connected with this place?

Task 2: Using the questions as a plan sum up the story about Banff National Park.

Banff National Park Banff National Park is Canada‟s first national park, located 130 kilometres west of Calgary, on the slopes of the Rocky Mountains, in the southwest corner of the Canadian province Alberta. It is also one of the largest national parks in Canada (6,641 square kilometers). In 1883, on the slopes of the Canadian Rocky Mountains, three railway workers discovered a natural hot spring, and from there the park was born. The Canadian government then began working to develop the springs as a tourist destination. In fact the railway company made a huge contribution to establishment and the further development of Canada‟s oldest national park. The company built a series of grand hotels and attracted tourists through extensive advertising. Due to the work of the company in the early 20th century, roads were built in Banff. The original name of the park was “Rocky Mountain Park”. But in 1884 it was renamed by the president of the Canadian Pacific railway. Recalling his birthplace in Banff, Scotland he made up his mind to name the first national park in Canada after his home town.

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Located in the heart of the Canadian Rockies, the park boasts its mountainous surroundings with numerous glaciers, lakes, ice fields, northern lights, hot springs, dense forests and alpine landscapes and gorgeous canyons. The most dominant feature is of course mountains, the scenery of which is present from anywhere in any direction. Lake Louise, the jewel of Banff National Park, is a beautiful mountain lake famous for its astounding turquoise coloured water that reflects the surrounding mountains and Victoria Glacier on the far shore. Named for a daughter of Queen Victoria, the lake, that was formed when a glacier slid through thousands of years ago, is quite isolated and surrounded by snow-capped peaks. One of the most elegant hotels in western Canada is located along the shores of the lake: the Fairmont Chateau Lake Louise; it gives fabulous views directly across the lake. In the summertime, visitors enjoy kayaking and canoe rides, along with boat rentals. From the lakeside path, there are popular hiking trails leading either up the mountain side or beyond the lake towards the glacier. The territory of the park is about 93% untouched wilderness notwithstanding its two town sites (the towns Banff and lake Louise), and the highways that bisect the park.

One of the main features of Banff is that it looks completely different in the winter than it does in summer. Open year-round, Banff offers amazing wildlife viewing and sightseeing, plus attractive shopping and eating facilities, any time of the year. Summer is popular for hiking, camping, padding, mountain biking, cycling, scrambling, horseback riding, fishing, rafting and photography. The best time for viewing seasonal color is fall, when the larch trees – the only coniferous trees to lose their needles in winter – turn yellow. It looks awesome. In winter, the mountain landscape gives opportunities for incredible downhill and cross-country skiing. In fact, three major downhill ski resorts operate within the park. The ski season, which runs from November to May, is one of the longest in North America. Visitors can also enjoy wildlife tours, ice walks, snowshoeing, snowboarding, dog sledding and horse sleigh rides. 37

The main commercial center of the park is the town of Banff. It was established in 1886 as a transportation and service center for the tourist industry. Banff is a resort town and one of Canada‟s most popular tourist destinations with around three to four million influx of tourists every year. Situated inside the park Banff has all comforts one can ever imagine. To come here is a sure-fire way to explore Banff National Park. I‟d like to mention Banff National Park is home to seven national historic sites including such historical gorgeous hotels like the Banff Springs Hotel and Chateau Lake Louise. Banff Springs Hotel may be one of Canada‟s most picturesque hotels, but it‟s also rumored to be the site of numerous terrifying ghost sightings. Opened in 1888 it has a slightly old fashioned air but still boasts its luxury building and appealing views. Marilyn Monroe is known to live in Banff Springs Hotel during her film “River of No Return”, 1953. Now, approximately 8300 people call Banff their home. Residents of both Banff and Lake Louise are proud to share their local knowledge and appreciation for the nature, history and culture of this World heritage destination. Banff National Park is the most visited Alberta tourist destination and one of the most visited national parks in North America, with about 4 million visitors a year. Today it is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Banff Gondola Mountaintop A gondola ride is the best thing to do in the Banff National Park. It boasts of extremely breathtaking bird-eye views in 360 degrees during its eight minute ride to the top of Sulphur Mountain. The Gondola elevates you from the height of 698m to 2,281m. after arriving at the Upper Terminal, there is no end to the fun and adventure. The Banff Skywalk is a 1 km self-guided route that takes you to the Sansone‟s Peak Meteorological Station and Cosmic Ray Station National Historic Site of Canada. The „interactive giant compass‟ is also present at the Upper Summit Terminal. The conserved local wildlife of Canada including the bighorn sheep of Rocky Mountain is unforgettable. Though these animals are friendly for most parts it is still advisable to keep a safe distance, as they are wild animals after all. The Glacier Skywalk is the newest attraction along the Icefields Parkway linking the Jasper and Banff towns in the province of Alberta. This way links Jasper National Park to Banff National Park. It was opened on May 1, 2014.

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The Glacier Skywalk includes free viewing area, cliff-edge walkway and observation deck. The design features an impressive curved glass-floored walkway, which is suspended 280 m above the Sunwapta Valley. The platform is called Brewster‟s Discovery Walkway as it was developed by local company Brewster Travel Canada.

The Skywalk platform is built into native rock with iron steel, glass and wood. It reaches out 30 m, where the 400 m walkway follows the canyon wall. It took three years to construct at a cost of $21 million. The idea behind this project was to create an extension of a landscape consisting of a 400 meter walkway in the mountainside, and to offer some amazing views over a glacial valley in the Columbian Icefields of Jasper National Park in Alberta, Canada. The Glacier Skywalk is an experience like no other: a perfect balance of breathtaking views and adrenaline-pumping excitement. Exploring such attraction is not for the faint-hearted.

3.2. Here is the list of some other Canadian National Parks. Task: Choose the park you would like to visit and make a presentation on it. The questions above (3.1.) may serve you as a plan.

The Glacier National Park (in British Columbia; established in 1886).

Fundy National Park (in New Brunswick; established in 1948). 39

Bay of Fundy (has a high tidal range and now is a finalist to the new 7 wonders of nature)

The International Peace Garden (located both in Canada – Manitoba and the USA – North Dakota; established in 1932 as a symbol of lasting friendship between the US and Canada).

Thousand Islands National Park (located on mainland as well as on 20 islands and 93 islets and shoals in the St. Lawrence River, much of its territory is accessible by boat only; established in 1904). It was the first Canadian National Park east of the Rocky Mountains. The park is part of the UNESCO Frontenac Arch Biosphere Reserve protecting several at risk species and ecologically important areas.

The Prince Edward Island National Park (extends along the Gulf of St. Lawrence; established in 1937).

The Pukaskwa National Park (in central Ontario, on the north-eastern shore of lake Superior; established in 1971).

Pacific Rim National Park Reserve Pacific Rim National Park Reserve comprises Long Beach, Broken Group Islands and the West Coast Trail. The adventurists are going to love this place for its rugged coastlines and lush green forests. And all the animal and bird watchers, this place has really got a plethora of some rare animals to watch! In spring, one can get to see the whales, sea lions, seals and a variety of exotic migratory birds settle down here, making this place all the more alluring.

The Wood Buffalo National Park – the world‟s largest park (in Alberta and southern Northwest Territories; established in 1922). Cabot Trail, Nova Scotia Cabot Trail covers the northern tip of Cape Breton Island of Nova Scotia and is about 185 miles long. This place is one of the best places to visit with kids! The trail 40 has breathtaking landscapes with stunning scenery and unforgettable hospitality. And good news for all the gourmet lovers, this place offers some of the finest seafood in the world. A hike to cape Breton Highlands National Park with family for whale watching just makes your holiday all the more beguiling! Also this place has ample number of museums and galleries and so this is definitely a welcome news for art lovers as well! Cabot trail just happens to be your dream holiday trip with your family!

Cypress Hills Provincial Park. In south-western Saskatchewan; geologic anomaly; white ants, scorpions, cactus, and lodgepole pine, species alien to the prairie surroundings.

Dinosaur Provincial Park. In south-eastern Alberta; graveyard of prehistoric reptiles; displays of partially excavated dinosaur skeletons, fossils, relics.

In addition to the parks that protect natural features, there are national historic parks and sites all over Canada commemorating places important in Canadian history. The historic parks of Canada are often restored military forts, fur-trading posts, historic buildings or replicas.

Task: Guess what parks are shown on the pictures.

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4. CANADIAN CITIES

Best Places to Visit in Canada

If you are shortlisting vacation spots, the best places to visit in Canada are mentioned in the following article. Take a look and see where you would like to go first! From clear blue beaches, glittering skyscrapers, Colonial architecture, wildlife, war museums and innumerable natural wonders, Canada‟s got it all. It will surely take lifetime to see all the most amazing things in Canada and still have a few left to visit on your list. To help you find the best places to visit in Canada and feel like you have seen the biggest chunk of it, we have a list of vacation spots in Canada given below. These will surely make you fall in love with this wonderful country and give you the best vacation you have ever had! This country is well known for its friendly and welcoming people, natural assets, good tourist attractions, and the quality of education and living. With these basic facts about this beautiful country, let‟s move on to some of the best places to visit in Canada mentioned below. So take a look and pick your favourites!

We start our tour of the most beautiful cities of Canada with its capital – Ottawa.

4.1. Ottawa, Ontario

The city of Ottawa is blessed with the maximum rural space than any other city in Canada. Ottawa is the capital city of Canada with a population of about 1.1 million and ranks the fourth largest municipality of the country. The inhabitants of Ottawa are known as the Ottawans. This new city of Canada was created only in 2001, after the amalgamation of Ottawa-Carleton and eleven other local municipalities. It is located on the banks of the Ottawa River, where the Rideau Canal meets the river, in

42 southern Ontario. In 2007, the Rideau Canal was announces as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Queen Victoria had designated Ottawa as the capital of Canada on December 31, 1857. In the earlier times, Ottawa was known as Bytown, named in honour of Lieutenant-Colonel John By, who contributed a lot to the construction of the Rideau Canal. However, after incorporation of Bytownas a city in 1855, the name was changed to Ottawa. Ottawa is a bilingual city; the residents of Ottawa speak mainly English (50% population) and French (32% population). Other languages spoken in the city are Italian, Spanish, Chinese, Arabic and Portuguese. Ottawa is ranked as the most educated city in Canada; more than 50% residents completed their post-secondary degree, certificate or diploma. In terms of scientific research and technical development, Ottawa is among the world‟s top five. It is one of the youngest cities of the country; about 50 % of the inhabitants are under the age of 35. The temperature in Ottawa measures about +33C in summer and -40C in winter. However the average summer temperature is +20C in summer and average winter temperature is -10C. The Ottawans celebrated 35 major festivals, including Tulip Festival and BluesFeast, which are evenly distributed in the four seasons. Ottawa is the agricultural and economic center of Eastern Ontario. The overall income of the city is directly or indirectly related to agriculture. Ottawa, with the largest farmland area, has a farming revenue more than any other city in Canada. Other industries of the city include chemical, fish products, paper and pulp, petroleum and natural gas. As per 2011 financial review, families in Ottawa had the highest average income than other Canadians. According to a survey conducted in 2005 by the Mercer Human Resources Consulting, the city of Ottawa was rated the least expensive city in North America. It was also ranked as the best place to live in the country by MoneySense Magazine, after comparing 123 other Canadian cities on the ground of housing costs, household income and unemployment rate. The Forbes Magazine has rated Ottawa as the 4th cleanest city out of 300 major cities of the world. This clean city is also one of the greenest capitals in the world, surrounded by wetlands, parklands and forests. More than 94% residents expressed that Ottawa is the best place to raise a family, taking into account the city‟s art and culture, recreation and administrative services. About 78% Ottawans opined the city‟s sports and recreation facilities as one of the best in the world. With such a strong economy and a stable employment rate, what can a citizen of Ottawa expect more! Some notable buildings in Ottawa include the Parliament Buildings, where Canada‟s government resides; 24 Sussex Drive, the home of the Prime Minister of Canada; Rideau Hall, the home of the Governor-General of Canada. Ottawa also has several museums, including the National Gallery of Canada, Canadian War Museum, Canada Science and technology Museum, Canada Aviation

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Museum and Canadian Museum of nature. Ottawa is also the home of the University of Ottawa, Carleton University, and Algonquin College. On September 5, 1945, only weeks after the end of World War II, Ottawa was the site of the event that many people consider to be the official start of the Cold War. A Soviet cipher clerk, Igor Gouzenko, defected from the Soviet embassy with over 100 secret documents. At first, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police refused to take the documents, since the Soviets were still allies of Canada and Britain, and the newspapers were not interested in the story. After hiding out for a night in a neighbour‟s apartment listening to his own being searched, Gouzenko finally persuaded the police to look at his evidence, which provided proof of a massive Soviet spy networking operating in western countries, and, indirectly, led to the discovery that the Soviets were working on an atomic bomb to match that of the Americans.

This capital of Canada is situated on the banks of the Ottawa River and has the maximum amount of English architecture in it. It is a beautifully carved city which has the Parliament buildings on the banks and English influenced houses and parks around. According to facts about Ottawa, there are museums and art galleries which will give you a complete gist of the English culture there and in the true sense proves to be Canada‟s heart. In the Canadian capital you will find a variety of tourist destinations commonly visited during winters. The attractions include Canadian Ski Museum, Canadian War Museum, National Arts Centre, Rideau Canal, Canada Science and Technology Museum, and so on. So if you are a history and art buff, you have to visit Ottawa before you leave Canada.

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The texts that follow give you brief information about the most outstanding cities of Canada. Task: Choose the city you would like to visit and find out more about its sights, attractions and facilities it offers to visitors. Present the information as if you were a guide.

4.2. Montreal, Quebec

If you want a romantic getaway in Canada, Montreal is a city which won‟t let you leave it. Being bi-lingual it is the second largest city in Canada and has maximum people speaking in French after Paris. It is definitely one of the top ten places to visit in Canada, where theater and drama have firm roots and are also appreciated for all forms of acting. People who are fond of art, culture, history, food, fashion, shopping or absolutely anything else, will have the best time in Montreal. It is home to many tourist attractions such as the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Redpath Museum, Underground City, Park Olympique, Notre-Dame Basilica, etc.

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4.3. Calgary, Alberta

Lush green farmlands at the foothills of tall purple mountains and clear sky is not always imagination. This is how the countryside of Calgary actually looks, at the foothills of the Canadian Rockies. Along with harboring hundreds of oil companies, this “small town made into city” of Canada has developed a very strong economy for itself. In Calgary, tourism plays a major role in the economy. Some of the greatest attractions here are the Banff National Park and the Rocky Mountains, which makes this one of the places to visit in Canada with kids. Besides, the city offers attractions such as the Sikome Lake, Fish Creek Provincial Park, The Military Museums, Edworthy Park, Calgary Zoo, Aerospace Museum, Cantos Foundation, Fort Calgary, etc.

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4.4. Vancouver, British Columbia

This city tops the list for the most beautiful cities all over the world. Being one of the places to visit in Canada in winter, Vancouver is situated between the Pacific Coastal mountains and the Pacific Ocean. It is blessed with park lands and mountains, and has some of the best beaches ever. With all this natural beauty, Vancouver is the third largest city in Canada with millions of cultures brought into it with the immigrants that move in everyday. You will find several attractions such as the forested Stanley Park, Vancouver Museum, Vancouver Maritime Museum and Art Gallery, Granville Island, and many more.

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4.5. Toronto, Ontario

Like Vancouver, Toronto also has a multi-cultural touch to its living. In this city you will be able to visit attractions such as the Hockey Hall of Fame, Royal Ontario Museum, Canada‟s Wonderland, Ontario Place, Bata Shoe Museum, Casa Loma and many more. 48

5. Toronto is Canada‟s largest city and the provincial capital of Ontario. Toronto‟s population is 2,518,772 (2004 Statistics Canada estimate); that of the Greater Toronto Area is 5,715,386 (2004). Residents of Toronto are termed Torontonians.

Toronto is part of the Golden Horseshoe region of Ontario, a densely populated region of around 7 million people. Approximately one-third of the Canadian population lives within160 km of Toronto, and about one-sixth of all Canadian jobs lie within the city limits. The largest ancestral groups in the Greater Toronto Area are British, Irish, Italian, and Chinese. Smaller groups include Portuguese, Greek, Indian and those from the Caribbean. Toronto has been declared by the UN as the world‟s most multicultural city, with more than half its population (52%) having immigrated from other countries, and 55% of its population comprised of visible minorities. Toronto is often described as the world‟s most cosmopolitan city. Every summer the city even plays host to the “Largest Street Festival” in North America – Caribana. It is the largest Caribbean festival in North America. While English is the predominant language, there are significant populations of others, such as Chinese and Italian. Fewer than 2% of Torontonians claim French (Canada‟s other official language) as their mother tongue. Toronto is Canada‟s financial, media and health sciences centre. It has one of the most diversified economies in North America with the largest concentration of head offices in a variety of fields, the highest concentration of cultural workers and institutions, and the largest arts community in Canada. It is one of the safest cities to live in North America; its crime rate is one of the lowest in Canada and North America. The City of Toronto covers an area of 641 sq km and is bounded by Lake Ontario to the south, Etobicoke Creek to the west and the Rouge River to the east. According to provincial law, the southern boundary of the city actually extends to the US boundary in the centre of lake Ontario.

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Toronto is home to the largest university in Canada, the University of Toronto, which has a student population of more than 60,000.the city also has the internationally recognized Royal Conservatory of Music and Ontario College of Art and Design, both of which are specialized schools in music and the visual arts respectively.

4.6. Quebec City, Quebec

Old Quebec, a UNESCO world heritage treasure, is alive with history. The city was founded by the French explorer Champlain in the early 17th century. It is the only North American city to have preserved its ramparts, together with the numerous bastions, gates and defensive works which still surround Old Quebec. The Upper Town, built on the cliff, has remained a religious and administrative center, with its churches, convents and other monuments like the Dauphine redoubt, the Citadel and Chateau Frontenac. Together with the Lower Town and its ancient districts, that developed around the Palace Royale and the harbor, it forms an urban ensemble which is one of the best examples of a fortified colonial city.

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Quebec City is the heart of French Canada, a cultural capital of the province. There are innumerable historic sites like the Citadel of Quebec, many brass monuments and around 400 museums scattered around the city that immerse us into the past French-Canadian heritage. The Chateau Frontenac hotel is not only an iconic symbol of Quebec City, but also a Guinness World Record holder for being the most photographed hotel in the world. The Chocolate Museum in Quebec is a must-see for all chocoholics. Not only does it showcase artistic creations made from chocolate, but also illustrates its history from Mayan civilization time to the present day.

4.7. Winnipeg, Manitoba The city of Winnipeg is famous for its cultural events, museums and festivals. The sites of interest for visitors to Winnipeg are The Fire Fighters Museum, Fort Gibraltar, Naval Museum of Manitoba, Winnipeg Art Gallery, and Assiniboine Park.

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4.8. Halifax, Nova Scotia The best scenic location in this city is the Citadel Hill. You will find many other locations and attractions that are worth visiting, such as The Pier 21 Museum and Public Gardens. Downtown Halifax is another area worth visiting which consists of restaurants, shopping centers and entertainment facilities.

4.9. St. John’s, Newfoundland Eastern coast of Avalon Peninsula; oldest city founded by Europeans in North America; major ocean port; annual August regatta; rich fishing waters.

4.10 Charlottetown, PEI Conference held here in 1864 led to Canada‟s unification and independence; summer festival features musical version of “Ann of Green Gables”.

4.11. Gimli In Manitoba; second largest Icelandic community outside of Iceland; fishing; beaches; annual Islendingadagurinn festival in August; Viking Statue.

4.12. Dawson City, Yukon Museum with 25,000 artifacts from gold rush days; ghost towns; riverboats; largest wooden hull dredge in North America.

5. SIGHTSEEING IN CANADA

5.6. CN Tower CN Tower. In Toronto; Canadian national publicly owned rail and communications corporation erected 553-meter tower that is the world‟s tallest freestanding structure; the most famous landmark of Toronto; contains a revolving restaurant. For amusement, amazement, chills and thrills, sights and delights people visit the CN Tower – The World‟s Tallest Building! CN Tower may be one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World. The “tower of towers” – the world‟s tallest freestanding structure – enters its third ??? decade refreshed with new attractions from the ground up. It has 553.3 metres (1,815 feet). Visitors can rocket 58 seconds aboard a glass- faced elevator to this world‟s highest viewing galleries. It consists of two observation levels – Indoor Observation Deck and Outdoor. On any day, you can enjoy different games: futuristic pinball and lazer tag games; explore virtual reality and the environment; and dine in world‟s highest revolving restaurant. At 1,136 feet, the indoor Observation level is host to the most spectacular views of Toronto and surrounding areas and EcoDek – the new environmental attraction. People can rise to EcoDek on the main observation levels to examine nature from a new unique vantagepoint.

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They can discover global changes via stunning satellite images in spectacular wide screen theaters. Also they can see how deserts could rise where forests once stood, watch a volcano‟s hot action cool the planet. EcoDek gets everyone thinking globally acting locally. Then visitors can descent to the Outdoor Observation level. This descent is highlighted by a 360 degree outdoor viewing gallery experience and the new Glass Floor!

On the glass floor they can walk on air, 1,122 feet above the ground. So they can walk on air 113 stories above the ground on the world‟s highest glass floor. The Glass Floor provides a view that most birds don‟t even get. No need to worry about falling through – it‟s actually five times stronger than the concrete floor. In the CN Tower children can enjoy laser tag games O-ZAR, Toronto‟s hottest laser game. Everybody can enter the adrenalin filled O-ZAR arena where the fun is fast and where “the heart‟s beating faster than the laser beam that just ripped by at 186,000 miles per second”. Also at CN Tower you can catapult yourself into the dynamic world of a huge futuristic pinball theme park floating in space. From the pinball‟s perspective, careen at full tilt through a maze of bumpers, tunnels, flippers and strikers in the most advanced white knuckle simulation voyage of its kind. Or you can discover the exciting world of virtual reality at Canada‟s first ever Virtual Reality Centre. Cybermind will take you on an amazing journey into Cyber- Space, a fun and safe form of entertainment for the whole family. Canada‟s best Virtual Reality Centre – where literal reality ends and interactive reality begins. To complete your evening, descend to the new 360 Revolving Restaurant. It is possible to have a gorgeous view and beautiful food in this restaurant. Enjoy an entertainment of cocktails, popular music and dancing in the world‟s highest restaurant!

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5.7. Sky Dome Sky Dome is the world‟s greatest entertainment center. It is home to the Toronto Blue Jays and Toronto Argonauts as well as host to a wide variety of other sporting spectaculars, concerts, family shows and consumer shows. Millions of guests come to visit the Sky Dome. Sky Dome is the world‟s first multi-purpose stadium with a retractable roof. The 11,000-ton roof spans 674 feet across, reaches a height of 282 feet (31 storeys) and covers more than 8 acres. It consists of four panels, three of which retract. This process takes only twenty minutes. When fully open 100 per cent of the field and 91 per cent of the seats are uncovered. Sky Dome‟s versatile modes ensure the best viewing for baseball, football and other events. The 18,000 field level seats move on tracks and can change from baseball to football mode in 10 hours. Seating capacity of Sky Dome Football 53,000 Concerts 67,000 Baseball 50,000 Sky Dome has a huge Jumbotron. It‟s the largest video display board in the world measuring 3 storeys high and 9 storeys wide. The first stadium with a fully retractable roof, Sky Dome has a playing field large enough to hold 743 Indian elephants. This stadium is famous for the prominent teams, playing here. People can check out baseball with the Blue jays; Canadian-rules football with the Argonauts; and basketball (invented in 1891 by Canadian-born physical education instructor Dr. James Naismith).

5.8. Capilano Suspension Bridge It is a simple suspension bridge crossing the Capilano River in the District of North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The current bridge is 140 meters long

54 and 70 meters above the river. It is part of a private facility, with an admission fee, and draws over 800,000 visitors a year.

Vancouver‟s oldest attraction was built in 1889 by Scottish civil engineer George Grant Mackay. The bridge was initially constructed of strung hemp rope and cedar planks so that Mackay would have access to the west side of his property (Mackey owned 6,000 acres of land on either side of Capilano River). Completely rebuilt in 1956, the 450-foot-long pedestrian bridge floats 230 feet above the Capilano River and continues to thrill of its height. The peculiar of the bridge is that the glass from which it‟s made is all that separates you from the canyon floor below (adrenaline-pumping attraction).

5.9. Casa Loma Casa Loma is the most famous castle in Canada. This majestic landmark is the unique legacy of Sir Henry Mill Pellatt, a prominent Canadian financier, industrialist and military officer of the early twentieth century. Knighted by King Edward VII, Sir Henry achieved the rank of Major General in the Queen‟s Own Rifles, one of Canada‟s oldest regiments. He amassed his fortune in such diverse fields as transportation, real estate, electricity and insurance and was a generous supporter of many worthy causes before his financial empire crumbled. Today he is the best remembered as the builder of casa Loma! An unabashed romantic, Sir Henry engaged the noted architect E.J. Lennox to help him realize a life-long dream – the creation of a “medieval” castle on the brow of a hill overlooking Toronto. Begun in 1911, it took 300 men nearly 3 years to complete and cost $ 3,500,000 at that time. Based on a life-long fascination with European castles, Sir Henry borrowed the elements of Norman Gothic and Romanesque styles to create Casa Loma. Everybody is delighted with dancing fountains, unusual sculpture and the dazzling colours of a Canadian garden.

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There are 98 rooms inside which keep the atmosphere of that time. Great Hall is the central point of the castle, with its 60 feet high soaring oak-beamed ceiling. Library. The herringbone oak floor pattern creates different shadings viewed from different parts of the room. On the ceiling is Pellatt‟s coat of arms. The conservatory. The floor marble is Italian but the side panels are of Ontario marble. Steam pipes kept the flower beds warm in the winter.

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There are also dining room, bathrooms, serving room and many others. For the adventurous climbers there are two towers available for viewing. The Scottish Tower to the east offers the highest view from the property. The Norman Tower on the west is open and provides a breathtaking view of the city. Both formal and informal gardens adorn the beautifully landscaped grounds beckoning visitors on a leisurely stroll through this splendid six-acre estate. At every turn the senses are delighted by dancing fountains, unusual sculpture, formal perennial borders. The wooded hillsides showcase wild flowers and ferns plus dramatic rhododendrons and decorative grasses. Visitors can enjoy the serene beauty and changing panorama of rainbow colours May through October as the gardens mirror the transition of the Canadian seasons. And the luxurious carriage room and stables connected to the castle by an 800- foot tunnel are not to be missed. These are but a few of the intriguing highlights that await visitors at Canada‟s most stately mansion Casa Loma!

5.10. Chateau Frontenac The Chateau Frontenac is a grand hotel in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, which was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1980. Chateau Frontenac is situated at an elevation of 54 m (177ft), its current capacity is more than 600 rooms on 18 floors. The hotel is generally recognized as the most photographed hotel in the world, largely for its prominence in the skyline of Quebec City.

The Chateau Frontenac was designed by American architect Bruce Price, as one of a series of “chateau” style hotels built for the Canadian Pacific Railway company (CPR) during the late 19th and early 20th centuries; the newer portions of the hotel –

57 including the central tower (1924) – were designed by Canadian architect William Sutherland Maxwell. CPR‟s policy was to promote luxury tourism by appealing to wealthy travellers. The Chateau Frontenac opened in 1893, six years after the Banff Springs Hotel, which was owned by the same company and is similar in style. Another reason for the construction of the Chateau Frontenac was to accommodate tourists for the 1893 Chicago World‟s Fair; however, the hotel was not finished in time. The Chateau Frontenac was named after Louis de Buade, Count of Frontenac, who was governor of the colony of New France from 1672 to 1682. The Chateau was built near the historic Citadelle, the construction of which Frontenac had begun at the end of the 17th century. The Quebec Conference of 1943, at which Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and William Lyon Mackenzie King discussed strategy for World War II, was held at the Chateau Frontenac while much of the statt stayed nearby at the Citadel. Although several of Quebec City‟s buildings are taller, the landmark hotel is perched atop a tall cape overlooking the Saint Lawrence River, affording a spectacular view for several kilometers. The building is the most prominent feature of the Quebec City skyline as seen from across the Saint Lawrence.

As for Canada‟s architectural landmarks, among them should be mentioned Grand Palace Theatre in Dawson, preserved since the “Gold Rush”; Dindern Castle in Hamilton (1830); in Quebec citadel of the 19th century, the monastery of the Ursulines (1641), Notre-Dame-des-Victoires (1688), Notre-Dame-de-Quebec (1650), the Anglican Cathedral (1793); in Montreal the Seminary of St. Sulpice (1685), the church of Notre-Dame-No-Secours (1829), Chateau de Ramzi (1705). In Canada, there are more than 2,100 museums and historical parks. The most famous are: Canadian Museum of Civilization in Hull, in Ottawa – the Canadian Museum of Nature, the National Science and Technology Museum, the National Gallery of Canada, which hosts masterpieces of European art and one of the richest collections of Asian art. In Vancouver there are Maritime Museum, the Vancouver Art Gallery, the Botanical Garden and Aquarium. Victoria (BC) boasts the Museum of classic cars and the Thunderbird Park – a collection of Native Americans‟ totems. In Calgary – Dinosaur Park, in Edmonton – the Museum of Wooden Architecture, in Saskatoon – Ukrainian Museum of Canada, in Regina – Telorama – the museum of telecommunications, in Winnipeg – the Museum of Man and Nature, in London (Ontario) – the Archaeological Museum, the Museum of the Royal Canadian Armed Forces, and Children‟s Museum.

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UNIT III STATE SYSTEM AND POLITICAL DIVISION

One of the most unique facts about Canada is that it is governed by the constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II but also provides a parliamentary democracy to its citizens. The Canadian federation consists of ten provinces and three territories and is the second largest country in the world. So, Canada is a federal parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state.

Government Form of government: Federal parliamentary state Administrative divisions: 10 provinces and 3 territories Constitution: Proclaimed April 17, 1982. Sovereign: British monarch, represented by governor-general. Governor-General: Appointed by British monarch on advice of prime minister of Canada; assisted by Privy Council of Cabinet ministers. Prime Minister: Leader of majority party in House of Commons; term, as long as party retains majority. Cabinet: Selected by prime minister from House of Commons or Senate. Parliament: Senate and House of Commons; annual sessions. Senate – 104 members, appointed by governor-general on advice of prime minister; term, to age 75. House of Commons – 295 elected members; term, 5 years. Judiciary: Supreme Court of Canada – chief justice and 8 associate judges; term – life, with retirement at age 75. Federal Court of Canada – Appeals Division and Trials Division, Voting qualification: Age 18.

Task 1: Revise the three branches of government and be ready to tell about them according to the plan: 1. The legislative branch: its functions, the main legislative institution in Canada, its structure and powers. 2. The executive branch: its functions, what body performs them, their powers. 3. The judicial branch: its functions, the main judicial institution in Canada, its powers.

Task 2: Are the following statements true or false? 1. The PM of Canada is the head of state. 2. Canada is the only country in the British Commonwealth with a Governor General representing the Queen. 3. Senators are appointed, not elected. 4. Only the House of Commons may originate legislation. 5. The prime Minister of Canada is elected on a universal suffrage basis.

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Task 3: Complete the following sentences based on Canadian Government. 1. Canada is an independent … state, the head of which is the reigning monarch of the … . 2. The state was established by the British North America Act of …, which united the colonies of … into the provinces of … . 3. Canada has its own Constitution, which includes the Charter of Rights and Freedom, which guarantee 34 rights including … . 4. Canada combines a … form of government with a … system. 5. The country is a federation, consisting … provinces and … territoties. 6. Federal legislative authority consists of … . 7. The Senate has … members, who are appointed by the … of the advice of … 8. The … members of the House of Commons are elected by the people of Canada for maximum terms of … years. 9. The executive body is … , headed by … . 10. The Parliament of the country is assigned authority over control of the …, … 11. Canada has … major political parties: …, … . 12. Canadian courts of law are independent bodies. Each province has its police division, county and superior courts, with rights of appeal being available throughout … courts and the federal … of Canada.

Do you know the man on the photo? What is his position in the Canadian government? What functions does he perform?

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Federalism – form of government based on a constitution in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of regional political units.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Federalism Twenty four of the world‟s 193 countries have a federal political set up. Looking at these countries‟ political history, it can be said that there are both advantages and disadvantages of federalism. Read the following article for an in-depth analysis of the issue. Federalism is a political system in which the powers are divided between the central government and numerous regional governments. There is a written constitution which formulates this power sharing arrangement between the state and its units. These units referred to as the provincial or regional governments have the power to act independently in certain areas of governance. For example, in the USA the local governments have exclusive powers to issue licenses, provide for public health, conduct elections and form local governments, look after the intrastate trade, etc.

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At present, Federalism is being followed not only in first world countries like the USA, Australia and Canada but also in developing countries like Mexico, India and Brazil. Contemplating a change in the governing set up of the nation, some countries like Sri Lanka and Philippines are intently scrutinizing its advantages and disadvantages. Advantages Every province has political, social and economic problems peculiar to the region itself. Provincial government representatives live in proximity to the people and are most of the time from the same community, so that they are in a better position to understand these problems and offer unique solutions for them. For example, traffic congestion is a problem that can be best solved by the local government, keeping local factors in mind, rather than by somebody living in the capital. Federalism offers representation to different populations. Citizens of various provinces may have different aspirations, ethnicity and follow different cultures. The central government can sometimes overlook these differences and adopt policies that cater to the majority. This is where the regional government steps in while formulating policies, local needs, tastes and opinions are given due consideration by the state governments. Rights of the minorities are protected too. For example, in states like Arizona where there is a large Hispanic population and therefore, a large number of schools provide bilingual education. State governments have the freedom to adopt policies which may not be followed nationally or by any other state. For example, same sex marriages are not recognized by the federal government of USA but they are given legal status within the states of Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont and Massachusetts. Division of work between the central and the regional governments leads to optimum utilization of resources. The central government can concentrate more on international affairs and defense of the country while the provincial government can cater to the local needs. Federalism has room for innovation and experimentation. Two local governments can have two different approaches to bring reforms in any area of public domain, be it taxation or education. The comparison of the results of these policies can give a clear idea of which policy is better and thus, can be adopted in the future. Federalism no doubt has many positives vis-à-vis communism or imperialism but still some political scientists often raise questions about its advantages. Disadvantages Sharing of power between the center and the states includes both advantages and disadvantages of a federal organization. Sometimes there can be overlapping of work and subsequent confusion regarding who is responsible for what. For example, when typhoon Katrina hit Greater New Orleans, USA, in 2005, there was delay in the rescue work as there was confusion between the states governments and the federal government on who is responsible for which disaster management work. This resulted in the loss of many lives. Federal system of government is very expensive as more people are elected to office, both at the state and at the center, than necessary. Thus, it is often said that

64 only rich countries can afford it. Too many elected representatives with overlapping roles may also lead to corruption. Federalism leads to unnecessary competition between different regions. There can be a rebellion by a regional government against the national government too. Both scenarios pose a threat the countries‟ integrity. It promotes regional inequalities. Natural resources, industries, employment opportunities differ from region to region. Hence earnings and wealth are unevenly distributed. Rich states offer more opportunities and benefits to their citizens than poor states can. Thus, the gap between rich and poor states widens. It can make the state governments selfish and concerned only about their own region‟s progress. They can formulate policies which might be detrimental to other regions. For example, pollution from a province which is promoting industrialization in a big way can affect another region which depends solely on agriculture and cause crop damage. Federalism does not eliminate poverty. Even in New York, there are poor neighborhoods. The reason for this may be that during policy framing, it is the intellectuals and not the masses who are invited by the local government. These intellectuals may not understand the local needs properly and thus, policies might not yield good results.

CANADIAN PROVINCES AND TERRITORIES

Canada consists of 13 political divisions: 10 provinces and 3 territories. The major difference between a Canadian province and a Canadian territory is that a province is a creation of the Constitution Act (April 17, 1982), while a territory is created by federal law. Thus, the federal government has more direct control over the territories, while provincial governments have many more competences and rights.

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Province Abbreviation Capital Admission to Confederation

Alberta AB Edmonton www.gov.ab.ca 1905 www.discoveralberta.com

British Columbia BC Victoria www.gov.bc.ca 1871 www.bc-tourism.com

Manitoba MB Winnipeg www.gov.mb.ca 1870 www.travelmanitoba.com

New Brunswick NB Fredericton www.gnb.ca 1867 www.tourismenouveau-brunswick.ca/ Cultures/en-CA/welcome.htm

Newfoundland NF St. John’s www.gov.nf.ca 1949 www.gov.nf.ca/tourism

Northwest Territories NWT Yellowknife www.gov.nt.com 1870 www.nwttravel.nt.ca

Nova Scotia NS Halifax www.gov.ns.ca 1867 www.gov.ns.ca/tourism.htm

Nunavut NU Iqualuit www.gov.nu.ca 1999 www.nunavuttourism.com

Ontario ON Toronto www.gov.on.ca 1867 www.tourism.gov.on.ca/english

Prince Edward Island PE Charlottetown www.gov.pe.ca 1873 www.gov.pe.ca/visitorsguide/index.php3

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Quebec PQ Quebec www.gouv.qc.ca/index_en.html 1867 www.tourisme.gouv.qc.ca/anglais

Saskatchewan SK Regina www.gov.sk.ca 1905 www.sasktourism.com

Yukon Territory YT Whitehorse www.gov.yt.ca www.yukonweb.com/tourism

Each of the provinces and territories has its provincial flag, flower and bird, most of them have a provincial motto.

Task 1: Find out which province each of the following mottos belongs to: 1. “The small under the protection of the great” 2. “I remember” 3. “Loyal it began, loyal it remains” 4. “Strong and free”

Task 2: Identify the flags of the five provinces and one territory. Find out what the images on the flags symbolize and what information about the provinces they give.

Task 3: The flowers that you see on the pictures are: prairie crocus, lady’s slipper, western red lily, fireweed, purple violet and blue iris. Identify the names with corresponding pictures. Find out for what provinces and territories these plants serve as provincial flowers.

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Task 4: On the following pictures you can see a black-capped chickadee, a common loon, a snowy owl, a blue jay, an Atlantic puffin and a gyrfalcon. All of them are symbols of certain Canadian provinces and a territory. What provinces do these provincial birds represent?

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Canada is made of ten provinces and three territories. A Canadian province receives its authority directly from the Crown, according to the Constitution Act of 1867. A territory receives its power and authority from the federal government of Canada. Each and every province and territory of Canada has its own unique identity. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Quebec were the original provinces, which comprised the Dominion of Canada. These provinces had a central government in Ottawa. Gradually, three more provinces joined the original Canadian provinces. They were British Columbia, Manitoba and Prince Edward Island. Alberta and Saskatchewan became Canadian provinces in 1905. In 1949, Labrador and Newfoundland was the last province to be included. The most populous of Canadian provinces is Ontario followed by Quebec, British Columbia and Alberta, respectively. The three Prairie Provinces are situated in the center of the country. Alberta is famous for its natural gas reserves and the richest oil deposits in the world. Saskatchewan is known for its wheat fields. Besides it is the only province all of whose boundaries are wholly artificial (i.e., not formed by natural features). Bison and agriculture are the identity of Manitoba. The business capital of the country is Ontario. This province is the economic heart of Canada and, as a result, all types of industries are present in Ontario, most notably in Toronto and other urban areas. Ontario is the nation‟s manufacturing leader and produces 60% of all manufactured goods exported out of Canada. It is the most populous province, accounting for nearly 40% of all Canadians. The province is home to the nation‟s capital city, Ottawa, and the nation‟s most populous city, Toronto. Coming to Quebec, which is the largest province in size, it is totally different from the rest of Canada. The province of Quebec has the maximum French population and is the center for French culture and tradition. It had been the colony of France (called New France) for more than two centuries until it was ceded to Britain in 1763. Another province popular for French culture is New Brunswick. Newfoundland and Labrador are the coastal province and popular for its fishing pursuits. Nova Scotia is known for its lighthouses and lobsters. Prince Edward Island is known for its potato fields. These four provinces are called the Maritime Provinces. British Columbia, the westernmost province of Canada, is known as the tourist Mecca. This picturesque province hosts four national parks, hundreds of provincial parks and camping grounds.75% of the population of British Columbia live along the coastal strip washed by the Pacific Ocean. The three territories of Canada are Nunavut, Yukon, and Northwest Territories. The territories of Canada are wild and very old-fashioned. The landscape of this region is dominated by tundra, rock, snow and ice. Though the territories are sparsely populated they can boast mineral wealth and thriving fishing industry. The national government of Canada is bicameral. Seven Canadian provinces have Legislative Assembly as a form of government. The form of government in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador is the House of Assembly. The

69 legislative body of Quebec is called the National Assembly. However, all the provinces and territories together have only one Legislative House.

Task: Read the statements and try to guess which of the provinces they describe. This province was: - the first to respond to Titanic distress signal; - the first to vaccinate for smallpox; - the first to host a trans-Atlantic flight; - the first place to discover proof of the theory of continental drift; - the first to build artificial ice arena.

It has: - the oldest street in North America; - the oldest city in North America; - the oldest rock in the world (the Acasta Gneiss) - the largest university in Atlantic Canada; - the longest running radio program in North America.

It is the only province that has: - its own encyclopedia; - its own dictionary; - its own pony; - its own dog; - its own time zone.

Newfoundland Newfoundland is a Canadian province composed of the island of Newfoundland and a larger mainland sector, Labrador, to the northwest. It ranks seventh in size among the ten provinces and ninth in population.

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Newfoundland is Canada‟s newest province, having joined the confederation only in 1949. The island, named the „New Found Land‟ by 15-century explorers, has an area 112,790 square kilometers and lies diagonally the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Newfoundland Island lies at the mouth of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and is bounded on the north, east and south by the Atlantic Ocean and separated on the northwest from Labrador by the Strait of Belle Isle. Labrador forms the north-eastern tip of the Canadian mainland. It is bounded on the east by the Atlantic Ocean down to the Strait of Belle Isle and on the south and west by Quebec. Cape Chidley, Labrador‟s northernmost point, is on the Hudson Strait. Newfoundland has a rocky, deeply indented coast. Most of the island is a plateau, with many lakes and marshes. Forests cover more than 35% of the total area of the island and 30% of Labrador. Balsam fir and black spruce trees dominate. The forests support such fur-bearing animals as beaver, fox, lynx, and otter, as well as caribou, black bear and moose. The rivers are rich in trout and salmon. The province has a generally cool and moist climate. In Labrador, the cold Labrador Current brings below-freezing temperatures eight months of the year. Labrador is rich in mineral resources (iron, zinc, copper, asbestos, gold, oil, natural gas), timber and waterpower. Newfoundland produces half of Canada‟s iron ore. Lobster, flounder, redfish, herring, and salmon are among catches in the coastal waters. The fishing areas of the Grand Banks, where the cold Labrador Current meets the Atlantic, are probably the best for catching cod, lobster, herring, and salmon. Timber is also important. There are large pulp and paper mills at Grand Falls and Corner Brook, both on Newfoundland. Agriculture in the province is limited by the unfavourable soil and climate, and much of the food supply must be imported. Most of Newfoundland‟s inhabitants are of English or Irish descent, but in Labrador there are small numbers of Inuit. The population is centered on the island‟s south-eastern Avalon Peninsula, the province‟s most important commercial and administrative region. 50% of the population live in urban areas. The insularity of Newfoundland and the isolation of hundreds of small communities have combined to preserve distinctive cultural characteristics that have long since disappeared in the land of their origin. Thus, a most distinctive feature of Newfoundland is the local speech, which preserves much of the flavor of its West Country origins in 17th-century England. Though isolation produced distinctive language patterns and usages, it created as well the necessity for local entertainment. This factor, perhaps in combination with the Irish traditions of bards and minstrels, encouraged the development of the art of the storyteller and the preservation and creation of an immense body of folk music and song. Recreational activity in Newfoundland is mostly related to the province‟s abundant and well-preserved natural scenery and wildlife. The province maintains a generous amount of parkland and preserves, including the magnificent Gros Morne National Park, and its history is reflected in such places as L‟Anse Aux Meadows, the only authenticated Viking site in the hemisphere.

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Another historic site that is worth visiting is situated in the town of Bonavista. When Italian explorer Giovanni Caboto (or John Cabot as he is locally known) first discovered North America in 1497, his first words were “O buono vista!”. When translated into English, this phrase means “Oh happy sight!”, which is certainly fitting for what would become the town of Bonavista, the historic site of Cabot‟s landing. With the North Atlantic Ocean at their doorstep, Newfoundland and Labrador is home to Iceberg Alley, one of the best places in the world to view icebergs. On a sunny day, one can view these 10,000-year-old glacial giants from many points along the northern and eastern coasts – in every shape and size, with colours ranging from snow-white to the deepest aquamarine. Newfoundland has a single-chamber House of Assembly of 52 members, who are elected for terms not exceeding five years. From the Assembly are chosen a premier and an Executive Council, or Cabinet. The Crown is represented by a lieutenant governor, appointed by the governor-general of Canada for a five-year term. Judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and district courts. Newfoundland sends six senators and seven representatives to the national parliament. St. John, the capital, and Corner Brook are the principal cities, both on the island.

St. John, the capital and largest city of Newfoundland, is one of the oldest and most easterly cities in North America. It is the cultural, educational, economic, and industrial center of the province. Situated at the eastern end of the Avalon Peninsula, the city lies adjacent to the Grand Banks, the world‟s richest fishing grounds, and has the best natural harbor in the country.

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There are two cathedrals in the city, both dedicated to St. John the Baptist. The Confederation Building houses provincial government offices and a military and naval museum. An unusual regatta, held since 1828 on a nearby lake, is one of North America‟s oldest organized sporting events. The city is the eastern terminus for the Canadian National Railway and the Trans-Canada Highway. Major industries are fishing and fish processing, petrochemicals, shipbuilding, and the manufacture of clothing, hardware, marine engines, paint, and furniture. Settled by the English during the early 1600s, st. John is one of the oldest cities in North America. Corner Brook, Newfoundland‟s only other city, is the site of one of the world‟s largest pulp and paper mills. The city also produces furniture, and cement. Labrador City is a town in south-western Labrador, near the Quebec border. It was developed in the 1950s as a planned community to serve the surrounding mining region (Carol Lake).

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Quiz 1. What did Vikings call Newfoundland when they discovered the territory about the year 100? 2. Who gave Newfoundland its present name? 3. What river flows in Labrador? 4. What are the Grand Banks? 5. Who gave St. John, the provincial capital, its name? 6. What is the oldest street in North America? 7. What is the tallest building in St. John?

To find out whether you gave the correct answers look at the end of Unit III.

Task: Team up with your fellow student and make a project on one of Canada’s provinces. Your presentation should include information about geography, economy, cultural life and places of interest of the province. Use the plan that follows. Plan for the presentation of the province: 1. Geographical position (where the province is situated; what other provinces it borders on; whether it is washed by any seas or oceans). 2. Relief of the surface. 3. Rivers and lakes. 4. Flora and fauna of the province. 5. Mineral resources. 6. Economy of the province (what industries are developed, what products are manufactured). 7. Population of the province, its ethnical composition. 8. Unique features and sights of the province (national parks, historic sites and places of interest that attract tourists). 9. Provincial government (the three branches – legislative, executive and judicial, and the institutions that represent them in the province). 10. The capital of the province, the biggest cities, places of interest that make them worth visiting.

LANGUAGE Canada has two official languages, English and French. In the 2011 census: 6,864,615 people listed French as a first language, of whom 85% lived in Quebec, and 17,694,835 people listed English as a first language. On July 7,1969, French was made equal to English throughout the Canadian federal government. This started a process that led to Canada redefining itself as a bilingual and multicultural nation at a national level. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms states that: - French and English are equal as official languages; - debate in Parliament may take place in either official language; - laws shall be printed in both official languages, with equal authority;

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- anyone may deal with any court established by Parliament, in either official language; - everyone has the right to receive services from the federal government in his or her choice of official language; - members of a minority language group of one of the official languages (i.e. French speakers in a majority English-speaking province, or vice versa) have the right to have their children receive a public education in their language, where numbers warrant. At the provincial level, New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province, a status specifically guaranteed by the Charter of Rights, with its citizens having the same language rights at the provincial level as all citizens of Canada have at the federal level. While no other province is officially bilingual, most provincial governments do offer some type of service to their English or French minority populations. The official language of Quebec is French, as defined by the province‟s Charter of the French Language; this law lays out various protections for the use of French as a vehicular language, but also provides certain rights for English speakers and speakers of aboriginal languages. French is mostly spoken in Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and southern Manitoba. Languages other than the official languages are also important in Canada, with 5,470,820 people listing a non-official language as a first language. This is almost as many as those giving French as their first language. Among the most important non- official first language groups are Chinese, especially Cantonese, Italian and German. Speakers of a great many native Canadian languages live in Canada; however, all but a few of the native languages are in decline. The only aboriginal languages that are believed to be sustainable at present are Cree (72,885 first-language speakers), Inuktitut (29,010 speakers), and Ojibwa. Canadian English is the form of English used in Canada. In many respects the spelling of Canadian English is intermediate between British English and American English. However, the spoken language is much closer to American English than British English. It is also influenced by Canadian French. There is no universally accepted standard of Canadian spelling. In general, Canadians agree with British usage as to – our (honour, colour, endevour) as well as usage of – re (centre, metre, theatre) along with many other classes of British/American spelling distinctions. In most cases, - ize (plagiarize, dramatize, realize) is preferred to – ise in words where either ending is possible. American spellings prevalent in Canada include aluminum, artifact, jail, curb, program, specialty, tire, and carburetor. In 1998, the Oxford University Press produced a Canadian English Dictionary, after five years of lexicographical research, called The Canadian Oxford Dictionary. It listed uniquely Canadian words, words borrowed from other languages and was able to survey whether colour or color was the most popular choice in common use. The island of Newfoundland has its own dialect distinct from Canadian English, called Newfoundland English. This separate dialect developed because of

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Newfoundland‟s history as well as its geography and some of its phrases and words are used throughout Canada. Newfoundland English differs from standard Canadian English in vowel pronunciation (for example: in Newfoundland the words “fear” and “fair” are homophones); in morphology and syntax (for example, in Newfoundland the word “be‟s” is used in place of the normally conjugated forms of “to be” to describe continual actions or states of being: “that rock usually be‟s under water” instead of “that rock usually is under water”); in preservation of archaic adverbal-intensifiers (for example: in Newfoundland “that play was right boring” and “that play was some boring” both mean “that play was very boring”). The most colourful expressions of Newfoundland English include: Whadd‟ya At? (What are you at?) How are you? How‟s she cutting? – Like a knife. How is she doing? – Very well. Where you to? Where are you? Stay where you‟re to. Don‟t leave. Stay where you‟re to „till I comes where you‟re at. Wait there for me. Flat on the back with that! An expression of approval, male speaker. Flat on the back for that! An expression of approval, female speaker.

Joual is the name given to working-class dialect of the French language. The term is said to have been coined by journalist Andre Laurendeau. A joual is a cheval (a horse). It is a variation of standard Quebec French, which includes many gallicized English words.

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Task: Answer the questions about language policy in Canada. What language do most of the population in Canada speak? Are both official languages given equal rights by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms? Prove it. What makes New Brunswick special among other provinces of Canada? In what provinces is French mostly spoken? What are the most common non-official languages spoken in Canada? What aboriginal languages are still in use by native speakers in Canada? What are the characteristic features of Canadian English? Does it differ much from British and American English? Think of the possible reasons why the island of Newfoundland has its own dialect distinct from Canadian English. What dialect is called joual?

State and Provincial Public Holidays

In the entire year, there are many important occasions that are celebrated in Canada. Holidays in Canada are regulated by the central government and the provincial and territorial authorities. The list given below is a compilation of the national holidays. Date Name Details about the Holiday January 1 New Year‟s Day Statutory. This is when people blow horns at midnight and hug each other to start the new year in peace and happiness. Statutory. The day is in memory of the day on (varies) Good Friday which Jesus Christ was crucified. The date of this holiday changes every year. Statutory. While Easter is traditionally celebrated on the Sunday succeeding Good Friday, in Canada the holiday is given on the Monday after. A special feature of this holiday is that people bring Easter Monday water from the church on this (varies) Easter Monday occasion. Then they sprinkle this water on their children and around their home and gardens. The people believe that the Easter Monday water will turn out to be a blessing for them. The Easter Monday witnesses celebration in full swing with the Easter bunnies, Easter egg hunts, Easter games, parties and other colourful events. This is the day when the Canadians honour and The second appreciate the contribution of their mothers in Sunday in Mother‟s Day their lives. The holiday is observed with sparkling May celebrations and activities where people participate so as to do something special for their 77

dear mothers. Statutory. The birth anniversary of Queen Victoria who was born in 1819 is a public holiday in Canada and is celebrated with much enthusiasm Monday and show. preceding Victoria Day The holiday is celebrated to honour both the May 25 Queen Victoria and the current Canadian monarch. On this day people honour the aura and grandeur of Queen Victoria, and celebrate the spirit of sovereignty.

The third This is the day when people honour the Sunday in contribution of their fathers and father-figures. On June Father‟s Day this day people spend quality time with their dads, take them to parties or picnics and help them indulge in activities they enjoy doing the most. Statutory. This day marks the day on which Canada was formed, from the four provinces in 1867; previously the holiday was called July 1 Canada Day „Dominion day‟. The Canada Day celebrations include flag hoisting ceremonies, parades and music. In addition, there are fireworks, parties and barbecues for fun and enjoyment. Statutory. This is one of the many holidays that is celebrated by both neighbouring countries, the USA and Canada. It is in honour of the workers First Monday who have contributed to the social and economic in September Labour Day growth of the country. This is the day when people celebrate the rights of workers and enjoy taking part in parades organized by trade unions. There are picnics, fairs, festivals and fireworks to add colour to this event. Statutory. While America celebrates Thanksgiving Second on the fourth Thursday of November, in Canada Monday in Thanksgiving the celebration takes place on the second Monday October Day of October. The Thanksgiving is the day when you express your thanks for all the things you‟ve received. This is a day that has a marked resemblance to Veteran‟s Day celebrated in the USA. In Canada, it is an occasion to mark the anniversary of the November 11 Remembrance declaration of peace at the end of the First World Day War. It honours all those Canadian soldiers who gave their lives for the country. Statutory. Celebrated all over the world, there is 78

December 25 Christmas no need to explain the reason for the celebration of Christmas, which is one of the most important festivals of the year. Statutory. The day after Christmas is celebrated as Boxing Day across Canada. Though the name may suggest so, Boxing Day history will tell you that December 26 Boxing Day the festival has nothing to do with the sport but refers to the tradition of employers giving boxed gifts to their employees. Besides, it‟s the day when shops sell off excess Christmas inventory.

Each province also has its own provincial holiday or holidays. They include St. Jean Baptiste Day, the patron saint of French Canadians in Quebec, Natal Day in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia. Ontario and British Columbia have civic holidays on the first Monday in August. In British Columbia it is called B.C. Day, while in Ontario, it is named differently in each city. In Toronto it is Simcoe Day in honour of the first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, while in Ottawa it is Colonel By Day, in honour of its founder and canal builder. Alberta celebrates Family Day on the third Monday of February. In Quebec Victoria Day is not celebrated or listed as a public holiday. Instead, National Patriots‟ Day or Dollard-des-Ormeaux Day is celebrated coinciding with Victoria Day to honour the revolt against the British There are many other days, which while not necessarily holidays, are observed widely in the country. These include Mother‟s Day, Father‟s Day, Family Day, Valentine‟s Day and St. Patrick‟s Day.

Task: Pick a holiday and find out all the details about the way it is celebrated – public events dedicated to it, family gatherings, food that is cooked for the occasion, presents, postcards, special decorations and costumes.

Christmas Traditions in Canada Canada is a very large country and people of very different cultural backgrounds live there. Because of this there are lots of different Christmas traditions in Canada. Many of the traditions and celebrations come from French, English, Irish, Scottish, German. The Eastern Canadian province of Nova Scotia is known all over the world for its fir and pine Christmas trees, so most families in Canada have a fir or pine Christmas tree. One Canadian tradition is to send the biggest, best fir tree (grown in Nova Scotia) to Boston, USA because of the assistance given during the disaster, known worldwide as the Halifax Explosion. This tradition has carried on for many years. Bostonians always love and appreciate the Nova Scotian Christmas tree. They place this tree in the city and then light it during a ceremony to begin the Christmas season. Mummering is a tradition which mainly takes place in the province of Newfoundland, more commonly in small towns and villages rather than large towns

79 and cities. It‟s also sometimes called ‟Jannying‟. People dress up in costumes and nock on someone‟s door and say in a disguised voice, “Are there any Mummers in the night?” or “Any mummers ‟loud in?”, meaning ”Are mummers allowed in the house?”. Then they sing and dance and have Christmas cake and a cup of something nice before moving on to the next house. In some places, if the host does not guess who the mummers are, the host must join the mummers in their merry-making. Going Mummering is a fun Christmas season activity for adults. Mummers usually come out between December 26th and January 6th (The 12 Days of Christmas. However, some come out only before Christmas Day. In some places Mummering is now banned because people used it as an excuse for begging. On the south shore of Nova Scotia, over Christmas, there‟s a tradition of Belsnickeling where people dress up in funny Santa costumes and go from house to house until the home owners guess who you are. This tradition was brought to Nova Scotia in 1751 by German immigrants who settled Lunenburg on the southern shore. The Belsnicklers often brought musical instruments and sang. They were served Christmas cake or cookies. In southwestern Nove Scotia, many families eat lobster, a shellfish caught off the shores of Nova Scotia in the North Atlantic Ocean, on Christmas Eve.

Canadian children believe in Santa Claus. Canadians are especially proud to say that their country is the home of Santa Claus. (Although I‟m sure the people in Finland would disagree!) The Santa Claus Parade in Toronto is one of the oldest and largest Santa parades in the world! It started in 1913 when Santa was pulled through the streets of Toronto. Children along the route followed Santa and marched along with him. It‟s been taking place for over 100 years and now is a huge event with over 25 animated floats and 2000 people taking part! It‟s broadcast on TV around the world. Labrador City in Newfoundland holds a Christmas Light-up Contest each year. People dress the outside of their houses up with lights and often have big ice sculptures in their front gardens! They have no trouble finding enough snow or ice, because Labrador City has about 12-14 feet of snow every year! Many Canadian families have cookie-baking parties. They bring a recipe for Christmas cookies, bake them and then exchange them with the members of their family. At the end of the party, each family goes home with a variety of different cookies to enjoy over the Christmas season. Many families of French descent have a huge feast on Christmas Eve that lasts well into the early hours of Christmas morning after taking part in Christmas Eve Mass. The traditional Christmas meal for people in Quebec, is a traditional stew called „ragout aux pattes de cochons‟ which is made from pigs‟ legs. At the end of the Christmas season, January 6th, people in the province of Quebec have a celebration called ”La Fete du Roi”. They bake a cake and place a bean in the middle. Whoever is the lucky discoverer of the bean, gets to be the king or queen, according to tradition. This is similar to a tradition in Spain. At Christmas Canadians eat sweets called Barley Candy and Chicken Bones! They are really sweets made by local candy companies. Barley Candy is usually on a

80 stick and is shaped like Santa, reindeer, snowmen, a tree and other symbols of Christmas. Chicken Bones are pink candy that tastes like cinnamon. You melt them in your mouth and once melted, they reveal a creamy milk chocolate center. According to statistics, about 5.8 million litres of eggnog are consumed in December in Canada. While eggnog isn‟t everyone‟s idea of a delicious holiday tipple, it‟s obvious that many Canadians do enjoy it. Eggnog is a drink made from egg, milk, sugar, spices, and alcohol, such as rum or brandy. The country harvests approximately 5.5 million Christmas trees each year. That‟s roughly one Christmas tree for every 7 Canadians. But if you can‟t spend Christmas in Canada you might as well, take a little piece of the country with you. In 2006, Canada exported 2.25 million Christmas trees to over 25 countries including Japan, Mexico, the United States and Jamaica.

What Christmas tradition connects the Canadians with the USA? Find out more about the event that started this tradition. Does the tradition of Mummering remind you of any Ukrainian traditions? What tradition was brought to Canada by German immigrants? Where is the biggest Santa Parade in the world held? What is special about it? What Christmas celebrations do families of French descent have? What are the traditional Christmas sweets and drink in Canada?

Best Festivals in Canada Celtic Colours International Event This is one of the most popular events held in Canada. This festival is created to celebrate the Celtic culture in North America. Since 1997, the Celtic Colours International Festival has featured hundreds of musicians from all over the Celtic world and attracted tens of thousands of visitors to Cape Breton Island. For nine days in October the island is home to a unique celebration of music and culture as the Celtic Colours International Festival presents dozens of concerts in communities all over the island, an extensive line-up of community events, and a nightly Festival Club. Montreal Just for Laughs Festival This is another famous festival that you can find in Canada. This event is created to attract people to have fun with their families and relatives. This festival is usually celebrated every July. It is the largest comedy festival in the world. Every summer, the festival tickles the city into a laughing frenzy with galas, street art, theatre productions, and stand-up performances. Hosting some 1,700 artists from 19 countries as well as over 2 million festival-goers, Just For laughs offers 1,600 performances, including 1,200 free outdoor shows. Quebec Winter Festival This festival is usually held for celebrating the best winter carnival in Canada. It is celebrated at the end of January in Quebec. After being held on and off since 1894, the Carnaval de Quebec has been held uninterruptedly since 1955. The most famous attractions of the festival are the night-time and daytime parades. The parades wind

81 through the upper city, decorated for the occasion with lights and ice sculptures. You are also able to enjoy the longest ice rink and a snow playground. Edmonton Folk Festival This is one of the most popular premier folk festivals in the world. It is an annual four-day outdoor music event held the second weekend of August in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, established in 1980 by Don Whalen. The festival continues to draw many people from around the world both spectators and performers. The current producer of the festival is Terry Wickham. The festival showcases performers in many genres. Most years, folk, Celtic, bluegrass, blues, gospel, roots, and worldbeat acts perform. Vancouver Symphony of Fire This is believed to be the largest firework competition in the world. It is commonly held every summer in Vancouver, Canada. Vancouver Fireworks Celebration of Light is truly an international event, with over 85 fireworks shows over the last quarter-century, 17 different countries representing every continent except Antarctica have competed. Since 1990, it has become one of the most prestigious fireworks competitions in the world, attracting the world‟s best fireworks pyrotechnicians and designers. Toronto International Film Festival If you love watching movies, you should come to this event. This is one of the best film festivals in the world. The Toronto International Film Festival is a publicly attended film festival held each September in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. TIFF starts the Thursday night after Labour Day and lasts for eleven days. Founded in 1976, it is now one of the most prestigious events of its kind in the world.

Questions for revision: Provinces and territories 1. How many provinces and territories are there in Canada? 2. In which of them most of the population are of French origin? Why is it so? 3. What province and city have the largest Ukrainian populations? 4. Which province has the largest proportion of Ukrainians in its total population? 5. Recognize the province by the description: 1. Vikings landed on this territory in the 10th century. 2. This province is the smallest both in size and population, but it is the most densely populated. 3. this province has the biggest Ukrainian community – 15% of the total population. 4. This province is the second largest and the most populous. 5. This province is situated both on an island and the mainland. 6. This province hosted the first of the conferences that led to the Confederation in 1867. 7. This province is washed by four of the Great Lakes. 8. This province has the absolute majority of the population of French origin.

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9. This is the westernmost province of Canada. 10. This province was described by Lucy Maud Montgomery (who was born and lived there herself) in “Ann of Green Gables”. 11. This province has someof the richest oil deposits in the world/ 12. This is the only officially bilingual province in Canada. 13. This is the province where the capital of the country and the biggest city are situated. 14. This is the only province all of its boundaries are wholly artificial (i.e., not formed by natural features); two thirds of Canada‟s wheat is grown there. 15. This province ranks first in fishing; though it is mountainous, 75% of its territory is covered with forests. 16. These are the traditional lands of the Inuit who make four fifth of its population. Though this territory is sparsely populated it is rich in mineral resources. The capital is Iqualuit. 17. This province is famous for Klondike Gold Rush that started there at the end of the 19th century.

Answers to the quiz on Newfoundland 1. When Vikings from Greenland wintered in Newfoundland about the year 1000, they called it Vinland (Vineland) the Good. 2. Five centuries after the Vikings abandoned their Vinland colony, the island was rediscovered by John Cabot, who called it „new founde lande‟. 3. Almost all of Labrador is drained by the Churchill River, known for Churchill Falls. 4. The Grand Banks are the famous international fishing grounds. It is a portion of the North American continental shelf in the Atlantic Ocean southeast and south of the Canadian province of Newfoundland. It extends for 560 kilometres from north to south and 675 kilometres from east to west. The cold Labrador Current and relatively warm Gulf Stream meet in the vicinity. The mixing of cold and warm waters produces conditions that vavour the growth of tiny organisms called plankton on which many varieties of fishes feed. Some of the most plentiful fishes are cod, haddock, herring, mackerel, rosefish, and various flatfish. 5. The site is believed to have been named by John Cabot, who entered the harbor on St. John Day, June 24, 1497. Sir Humphrey Gilbert visited the settlement in 1583 and claimed the island in the name of Queen Elizabeth I. 6. The path along the waterfront on which Sir Humphrey Gilbert and his officers strolled, now Water Street, is said to be the oldest street in North America. 7. The Confederation Building, headquarters of the provincial government, is the tallest building in the city.

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UNIT IV ECONOMY

Task: Read Chapter “Economy” (pp. 39-45 in the textbook Zhylko N.M. Canada. Навчальний посібник до курсу “Країнознавство” – Ніжин: Видавництво НДПУ ім. М.Гоголя, 2003. – 175c.) and answer the questions:

1. Is Canada predominantly an industrial or agricultural country? 2. What are the trends in the agricultural industry of Canada? 3. In what part of Canada is most of the grain crop grown? 4. Where are most fruits and vegetables grown in Canada? 5. Where is dairy production located? 6. What forest products are exported by Canada? 7. What country is Canada‟s chief trading partner? 8. What fishing grounds are there in Canada? 9. How much of the fish take is exported? 10. What is the most valuable mining product? 11. Where are petroleum and natural gas mined? 12. What are the three most important manufacturing industries in Canada? 13. Which industry employees more labour force than all the others combined? 14. What are the leading Canadian exports? 15. What goods does the country import?

Canada is a modern and technologically advanced country and is largely energy self-sufficient due to its stores of fossil fuels, nuclear energy generation, and hydroelectric power capabilities. Its economy has traditionally relied heavily on a vast abundance of natural resources. Although the modern Canadian economy has become widely diversified, exploitation of natural resources remains an important driver of many regional economies. Canada is a developed country and one of the wealthiest in the world, with the eighth highest per capita income globally, and the eleventh highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of education, government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, and economic freedom. 84

Its advanced economy is one of the largest in the world relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed trade networks. As an affluent, high-tech industrial society Canada resembles the US in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and affluent living standards. Since World War II the impressive growth of manufacturing, mining and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. The 1989 US – Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which includes Mexico, touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic integration with the US, its principal trading partner. Canada enjoys a substantial trade surplus with the US which absorbs about three-fourth of the Canadian exports each year. Canada is the US‟s largest foreign supplier of energy, including oil, gas, uranium and electric power. Given its great natural resources, skilled labour force and modern technologies, Canada enjoys constant solid economic growth. Canada‟s major banks emerged from the financial crisis of 2008-09 among the strongest in the world, owing to the country‟s tradition of conservative lending practices and strong capitalization. The last time the global economy cooled off in a hurry, frigid Canada proved the best place to take shelter. Its tightly regulated banks had avoided subprime (exceeding average stage) mortgages entirely, its housing market was reasonably valued and its sound public finances gave the government5 enough room for stimulus. Moreover, strong Asian demand for Canadian goods exports had tied the country‟s fortunes to the world‟s fastest-growing economies. While the United States and Europe plunged deep into recession in 2008, Canada‟s GDP barely shrunk at all. And when the recovery began the following year, Canada quickly returned to growth. The government has been cutting the budget deficit since the recovery began in an effort to return it to balance and make Canada one of the only rich countries. Employment rate is higher now than it was when the current Conservative government took office in 2006. Its battle-tested financial system is a source of strength. The biggest threat to Canada‟s economy is its intrinsic vulnerability to the outside world. With a population of 30 million, the country does not consume enough on its own to maintain output if foreign demand dries up: exports make up one-third of its GDP (The Canadian gross domestic product or GDP is the value of all goods and services produced in Canada in a calendar year. The GDP includes only final goods and services, not goods and services used to make another product.). “Canada is not an island,” Jim Falherty, the finance minister, said earlier this week. “We are a trading nation.” The world‟s rising economic tide has lifted Canada higher than most rich countries over the past decade.

Canadian Economy: General Facts Foreign trade: imports, 48%; exports, 52% Chief imports: motor vehicle parts, motor vehicles, communications equipment, crude petroleum, office machines, motor vehicle engines, nonferrous metals.

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Chief exports: motor vehicles, motor vehicle parts, lumber, newsprint paper, non-metal minerals, crude petroleum, wheat, wood pulp, natural gas, equipment and tools, chemicals, communications equipment. Chief trading partners: Japan, United States, Germany, United Kingdom. Monetary Unit: 1 Canadian dollar = 100cents

Chief agricultural products: crops – barley, wheat, potatoes, oats, corn, rapeseed, soybeans, vegetables; livestock and fish – sheep, cattle, pigs, Horses, freshwater fish and seafood. Chief mined products: iron ore, zinc, lead, copper, silver, gold, coal, crude petroleum, natural gas, natural gas by-products, nickel, uranium, molybdenum. Chief manufactured products: transportation equipment, food, chemical products, paper products, metals, machinery, electrical products, wood products, petroleum and coal products, rubber and plastic products. Canada is now recognized as a technologically highly advanced economy that efficiently capitalizes on its industrialization, abundant supply of natural resources and complex trade relationships across the continents. The Canadian Dollar (C$) is an important world currency and is currently acknowledged as the 7th most traded currency across the globe.

What are the top industries in Canada?

Canada has the 9th largest economy in the world and is a member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Group of Eight (G8). International trade makes up a large part of the Canadian economy, particularly of its natural resources. In 2009, agricultural, energy, forestry and mining exports accounted for about 58% of Canada‟s total exports. Machinery, equipment, automotive products and other manufactures accounted for a further 38% of exports in 2009. In 2009, exports accounted for approximately 30% of Canada‟s GDP. The

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United States is by far its largest trading partner, accounting for about 73% of exports and 63% of imports. The three major types of industries in the country are manufacturing, services, and natural resources. The services sector contributes to 67.9% of the GDP of the country. The sector takes into account the tourism, real estate, financial services, education, health, retail sector, high-tech and entertainment. The sector employs the maximum number of people in the economy. Almost 75% of the country‟s working population is engaged in the services sector. The largest employer is the retail sector, employing almost 12% of Canadians. The retail industry is mainly concentrated in a small number of chain stores clustered together in shopping malls. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of big-box stores, such as Wal-Mart (of the United States) and Future Shop (a subsidiary of the US based Best Buy) and Zellers. This has led to fewer workers in this sector and a migration of retail jobs to the suburbs. The second largest portion of the service sector is the business services, employing only a slightly smaller percentage of the population. This includes the financial services, real estate and communications industries. This portion of the economy has been rapidly growing in recent years. It is largely concentrated in the major urban centres, especially Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. The education and health sectors are two of Canada‟s largest, but both are largely under the purview of the government. The health care industry has been rapidly growing, and is the third largest in Canada. Its rapid growth has led to problems for governments who must find money to fund it. Canada has an important high tech industry, and also an entertainment industry creating content both for local and international consumption. Tourism is of ever increasing importance, with the vast majority of international visitors coming from the United States. Though the recent strength of the Canadian Dollar has hurt this sector, other nations such as China have increased tourism to Canada.

Canada is rich in natural resources that are spread across its varied regions. As an example, in British Columbia the forestry industry is of great importance, while 87 the oil and gas industry is important in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Newfoundland and Labrador. Northern Ontario is home to a wide array of mines, while the fishing industry has long been central to the character of the Atlantic provinces, though it has recently been in steep decline. Canada has mineral resources of coal, copper, iron ore, and gold. Many, if not most, towns in northern Canada, where agriculture is difficult, exist because of the nearby mine or source of timber. Canada is a world leader in the production of many natural resources such as gold, nickel, uranium, diamonds, and lead. The vast majority of these products are exported, mainly to the United States. There are also many secondary and service industries that are directly linked to primary ones. One of Canada‟s largest manufacturing industries is the pulp and paper sector. Large discoveries continue to be made, such as the massive nickel find at Voisey‟s Bay. Canadian companies are increasingly playing important roles in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa. Canada is one of the few developed nations that is a net exporter of energy. Most important are the large oil and gas resources centered in Alberta and the Northern Territories, but also present in neighbouring British Columbia and Saskatchewan. The vast Athabasca Oil Sands give Canada the world‟s second largest reserves of oil after Saudi Arabia. In British Columbia and Quebec, as well as Ontario, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and the Labrador region, hydroelectric power is an inexpensive and relatively environmentally friendly source of abundant energy. In part because of this, Canada is also one of the world‟s highest per capita consumers of energy. Cheap energy has enabled the creation of several important industries, such as the large aluminum industry in British Columbia. Historically, an important issue in Canadian politics is that while Western Canada is one of the world‟s richest sources of energy, the industrial heartland of Southern Ontario has fewer native sources of power. It is, however, cheaper for Alberta to ship its oil to the western United States than to eastern Canada. The eastern Canadian ports thus import significant quantities of oil from overseas, and Ontario makes significant use of nuclear power. One of the most controversial sections of the Canada – United States Free Trade Agreement of 1988 was a promise that Canada would never charge the United States more for energy than fellow Canadians. Canada is also one of the world‟s largest suppliers of agricultural products, particularly of wheat and other grains. Some of the most important agricultural products are barley, wheat, tobacco, oilseed, vegetables, fruits, forest products, dairy products and fish. Canada is a major exporter of agricultural products to the United States but also to Europe and East Asia. As with all other developed nations the proportion of the population and GDP devoted to agriculture fell dramatically over the 20th century.

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The manufacturing sector is responsible for 26% of Canada‟s output. This is an important sector in the economy and provides employment to one-fifth of the workforce. A few of the important industries of the country are processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, paper and wood products, fish products, petroleum and natural gas, chemicals and transportation equipment. The NAFTA treaty as well as the free trade agreement between Canada and the United States has benefited the country tremendously. Central Canada is home to branch plants to all the major American and Japanese automobile makers and many factories owned by Canadian firms such as Magna International and Linamar Corporation. Central Canada today produces more vehicles each year than the neighbouring US state of Michigan, the heart of the American automobile industry. Manufacturers have been attracted to Canada due to the highly educated population with lower labour costs than the United States. Canada‟s publicly funded health care system is also an important attraction, as it exempts companies from the high health insurance costs they must pay in the United States. Much of the Canadian manufacturing industry consists of branch plants of United States firms, though there are some important domestic manufacturers, such as Bombardier Inc.this has raised several concerns for Canadians. Branch plants provide mainly blue collar jobs, with research and executive positions confined to the United States.

Maple Syrup

While there are written accounts of maple sugaring in North America dating back to 1557, the exact origins of sugaring are unknown. Without written documentations to guide scholars, the history is left to speculation about the discovery of maple syrup and sugar.

Early myths about maple are widespread through the Eastern Woodland Indians, including the Abenaki, Iroquois, and Micmac (Mi‟kmaq). According to legend, the Creator had at first made life too easy for his people by filling the maple trees with a thick syrup that flowed year round. One day, Glooskap, a mischievous young man, found a village of his People strangely silent – the cooking fires were dead, weeds 89 had overtaken the gardens. Glooskap discovered the villagers laying in the woods, eyes closed, letting the syrup from the maple trees drip into their mouths. Glooskap brought fresh water from the lake and using his special power filled the trees with water until the syrup ran from them thin and fast. He then ordered his people up, telling them that the trees were no longer filled with the maple syrup, but only the watery sap. He told them they would have to hunt and fish and tend their gardens for sustenance. He promised that the sap would run again, but only during the winter when game is scarce, the lake is frozen, and crops do not grow. History also remains silent on whether Native Americans boiled down the sap to maple sugar, or if these techniques were introduced by the French explorers and missionaries. But by the 1700s, Native Americans and European settlers alike were using iron and copper kettles to make syrup and sugar. In 1755, a young colonist was captured and “adopted” by a small group of natives in the region that is now Ohio. In 1799 he published his story in An Account of the Remarkable Occurrences in the Life and Travels of Col. James Smith, which includes a description of how the Native Americans made maple sugar: “Shortly after we came to this place the squaws began to make sugar. We had no large kettles with us this year, and they made the frost, in some measure, supply the place of fire, in making sugar. Their large bark vessels, for holding the stock-water, they made broad and shallow; and as the weather is very cold here, it frequently freezes at night in sugar time; and the ice they break and cast out of the vessels. I asked them if they were not throwing away the sugar? They said no; it was water they were casting away, sugar did not freeze, and there was scarcely any in that ice. They said I might try the experiment, and boil some of it, and see what I would get. I never did try it; but I observed that after several times freezing, the water that remained in the vessel, changed its colour and became brown and very sweet.” In late 1700s and early 1800s, maple sap was produced into maple sugar, a granular, solid block of maple that had a long shelf-life and could be easily transported. Maple sugar was promoted by the Quakers and abolitionists as an alternative to West Indian “slave-produced” cane sugar; Thomas Jefferson even started a maple plantation at Monticello in 1791. It wasn‟t until the Civil War that the maple syrup industry was born, with the introduction of the tin cans and the invention of metal spouts and evaporator pans. Most early producers were dairy farmers who made maple syrup and sugar during the off-season of the farm for their own use and for extra income. Technology remains largely the same for the next century until the energy crisis of the 1970s forced maple syrup producers to change their labour-intensive process. With another surge of technological breakthroughs, tubing systems were perfected, taking the sap directly from the tree to the sugarhouse. Vacuum pumps were added to the tubing systems, pre-heaters were developed to “recycle” heat lost in the steam, and reverse-osmosis filters were designed to take a portion of water out of the sap before it was boiled. And these technological advances continue today, ever moving the story of maple syrup forward.

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UNIT IV HISTORY

The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored and later settled the region‟s Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America to the United Kingdom in 1763 after the French and Indian War, which was essentially the North American theater of the Seven Years‟ War. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, the territory was explored and additional self-governing Crown colonies were established. On July 1, 1867, four colonies federated, forming a federal dominion that established Canada.

SOME BASIC LANDMARKS IN THE HISTORY OF CANADA

1. Discovery, Exploration and Colonization A.D. 1000 – the Norse explorer Leif Eriksson probably reached the shores of Canada (Labrador or Nova Scotia). 1497 – John Cabot, an Italian sea captain in the service of Henry VII of England, sailed from England to Canada, seeking a new way to China. He discovered the Island of Newfoundland, explored the coasts of Labrador and Nova Scotia. 1534 – a French expedition under Jacque Cartier entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the following year he sailed up the St. Lawrence River as far as the spot where the City of Montreal now stands. 1603 – Samuel de Champlain sailed from France to explore Canada. He travelled up the St. Lawrence River as far as Montreal and in 1605 he founded the settlement of Port-Royale, around which the French colony of Acadia grew up. In 1608 Champlain founded the settlement named Quebec, which later became the center of a large French colony named New France. By the end of the 17th century, French explorers had penetrated beyond the Great Lakes to the western prairies and south along the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. 1670 – the English Hudson‟s Bay Company was established; it was given exclusive trading rights in all the territory draining into Hudson Bay. 1756-1763 – the Seven Years‟ War between England and France for Canadian territories. 1759 – Canada became part of the British Empire 1867 – The Confederation of Canada was set up: the British North America Act provided that there should be four provinces in the new Dominion at the outset – Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia – and that others could join later. 1931 – Independence from Britain; the Statute of Westminster formally declared British dominions, including Canada, to be partner nations with Britain.

Questions: 1. What people populated Canada before the arrival of Europeans?

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2. Who were the first Europeans on Canadian soil? 3. What settlements did Jacque Cartier and Samuel de Champlain found in Canada? 4. What was the reason for the Anglo-French war? 5. How did the struggle for power between France and England end? 6. What provinces formed the Federation in 1867? 7. What provinces joined the federation later? 8. Who was Canada‟s first prime minister? What was he famous for? 9. Which was the last province to join the Federation? 10. What is the newest territory of Canada? When and how was it formed? 11. When did Canada become a truly sovereign state? 12. Who is prime minister of Canada now? What party does he represent?

Pre-Colonial Canada

Task: Read the text and be ready to explain the difference between the terms “First Nations”, “Inuit”, and “Metis”. Are the terms “First nations” and “First Peoples” synonyms? How many groups make up the First nations? Show on the map the geographical regions that they originally occupied.

Canada has been inhabited by aboriginal peoples, known in Canada as the First Nations for about 10,000 years. This is the current title used in Canada to describe the various societies of the indigenous peoples, called Native Americans in the U.S. they have also been known as Native Canadians, Aboriginal Americans, or Aboriginals, and in fact are officially called Indians in the Indian Act, which defines the status of First Nations, and in the Indian Register, the official record of members of First Nations. Today “Indian” is generally offensive and came about from the very first explorers confusing North America with Asia.

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The First Nations people of Canada are made up of four main groups, excluding the Inuit in the North and Metis. The collective term for all four aboriginal groups is First Peoples. Each of these main groups contained many tribes, each of which had adapted to their environments which were all slightly different. The four main groups were subdivided by the following geographic areas: The Pacific Coast and mountains. Among the largest tribes were the Haida, Nootka, and Salish. They made glorious totem poles, a trait often attributed to other tribes as well. The Plains. The plains nations included primarily the Sioux, Blackfoot, the Plains-Cree, and the Plains-Ojibwa. These people used tipis as their homes, covered with skins. Their main sustenance was the buffalo, which they used as food, and for all their garments. Tribal leaders often wore large headdresses made of feathers, something which is wrongfully attributed to all first nations peoples. The St. Lawrence Valley. The largest group near the St. Lawrence waterway was the Iroquois. They included the Huron peoples of central Ontario and the League of Five Nations who lived in the USA, south of Lake Ontario. The North-East Woodlands. These included the Algonquins, Mi‟kmaqs in the Maritimes, the Innu in Quebec, and the Cree and Ojibwa in northern Ontario and Manitoba.

The term is also used to designate bands of aboriginal people for whom reserves have been provided under the Canadian Indian Act. A representative body in existence today for Canadian First Nations is the Assembly of First Nations. Inuit is a general term for a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples of the Arctic. Canadian Inuit live primarily in Nunavut, Nunavik (a region in northern Quebec defined by the James Bay Agreement) and in Nunatsiavut (a region in Labrador whose borders are yet to be fixed.) The Inuit are traditionally hunters who fish and hunt whales, walrus, and seal by kayak or by boat or by waiting at airholes in the ice. They use igloos as hunting or

94 emergency shelters. They make use of animal skins in their clothing, and dog sleds that are used for travel pulled by Inuit sled dogs, though snowmobiles have largely replaced this mode of travel. The European arrival caused a great deal of damage to the Inuit way of life, causing mass death and other suffering. Around 1970, Inuit leaders came forward and pushed for respect for the Inuit and their territories. One of the resulting land-claims agreements created the Canadian territory of Nunavut, the largest land-claims agreement in Canadian history. In recent years, circumpolar cultural and political groups have come together to promote the Inuit people and to fight against ecological problems, such as the greenhouse effect and resulting global warming, which heavily affects the Inuit population due to the melting and thinning of the Arctic ice and possible extinction of Arctic mammals. Nunavut premier Paul Okalik took the lead in this regard in a First Ministers‟ meeting discussing the Kyoto Accord. The Metis are an ethnic group of the Canadian prairies and Ontario. This community consists of individuals descended from marriages of Indian women to French Canadian and British employees of the Hudson‟s Bay Company. Their history dates to the mid-seventeenth century, and they have been recognized as a people since the early eighteenth. There is no generally accepted standard for determining who is Metis and who is not, so estimates of the number of Metis vary from 300,000 to 700,000 or more. The most famous Metis was Louis Riel who led what are usually depicted as two failed rebellions, the Red River “Rebellion” in 1869 in the area now known as Manitoba, and the North-West “rebellion” in 1885 in the area now known as Saskatchewan. Reasonable doubts may be raised about whether either of these events was a rebellion. For example, the actions considered rebellious in 1869 were undertaken by Riel as the leader of a government recognized by Canada as in legitimate control of territory that did not belong to Canada. Canada negotiated the Manitoba Act with this government. After these “rebellions”, land speculators and other non-Metis effectively stripped the Metis of land by exploiting a government programme for its „purchase‟ at unreal, low prices. The Metis are not recognized as a First nation by the Canadian government and do not receive the benefits granted to First nations under the Indian Act. However, the new Canadian constitution of 1982 recognizes the Metis as an aboriginal group and has enabled individual Metis to sue successfully for recognition of their traditional right, such as rights to hunt and trap. In 2003, a court ruling in Ontario found that the Metis deserve the same rights as other aboriginal communities in Canada.

European Colonization

Canada was probably first visited by Europeans around 1000, when the Vikings settled in Newfoundland. Helge Ingstad, a Norwegian, had explored and surveyed the northeast coast of the U.S. and the Maritimes in Canada and had determined from his findings and extensive analysis of the old Sagas that Vinland the Good must be somewhere along

95 the north-eastern coast of Newfoundland. In 1960 he determined a likely location where a Viking settlement may have been located. In 1961 excavation began to successfully uncover a complex settlement. More permanent European visits came in the 16th and 17th century, as the French settled there. In 1763, at the end of the Seven Years‟ War, France chose to keep its Caribbean Islands and to leave its North American colony, New France, to Britain, and in addition, after the American Revolution, many British Loyalists settled in Canada. On July 1, 1867, with the passing of the British North America Act, the British government granted local self-government to a federation of four provinces formed from three of its North American colonies – Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. The former province of Canada formed two provinces of the new Dominion of Canada, being partitioned into Quebec and Ontario. The Act created “one Dominion under the name of Canada”. The term “Dominion” was chosen (rather than “Kingdom”) to avoid possible antagonizing of anti-monarchist sentiment in the United States and to reflect Canada‟s status as a self-governing colony of the British Empire. Other British colonies and territories soon joined the Confederation; by 1880 Canada included all of its present area except for Newfoundland and Labrador (which joined in 1949). Full control over the Dominion‟s affairs officially came in 1931 with the Statute of Westminster, and in 1982 with the adoption of Canada’s Constitution. In the second half of the 20th century, some citizens of the mainly French- speaking province of Quebec sought independence in two referendums held in 1980 and 1995. In both referendums, the separatist cause, led by the Parti Quebecois, was defeated with 60% and 50.6% opposed to independence, respectively.

Fortress Louisbourg. In Louisbourg, Nova Scotia; major 18th century French fortification in Acadia; restored homes with live „characters‟ from 1750; interpretive center.

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The Klondike Gold Rush

Task 1: Find on the map all the geographical objects mentioned in the text – the Yukon River, the Klondike River, the town of Dowson, the Yukon Territory and others. Task 2: Look up in the English-English dictionary and explain the meaning of the words “frenzy”, “prospector”, “stampede”. In what context were they used in the text?

The Klondike is a region of the Yukon Territory in northwest Canada, just east of the Alaska border. It lies around the Klondike River, a small stream that enters the Yukon River from the east where the town of Dawson is situated. The Klondike is famous for the Klondike Gold Rush, which started in 1897. Gold is still mined in the area. The Klondike Gold Rush was a frenzy of immigration to the Klondike and gold prospecting after gold was discovered there in the late 19th century. On August 16, 1896, rich gold deposits were discovered by George Carmack in Bonanza (Rabbit) Creek, a tributary of the Klondike River near Dawson. News reached the United States on July 17, 1897 when the first successful prospectors arrived in Seattle, and within a month the Klondike stampede began. The population in the Klondike in 1898 may have reached 40,000 threatening to cause a famine. Most prospectors landed at Skagway at the head of Lynn Canal and crossed by Chilkoot Pass or White Pass to Bennett Lake. Here prospectors built boats that would take them the final 500 miles down the Yukon River to the gold fields. The Chilkoot Pass was steep and hazardous, rising a thousand feet in the last half mile. It was too steep for pack animals and prospectors had to pack their equipment and supplies to the top. Some 1,500 steps were carved into the ice to aid travel up the pass. Conditions on White Pass were even worse. It was known as the Dead Horse Trail with about 3,000 animals dying along the route.

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Throughout this period, the North West Mounted Police under the command of Sam Steele maintained a firm grip on the activities of the prospectors to ensure the safety of the population as well as enforcing the laws and sovereignty of Canada. As a result, this gold rush has been described as the most peaceful and orderly of its type in history. The effectiveness of the Mounties in this period made the police force famous around the world. The gold rush remains an important event in the history of the city of Edmonton, which to this day celebrates Klondike Day, an annual summer fair with a Klondike gold rush theme.

History glitters in the Yukon

Lure of the Klondike Gold Rush continues to draw curious to the North

BY LYNN MARTEL, POSTMEDIA NEWS

Dawson City's heritage is lovingly preserved in its architecture, right down to the wooden sidewalks. Photograph by: Dave Halliday , For Postmedia News

Two years was all it lasted, but the Klondike Gold Rush indelibly shaped the culture, identity and even landscape of northern Canada's Yukon Territory.

Like all great historical events, the gold rush has its well-told story: the oral tradition of the region's Tagish First Nations people tells how while fishing in Yukon River, Dawson Charlie, Skookum Jim and his brother-in-law George Carmack were approached by veteran gold-seeker Robert Henderson.

He told Carmack about some prospects he'd found in the Klondike River Valley, so a couple of weeks later the men poled their boat up Rabbit Creek, a Klondike tributary. After panning a few encouraging nuggets, one of them picked up a dime-sized chunk of gold. Overturning loose bits of rock, they found gold sandwiched thick between rock slabs. The next day, Aug. 17, Carmack, Jim and Charlie staked their claim on the renamed Bonanza Creek.

Even in those pre-Twitter days, word spread fast, drawing prospectors from all over Yukon and Alaska. Days later gold was found on Eldorado Creek, a tributary of the Bonanza. But it wasn't until the following July that news went viral, when the

98 steamship Excelsior landed in San Francisco laden with more than half a million dollars worth of Klondike gold. Three days later, a crowd of 5,000 greeted another steamer with 68 miners aboard in Portland, Ore., to witness more than $1 million in gold carried down the gangplank in a battered assortment of suitcases and rope-tied bags.

The Klondike Gold Rush had officially begun.

Spurred by the hardship of a global recession, 50,000 people descended on Yukon. By 1898 the population had exploded from 5,000 to more than 30,000. Ground zero was Dawson City, a trading post on a mud flat at the confluence of Yukon and Klondike rivers. While steamers did navigate the Inside Passage to the Alaska Coast and up Yukon River to Dawson City, such travel was expensive. Most stampeders booked passage to Skagway and from there hiked overland via the Chilkoot or White Pass trails. From their layover at Lake Lindeman and Bennett Lake, those who survived spent the dark winter months building boats for the 800-kilometre voyage to Dawson City. In May 1898, a motley flotilla of barges, rafts and plank boats headed up Yukon River.

Their arrival was bittersweet, however, as the hopeful stampeders learned the stakes had been scooped up two years earlier. While many turned right around, others pursued their fortunes selling supplies and services to the miners; Dawson's shops boasted the finest in French Champagnes, oysters, Parisian fashions and porcelain.

While the Klondike Gold Rush officially ended with a gold discovery in Alaska in 1899, ironically 1900 marked its most productive year with more than $22 million worth of gold pulled from the creeks. Today, Dawson's heritage is lovingly preserved in its architecture, right down to the wooden sidewalks. The gold search continues, with about 13,000 active placer claims currently operating in Yukon. The stories live on, too, in the writings of Pierre Berton and Robert Service, on Discovery Channel's popular Gold Rush TV series and around kitchen tables the world over.

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"The stories are still being spread around," says Merran Smith with the Klondike Visitors' Association (dawsoncity.ca). "People came from Europe, the U.S., from across Canada, from Edmonton up the Mackenzie River and from B.C. on the Stikine. Their stories have been passed down to their grandchildren and great- grandchildren. The Klondike is a living, breathing history."

Building The National Railroad

Task: Read the text and answer the questions: 1. What made building of the railroad so necessary? 2. Why was there a delay in the construction? 3. Who worked on the most dangerous parts of the road? 4. How did the railroad influence the political structure of the country?

In May 1870, British Columbia told John A. Macdonald that it wanted to join Confederation. British Columbia asked that a wagon road be built across the prairies and through the mountains to connect British Columbia with Canada. Prime Minister agreed to do even more. He promised a railway road would be started within two years and finished within 10. Without the railway, he worried that British Columbia might leave Confederation and join the US. He also wanted to bring farmers to settle the prairies and to produce farm products for Canada‟s eastern markets. Macdonald and his government‟s first attempt at getting Canada‟s railway underway failed because of a political scandal. People accused Macdonald and his government of taking bribes from the company that was hired to build the railway. Macdonald and his party were forced out of power in 1873. The new government was less interested in building the railway. Not much work was done on the project over the next five years. In 1878, Macdonald returned to power Macdonald and the railway project was once again underway. George Stephen and Donald Smith formed a new Canadian 100

Pacific Railway Company to complete the project. Workers had built 1100 km of railway lines, but another 3040 km of track still had to be laid. During the next 15 months workers laid 1500 km of railway on the prairies. It was a remarkable accomplishment.

Building other sections of the railway proved to be very complicated and dangerous for the workers, especially the section through the mountains of British Columbia. The workers had to build bridges over steep mountain canyons and use explosives to blast through rock. Some claim that along the British Columbia section of the railway every kilometer of tunnel and track was stained with blood. Workers were killed by explosions, flying rocks, or falls from narrow passages. To keep costs down many Chinese workers were brought in to work on that section of the railway. The Chinese workers were willing to work for lower wages than other laborers, many of them died. On November 7, 1885, at 9:22 a.m., workers hammered in the last spike of the railway. The railway had been completed in 5 years. The completion of the railway was a very important event in Canadian history. It eventually brought almost one million settlers to western Canada. It also encouraged trade within Canada, instead of with the US, because it made transportation from east to west across Canada easier and faster. Settlers from Britain, the United States and Europe moved into western Canada. Many were looking for political or religious freedom, land and the opportunity for a better life. By 1912, one fifth of the people in Canada were not of British or French origin. Though people of Asian, African, Jewish and southern European origins were 101 not welcomed into Canada until later, the make-up of the country‟s population had changed. As Canada entered the 20th century, it was experiencing the greatest immigration boom in its history.

CANADA IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY – A TIMELINE

1914-1918 World War I Canadians join other members of the British Commonwealth in the war against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Canada gains international recognition for its role in the war. 1918 Women win the right to vote in federal elections and have the right to vote in six of the provinces. 1920 Women gain the right to run for office in the Canadian government. 1929-1939 The Great Depression A time of serious economic difficulties in Canada and throughout the world. The stock market collapses in 1929. The world market for wheat also collapses, hurting farmers in western Canada badly. Many people are unemployed. 1939-1945 World War II Canada joins Britain against Germany and its allies. In 1941, following the Bombing of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii by the Japanese, Japanese Canadians are interned and their property is confiscated. Many of these same people had fought for Canada in World War I. 1945-1968 Postwar Canada Canada‟s economy and population grow significantly. There is a Baby Boom (those born in this period are called “Baby Boomers”). 102

Many new immigrants also come to Canada. In the 1960s, Canada introduces social Programs such as medicare and the Canada Pension Plan. 1948 People of Asian origin receive the right to vote. 1949 Newfoundland and Labrador joins Canada as the tenth province. 1959 The St. Lawrence Seaway is completed, allowing ships to pass from the Atlantic Ocean into the Great Lakes. Canada also increases trade and economic ties with the United States. 1960 First Nations people gain the right to vote in federal elections. 1965 Canada gets its own flag with the red maple leaf. Up to this time, the Union Jack of Britain had been its flag. 1967 Canada celebrates its hundredth birthday. 1969 Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and his liberal government pass the Official Languages Act. The Act states that all federal government services must be provided in both French and English. Funds are given to the provinces to support bilingualism. 1970 Quebec nationalism and the separatist movement gained strength throughout the 1960s. In October of 1970, members of an extremist separatist organization called the FLQ murder a Quebec government official and kidnap a British official. The Canadian army moves into Quebec to settle the crisis. 1976 A separatist party, the Parti Quebecois, is elected in Quebec. The government takes action to protect the French language in Quebec, but loses a referendum for Quebec sovereignty (political independence from Canada) in 1980. 1982 Prime Minister Trudeau and his government bring Canada‟s constitution (the British North America Act of 1867) home from Britain. Canada now has the power to make changes to its own constitution. The British North America Act is renamed the Constitution Act, 1982 and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms is added. Quebec, however, is the only province that does not sign the constitution. 1984-1989 Brian Mulroney and the Progressive Conservative Party win the federal election in 1984. The government promotes closer economic and political ties with the United States. The Free Trade Agreement is passed in 1989 between the two countries. The government also attempts to change the constitution to include Quebec. But these attempts fail. 1990 The issue of native rights and land claims receives increased attention when Mohawks at Oka, Quebec, hold an armed standoff to protect their land. 1992 An agreement is reached to create a new territory in Canada‟s North. The new territory, called Nunavut, is located in the eastern part of the presently Northwest Territories. The Inuit, who make up most of the population, will have more control over their own affairs in this new 103

territory by 1999. 1993 Prime Minister Mulroney steps down as prime minister and is replaced by Canada‟s first woman prime minister, Kim Campbell. She loses her first Election six months later, and the Liberals under Prime Minister Jean Chretien take power. 1994 Canada signs the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with the United States and Mexico. 1995 Another sovereignty referendum is held in Quebec. The vote is very close, but Quebec remains part of Canada. Lucien Bouchard leaves his position as leader of the Opposition in the federal government to become the premier of Quebec.

Task 1: Identify the events in Canadian history related to the following names: Sir William Alexander, Sir Sandford Fleming, Louis Riel, Helge Ingstad, George Carmack, Vasyl Eleniak, Ivan Pylypiw, Pamela Anderson, Marshall McLuhan, Sir John Macdonald.

Task 2: Match the events in the first column to the dates in the second column:

Inauguration of the new Canadian Flag 1867 Adoption of the beaver as the National symbol February 15, 1965 First Viking settlement in Newfoundland 1621 Adoption of Canada‟s Constitution 1763 French was made equal to English 1896 First Ukrainians arrived in Canada 1891 Gold deposits were discovered in Canada 1969 France left its North American colony to Britain 1982 Act of Confederation 1869 The Red River “Rebellion” March 24, 1975 The Canadian territory of Nunavut was created 1000 The first coat of arms to depict beaver was created 1970

Task 3: Write a short summary of Canadian history and present it in the class.

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UNIT V POPULATION

Canada‟s population density, at 3.3 inhabitants per square kilometer, is among the lowest in the world. The most densely populated part of the country is the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor, situated in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great lakes and St. Lawrence River. Canada is one of the world‟s most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level.

Factfile - Main cities: Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. - 75% of the population lives within 300 km of the USA border - Population: 35,000000; 7.7 persons per square mile; 76.7 percent urban, 23.3 percent rural - Official languages: English, French - Ethnic Groups: British, French, German, Italian, Chinese, Amerindian, and Inuktitut (Eskimo), Ukrainian, Dutch - Major religion: Roman Catholicism, Protestantism - Life expectancy: 76 years (men); 82 years (women) (UN) - Quality of life: Very high standard of living. The country is particularly advanced in the areas of health, education, social protection and human rights

Task: Update the information in the factfile – find out the latest statistics about Canadian population.

Canada – a Land of Diversity A Multicultural Identity - Although many Canadians‟ first language is English or French, many other languages are spoken: Italian, Chinese, German, Polish, Ukrainian, Dutch and Greek. There are many native languages such as Algonquian. - The French-speaking province of Canada is very different culturally. Since the 1960s there has been a strong “separatist” movement. - There are many different native peoples throughout Canada, like the Crees, Mohawks, Iroquois and Sioux. In the north of the country, the Inuit (Eskimos) now have a self-governing homeland called Nunavut (meaning “Our Land”). It is over two million sq km and inhabited by 17,500 Inuits. - Canada is one of the most tolerant societies in the world. For example, only 13% of Canadians say that they would object to their children marrying somebody of a different race (compared with 32% in the USA).

Task: Match the following words that name different groups of people in Canada to their correct meaning.

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a). The collective term for the people who 1. Founding Nations have populated Canada for about 10,000 years. 2. The Metis b). One of the indigenous peoples of Canada. 3. Native Canadians c). The descendants of marriage between (the First nations) Native Canadians and European settlers. 4. The Inuit (the Eskimo) d). People of French and English origin.

The First Canadians The native people of North America have not had a fair deal in the popular mythology of Canada and the United States. In countless stories and motion pictures, the Indians have been portrayed as primitive savages, eager to attack and kill the noble and innocent white settlers. Even the name we have given them is the result of a mistake no one ever bothered to correct. It comes from the deluded belief of Columbus, when he made his first landfall in the western hemisphere, that he was in India. From that we have the “West Indies” and “Indians”. No white man ever thought of asking the native people what they called themselves. The actual fact is that when the white man first arrived in North America, the native people received him hospitably, with all honour and kindness. The first white settlers in Canada could not have survived a winter without the aid and advice of the Indians. This belies our description of them as savages. As for them being ignorant pagans, the native people of Canada had complicated cultures, a sane and civilized system of government and law, and had adapted themselves to their environment fare more satisfactorily than the white man has done. Not all the native people were at the same level of culture and civilization, which indicated how misleading it can be to lump them all under the one label “Indian”. There were many nations living in North America, as different from each other as the nations of Europe, speaking different languages, with different systems of laws and government and with different religions, although all had a belief in a great and omnipotent God. From all available evidence, before the arrival of the white man there was very little inter-tribal warfare among the Indians. There was little need for it. The land was large, food was plentiful, and there was room and food enough for the relatively small number of people. It is significant that when the white man first arrived, the Indians had no weapons designed specifically for war but had only the clubs and bows they used for hunting. But though their weapons were few and simple, some of them had well-developed agricultural implements and advanced farming techniques. It was from the North American Indians that we obtained such important crops as corn, potatoes, tobacco, squash, of all kinds, sunflowers, maple sugar and most of all beans. It was the white man, who brought large-scale warfare to the Indians, and the weapons to carry on such wars, the guns and the scalping knives. We have been taught to regard scalping as particularly Indian, but it was unknown to them before 106 the white man arrived with his sharp knives and the bounty he offered on scalps. For example, around 1700 the French governor in Quebec was offering a flintlock, four pounds of powder and two pounds of lead for every white scalp – that is, for every scalp taken off English settlers in New England. Scalping became a common practice among both white and Indian warriors throughout North America. It has been estimated that when Jacques Cartier arrived at what is now Montreal in 1534, there were between two and three million native people living in what is now Canada. They were divided into many families and clans, but the four great cultural divisions might be outlined as follows: 1) The Eastern woodland Indians, who formed settled villages and lived mainly by agriculture, hunting and fishing. Some of their settlements were of respectable size. 2) The Plains Indians, who lived in small nomadic families, getting together in great tribal gatherings only for special occasions. The main nations in this group were Sioux, Cree, and Blackfoot. 3) The Pacific coast Indians, notably the Haida and Salish nations. 4) The Arctic and sub-Arctic nations of Indians and Eskimos. Within a few years after Confederation, the Indian way of life had just about vanished in Canada. The Indian population had been drastically reduced, not by warfare, but by disease. The white man brought to North America many diseases which the Indians had never suffered before and to which they had built up absolutely no defense. Chief among these were smallpox, measles, influenza, tuberculosis, bronchitis and cholera. Even the common cold was a killer among Indians who had contracted it for the first time. By the time the Canadian Pacific Railway was pushed across the plains to the west coast, the remnants of the Indian bands had given up their territories in exchange for guaranteed tracts of land called Reserves. The Indian is coming back numerically, but in most other ways he is only a shadow of the proud and intelligent people who were the first Canadians. There can be no suggestion that the Indian way of life could have survived the impact of a new and more dynamic civilization. The tragedy is that the change came too suddenly and was imposed from without. The Indians had no hand in directing the transformation, and had no time to adjust to it. In destroying the Indian culture, the white man did not provide them with a new way of life, and at the same time did everything to prevent them from finding one for themselves. There is no doubt that the Indian can make his way in the white man‟s world. But to force the Indians to give up their Reserves would be to destroy them as a people. The Reserve to each Indian tribe is all that is left of its homeland, and without the Reserve the Indians would before long become submerged and disappear within the mass of other Canadians. Many Indians already do that, but they do it of their own free will and in the knowledge that there are others, including members of their own families, who are preserving their Indian identity. What is needed is a new approach to the Reserve system so that the Reserves become less like zoo compounds managed entirely by keepers, no matter how kindly,

107 and become actual Indian homelands where the Indians manage their own affairs and have their own successes and failures. They are, after all, not children who must be protected, but people who very successfully coped with life in North America for many thousands of years before the white man interfered. (from “Canadian Scene”)

Totem poles The word “totem” is derived from the Algonkian word Dodem, originally meaning “to be related to someone” (i.e., someone who shares a family crest, or totem). Native American totem poles are an ancient tradition of the Indian tribes of the Pacific Northwest Coast – state of Washington in the USA, British Columbia in Canada – and some of the Athabaskan tribes of southern Alaska. The designs on them are as varied as the tribes. The poles may depict tribal legends, clan lineages or notable events. They may also illustrate stories, commemorate historic persons, represent shamanic powers, and provide objects of public ridicule. Some figures serve as symbolic reminders of a quarrel, murder or debt. A totem pole is a tall piece of art work carved from a large, single piece of wood. Various figures representing animals, people and other figures are carved out in vertical order, one on top of another. Some totem poles have only one figure on top of an uncarved pole, though most represent many figures. Once carved, a totem pole is painted colourfully. Older totem poles often show sign of paint wear and rotting, as they are not usually kept up. Totem poles have been carved since at least the 1700s, as noted by European explorers. They may have existed before this, although no written accounts have been found, and totem poles from older periods are not found today. They are said to have begun with the Haida people, who lived in the Queen Charlotte Islands in Northern British Columbia, Canada. From there the custom of carving totem poles spread to other indigenous people in the area, who took their own artistic roots and applied them to their poles. As Christian missionaries came into the area and began to convert many native people, totem-pole production slowed since the missionaries viewed the towering poles as satanic or ungodly. Recently, however, modern artists have revived the custom. A large piece of wood, generally cedar, is pushed upright by hundreds of men and tied down so it does not fall over. A ceremony is performed before the start of the carving, where the carver is paid for his work and in turn does a ceremonial dance next to the wood. Following that, the carver uses traditional Native American tools to slowly carve away the wood into the shape of the totem-pole design. The totem pole is then painted over. The whole process takes between six and twelve months. A totem pole is carved by a chief carver and apprentices. The lower part of the totem pole is the part most often looked at; so the most intricate and best carved figures are usually placed at the bottom. To make sure the totem looks professional and well-executed, the chief carver personally carves the bottom ten feet of the pole, the inexperienced apprentices carve the higher part.

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The art of pole carving is now practiced by artists from other Native groups who have studied West Coast totem pole techniques. Today, Native West Coast artists make some very stunning carvings of the characters and animals they have depicted on totem poles for so many years. Just imagine having such a beautiful piece of artwork hanging in your home.

American Indians’ Masks Masks have played important roles in many aboriginal tribal cultures around the world. Some of the most colourful and striking Indian tribal masks come from West Coast American Indian art by the Northwest Native people. West Coast Indian art masks depict many different humans and animals including mythical creatures from Northwest Native legends. Some masks were portrait masks where they were made to portray specific persons. Animal masks had special meaning for certain clans since all members of a tribe were supposedly

109 descended from specific animals. From a structural point of view, there are generally three different types of masks. The single face mask is the simplest of the three and is carved from a single piece of red cedar wood. The second type is a mechanical mask with movable parts. This type of mask was actually developed after the Europeans introduced the Northwest Natives to strings and hinges. The Northwest Natives then utilized this European technology to enable eyes and mouths of masks to open and close. The third type of West Coast Indian mask is he transformation mask which is also the most complex one. This type has an outer mask that can open up to reveal an inner second mask form. Sometimes this inner mask form can even open up to reveal a third mask form. Mask making is one of the more advanced projects in West Coast Indian art and therefore only experienced carvers make them. As with other forms of West Coast Indian art, traditional forms and colours were used on masks. In addition to painting, many masks had other materials such as hair, feathers, gold, straw and skin added in order to enhance the pieces or make them more realistic looking. Functions of West Coast American Indian Tribal Masks West Coast American Indian tribal masks were made for use in ceremonies and rituals. One such ceremony was potlatch which was a festival that involved the chief of one tribe giving gifts to a chief from another tribe. Tribal chiefs wanted to show off their wealth by giving the best gifts. People from both tribes at a potlatch ceremony would feast, watch the giving of gifts and enjoy the ceremonial dances. Specially trained dancers would wear the masks and act out stories or legends. An interesting fact is that in many cases the women and children were not allowed to know the actual meanings of either the masks or the stories being acted out. They were just allowed to watch and enjoy the performances as entertainment. Masks were also used in secret society rituals for shamanism, war, conjuring and inducing young members into a tribe. These rituals were often restricted to certain members of the tribe only. Today, masks are still used in ceremonies including performances by Northwest Native groups for non-Natives and tourists.. one can see these masks in some museums and galleries that exhibit West Coast Indian art. Tribal masks are some of the most sought after items by collectors of West Coast Indian art as a striking and colourful mask definitely makes a very interesting piece of home décor.

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OUR LAND (NUNAVUT) Some facts and figures - Total population of Nunavut: about 22,000 - Total population of Canada: 27,296,860 ????? - Average temperature in January: -35*C - Average temperature in July: 10*C - Hours of daylight in June: 24 - Hours of daylight in December: 0.5 - Population per square kilometer in the Nunavut area: 0.01

Canada‟s Eastern Arctic is inhabited my Eskimos. After years of talks, this part of Canada became the Territory of Nunavut and is owned by Eskimos again. The name “Nanavut” means “Our Land” in Eskimo language. A difficult relationship. For years Eskimos were ruled by the Canadian government and this sometimes was difficult. For example, Eskimos felt angry and hurt when government representatives came to protest about Eskimos hunting the whale. The Eskimos felt that the government didn‟t understand their way of life. Brenda Itta who is an Eskimo and used to be a State Representative said: “Eskimos have traditionally welcomed other cultures, but when the government doesn‟t understand us, has no respect for our traditions and laughs at our food too, then the hurt is very deep inside.” Eskimo life. Eskimos are traditionally hunters and they get all their food by hunting or fishing. They fish in canjes called kayaks using a special fishing knife. They kill seals and whales as well as fish. To hunt they use snowmobiles, although they used to use sledges pulled by working dogs called huskies. They kill caribou, walruses and polar bears. Eskimos are true hunters, they eat every bit of the animal, and then they use the skin for clothes. The new territory means that Eskimos can practice their culture and traditions without anyone trying to stop them. Eskimo men and women. Traditionally Eskimo men built snow houses as well as hunting, while women cooked and made clothes from animal skins. Eskimos still do these things but many of them now live in government camps where they can buy things if they need to. This means that life isn‟t as hard as it used to be. However some Eskimos drink too much alcohol and have gambling problems. Eskimo children. It is usual to share things in Eskimo communities. Eskimos share food and sometimes their children too. If a woman has a lot of children and her sister has none, she gives her sister some children to look after. Life for Eskimo children is different in other ways too. Eskimos believe that children can only learn through their experiences, so they are not punished. If you get mad at a child, you are not being fair. The future. Now that these Eskimos are governing their own land it means that Eskimo children will continue to be brought up in the traditional way, and that Eskimo culture will continue in this millennium. True or false?

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1. It isn‟t part of Eskimo culture to ask strangers a lot of questions. 2. Eskimos kiss by rubbing their noses together. 3. All Eskimos used to live in houses made of snow, called igloos. 4. Eskimos don‟t eat meals, they eat when they are hungry. 5. If an Eskimo is caught in a storm they won‟t try to get home, they‟ll build an igloo and wait. French Canadians French Canadians or Franco-Canadians are a major North American ethnic group of Canadian citizens who trace their French ancestry from the descendants of colonists from France who arrived in Canada in the 17th and 18th centuries. Today, French Canadians constitute the main French-speaking population of Canada, accounting for about 22% of the total population of the country. Today, there are 7 million Francophones – people who speak French as their first language. While the majority of Francophones live in the province of Quebec, one million French Canadians live in Ontario, New Brunswick and Manitoba, with a smaller presence in other provinces. New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province. The Acadians are the descendants of French colonists who began settling in what are now the Maritime provinces in 1604. In total, those who identify as French Canadians number up to 11.9 million people or 33.78% of the Canadian population. A major concern of French Canadians today is the preservation of their culture and language against the threat of assimilation into English-speaking North America. In both Quebec and the Maritimes, the drain of resources caused by emigration to other parts of Canada and to the United States is also a concern. Quebec is the only Canadian province in which French is the sole official language. This particularity is the result of a long series of language battles that are still having repercussions today. The Government of Quebec, through its Charter of the French Language, is a French-speaking government for all intents and purposes. The Government of New Brunswick supports bilingualism in that province through its own Official Language Act, while several provinces have enacted legislation to ensure access to public services and justice by Francophones. In the last century, Canadians have elected Francophone prime ministers as their leaders. With 308 members of Parliament, of whom one quarter are French-speaking, the federal government is representative of the Canadian population. It was with this in mind that the Government of Canada made French one of the two languages of service and of work in the federal public service. 27% of federal public servants are French-speaking, and they hold positions at all levels. Government action on the provincial level also extends to French language instruction, whereby Francophone communities in each province and territory oversee a network of publicly funded French language schools. Young people can attend French-language colleges and universities, as well as gain access to the justice system and the development of health care for French-speaking minorities. Canada has:

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- More than 3,000 French-language schools; - More than 120 French-language community colleges; - More than 20 French-language or bilingual universities across the country; - More than 1000 French-language university research centres. A few facts about French media: - There are more than 150 national, regional and community radio stations broadcasting in French in Canada. - In addition to the national public broadcaster, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation / Radio Canada, there are more than 50 private, community and public French-language television stations in operation in Canada. - There are 11 French-language dailies in Canada. - Canada has a French-language press agency. - Canada publishes hundreds of general interest magazines and trade journals in French.

Here are some general etiquette that French Canadians observe: - French Canadians are very polite and formal, they great each other with a firm handshake, and maintain proper eye contact. Only family and close friends have the discretion to call them by their first name. - Learning simple or commonly spoken words / phrases in French will help you make friendly contact with the locals. - When invited to a French Canadian home, show your appreciation by sending the hostess flowers, a chocolate basket or wine, well in advance. - It is regarded unlucky to present 13 flowers. Avoid giving chrysanthemums and white lilies as they are used during funerals. Gifts in the form of cash should also be avoided. - In Quebec, after the initial introduction, a double-sided business card that is translated both in French and English are exchanged, with the French side facing the recipient. Glance through the card before putting it in your wallet. - The thumbs up sign means „okay‟, whereas the sign made with the index finger and thumb means “zero”. The thumb down sign is to be avoided, as this gesture is considered to be offensive. - The business cards would usually have the academic titles and degrees mentioned – always use them properly when dealing with French Canadians.

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Ukrainians in Canada

A Ukrainian Canadian is a person of Ukrainian descent or origin who was born in or immigrated to Canada.

Task 1: Look at the statistics below and find out: 1) how big the Ukrainian population of Canada is; 2) what province and city have the largest Ukrainian populations; 3) which province has the largest proportion of Ukrainians in its total population; 4) in what context the words “ninth largest” and “third largest” were used.

According to 2006 Census there are an estimated 1,209,085 persons of full or partial Ukrainian origin residing in Canada (mainly Canadian-born citizens) making them Canada‟s ninth largest ethnic group, and giving Canada the world‟s third largest Ukrainian population behind Ukraine itself and Russia. The provinces with the largest Ukrainian populations are: Ontario (336,355) and Alberta (332,180). In terms of proportion of the total population, the most Ukrainian provinces are Manitoba (15%), Saskatchwan (13%), Alberta (10%). The metropolitan regions with the largest Ukrainian populations are Edmonton – 144,620 and Toronto – 122,510.

Task 2: Read the story of Ukrainian immigration to Canada and answer the questions: 1. When did the immigration of Ukrainians begin and what were the reasons for it? 2. Who were the first Ukrainians who came to Canada in 1891? 3. From what parts of Ukraine did the first immigrants come? 4. In what parts of Canada did they tend to settle first? How did this tendency change with time? 114

5. How many waves of immigration to Canada were there? How did the social status of immigrants change with time?

According to historical records, the first Ukrainians who immigrated to Canada were two farmers from Halichina, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Vasyl Eleniak and Ivan Pylypiw disembarked in Montreal on September 7, 1891 and travelled to western Canada. They returned to Ukraine with encouraging reports on farming opportunities in Canada. They then returned to Canada with their friends and families and settled in Alberta. In 1895, Dr. Joseph Oleskow from Halichina toured Canada and wrote glowing reports and descriptions of farming on the Praires. He published a booklet, “About the Free Lands”, which encouraged Ukrainian immigration to Canada.

The Canadian federal government, with Sir Wilfrid Laurier as Prime Minister, offered incentives for immigration because they wanted to settle the Prairies with capable farmers. Within a few years, the first few hundred immigrants grew to a massive wave of emigration from Ukraine and thousands of Ukrainian immigrants landed in Canada. By 1914, it is estimated that at least 100,000 Ukrainians had settled on the „aspen 115 belt‟, the wide area of land from Winnipeg to Edmonton. Approximately ninety percent arrived from Halichina and Bukovina (now western Ukraine) and ten percent from Russia. Most of those who arrived quickly claimed their homesteads and set about the difficult task of clearing the land. They settled in close-knit communities for mutual aid and support. The earliest settlements were on the agricultural frontier and their homes and farms were built in the same style and tradition as those they had left behind in Ukraine. As the number of Ukrainians in Canada increased, institutions and organizations were founded based on similar organizations in western Ukraine. The earliest community life centered on the churches. Their distinctive architecture can still be seen in many urban and rural centres on the Prairies. The first Ukrainian Catholic Mass was celebrated on April 12, 1897 and the first Ukrainian Catholic Church was erected in 1898 in Star, Alberta. Ukrainian-language newspapers began publishing in Winnipeg providing contacts with other Ukrainian communities across Canada. In 1905, the Province of Manitoba and the newly established Province of Saskatchewan founded bilingual (Ukrainian-English) schools. The outbreak of the First World War in August, 1914 marked the end of the first and largest wave of Ukrainian immigration to Canada. As a colony of Great Britain and a member of the British Empire, Canada was allied with France, Russia and later Italy. War was declared against the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire. Most of Ukrainian immigrants had arrived from Halichina, then under the administration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and as such, those who were not naturalized were classified as „enemy aliens‟. This led to the internment of some 5,000 Ukrainian Canadians in internment camps all across the country. This internment was viewed by the Ukrainian Canadian community as unjust and unnecessary, causing resentment against the federal government in the Ukrainian community which continues to this day. At the same time, the Ukrainian press was heavily restricted and the bilingual schools were closed.

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By 1922, Ukraine had been devastated by uprisings, war and revolution. This produced a massive wave of refugees from Ukraine who fled to central and Western Europe and many eventually found their way to Canada. The organized community structure of the earlier Ukrainian-Canadian immigrants welcomed these new arrivals which included war veterans, intellectuals and professionally-trained workers. Between 1918 and 1939, approximately 70,000 Ukrainian immigrants arrived to Canada. After the Second World War ended, the Ukrainian Canadian Committee, in cooperation with the Ukrainian Canadian Relief Fund, helped refugees in Displaced Persons camps in Western Europe to come to Canada rather than return to Ukraine to execution or exile. As a result, these refugees became the third wave of immigration to Canada and by 1952, a total of 32,000 Ukrainians had landed in Canada. Most came to Canada under various bulk labour schemes. They agreed to work in designated industries or farms for a specified period of time before they could move to other parts of Canada. Immigrants worked on sugar beet farms in Alberta, lumber camps and mines in northern Ontario and Quebec, on railroads and heavy construction projects. Once they completed their terms of employment many left for the large industrial centres in southern Ontario. Compared to the previous two waves of immigration, a significant proportion of the third wave were professionals, politically active and strongly anti-communist. Some of this immigrants assisted in the establishment of the Ukrainian language and literature programs at universities at Saskatchewan and Manitoba and in Montreal, Toronto, Ottawa and at a few other institutions of higher learning. Today in Canada over one million people consider themselves Ukrainian Canadians. The majority are the second, third and fourth generation. Ukrainian Canadians believe in the importance of celebrating their Ukrainian heritage and ensuring that the next generation is aware of and carries on cultural traditions. In towns and cities across Canada there are Ukrainian museums, libraries and archives. The National Archives of Canada also holds information on the lives and contributions made by many Ukrainian Canadians as well as historical development of their communities. Across Canada many Ukrainian organizations, community, political, and cultural, work hard to continue traditions. They include the Ukrainian Canadian Congress, the Ukrainian Canadian Business and Professional Association, the Shevchenko Society and others. As a result of the work of the Ukrainian community together with these organizations, Canada was one of the first countries in the world to recognize Ukraine as an independent nation in 1991. Historically Ukrainian Canadians were among Canada‟s poorest and least educated minorities; but as the process of the cultural integration has accelerated, this is no longer the case and Ukrainian Canadians are currently near the national economic average. The Ukrainian Canadians had and have much more influence in Canadian society and policy than any other East European group; therefore they have had

117 several prominent figures in top positions: Ray Hnatyshyn was the 24th Governor General of Canada (1990-1995) and the first Governor General of Ukrainian descent. Ukrainians were also elected leaders of Canada‟s prairie provinces: Gary Filmon was Premier of Manitoba (1988-1999), Roy Romaniw was Premier of Saskatchewan (1991-2001), Ed Stelmach became Premier of Alberta in 2006. Having been separated from Ukraine, Ukrainian Canadians have developed their own distinctive Ukrainian culture in Canada. They have created institutions that showcase Ukrainian Canadian culture. Canada is home of some of the most famous Ukrainian dance troupes in the world, rivaling even those from Ukraine. There are professional ensembles like Edmonton‟s Shumka and Cheremosh Ukrainian Dance Company, and hundreds of amateur groups. Ukrainian Canadians have also contributed to Canadian culture as a whole. Actress and comedienne Luba Goy, singer Gloria Kaye, and painter William Kurelek are well known outside the Ukrainian community. Perhaps one of the most lasting contributions Ukrainian Canadians have made to the wider culture of Canada is the concept of multiculturalism which was promoted as early as 1964 by Senator Paul Yuzyk. Ukrainian leaders, such as linguist Jaroslav Rudnytskyj, came out in force against the notion of English-French biculturalism which they believed denied the contributions other peoples had made to Canada. Partly in response to this, Prime Minister Trudeau shifted Canada to a policy of official multiculturalism. The nationalist movement was also an important part of the community. After Ukraine became independent Canada was one of the first nations to recognize Ukraine. Later Ukrainian Canadians were vital in fundraising to build the Embassy of Ukraine in Ottawa. As well, Canada has recognized the Holodomor (Ukrainian Femine) as an act of genocide. The Government of Canada as well as its provincial governments – especially in Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan – do much to support Ukraine‟s economic and political development.

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Ukrainian Canadian Institutions

Task: Look through the list of organizations and institutions founded by Ukrainian Canadians. Draw conclusions about their mission, the purposes of their creation and by what means they try to achieve their goals. Choose an institution from the list and find out more about its work, prepare a report to inform your fellow students about its achievements. There are a number of Ukrainian Canadian institutions, such as: 1. The Ukrainian Canadian Congress (http://www.ucc.ca/) – a national umbrella organization, established in 1940, represents the Ukrainian Canadian community. The UCC has branches and provincial councils across the country and has dozens of member organizations. The UCC leads and represents the Ukrainian Canadian community to the government of Canada.

2. The Ukrainian National Federation of Canada, the largest Ukrainian Canadian organization founded in Edmonton in 1932 to unite Ukrainian Canadians on a non-sectarian basis for the prime objectives of preserving Ukrainian language and culture in Canada, promoting good citizenship, and supporting the establishment of an independent and democratic Ukrainian state. 3. The Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association, an independent group dedicated to the articulation and defense of the Ukrainian Canadian community‟s interests. (http://www.uccla.ca) 4. The Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/departments/ukrainian_canadian_studies/) 5. St. Andrew’s College – the seminary of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada (affiliated with the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg) and a non-profit university student residence, Ukrainian culture summer school, and youth hostel. 6. The Ukrainian Museum of Canada, headquartered in Saskatoon with branches in Toronto and the major cities of western Canada. (http://www.umc.sk.ca/) 7. The Canadian Cultural and Educational Centre (also known as “Oseredok”) in Winnipeg (http://www.oseredok.org)

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8. The Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, jointly at the University of Alberta in Edmonton and the University of Toronto. (http://www.cius.ca/) 9. The Ukrainian Canadian Archives & Museum Of Alberta in Edmonton. (http://www.ucama.ca)

10. The Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village, a living-history museum approximately 39 km east of Edmonton. (http://www.history.alberta.ca/ukrainianvillage/default.aspx) 11. The Ukrainian Cultural Centre of Toronto (UCCT) 12. The Prairie Centre for the Study of Ukrainian Heritage at the University of Saskatchewan 13. The St. Petro Mohyla Institute, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan – a non-profit university student residence, Ukrainian culture summer school, and youth hostel.

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14. The Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko.(http://www.shevchenkofoundation.com/) 15. The Canadian Ukrainian Immigrant Aid Society, a community agency assisting newcomers to Canada. (http://www.cuias.org/) 16. Ukrainian Language Education Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton (http://www.ualberta.ca/ulec/) 17. Ukrainian diaspora in Canada and the United States (http://www.ukrainians.ca) 18. The Ukrainian Collection of the University of Calgary (http://multiculturalcanada.ca/ukr) 19. The John Luczkiw Collection, University of Toronto (http://multiculturalcanada.ca/jl). 20. Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund (http://www.internmentcanada.ca)

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In the work of which institution would you like to participate? What would you like to do with them?

Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village (source Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia) Established 1974 Location Lamont County, east of Edmonton on the Yellowhead highway on the eastern edge of Elk Island National Park, Alberta, Canada Type open-air, living history Website www.history.alberta.ca/ukrainianvillage The Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village is an open-air museum that uses costumed historical interpreters to recreate pioneer settlements in east central Alberta, Canada. In particular it shows the lives of Ukrainian Canadian settlers from the years 1899 to 1930. Buildings from surrounding communities have been moved to the historic site and restored to various years within the first part of the twentieth century. “The Village”, as it is colloquially known, has a very strong commitment to historical authenticity and the concept of living history. The Village uses a technique known as first-person interpretation which requires that the costumed performers

122 remain in character at all times (or as much as it is feasibly possible). Actors answer all questions as if it is the year their building portrays. Although this technique is off- putting for some visitors at first, it allows for a much stronger experience of immersion in history than traditional third-person interpretation where the actor acknowledges that he is, in fact, in a museum.

The Historic Site is divided into thematic areas: the Overview, the Farmsteads, the Rural Community, and the railway-centered Town site. The Overview provides an introduction to Galician and Bukovynian immigration to Canada by showing the homes of three important settler families. Iwan Pylypow was the first Ukrainian immigrant to Canada; his third house in Canada is preserved here. His family was Galician. The second house is that of Mykhailo Hawreliak – the Hawreliaks were a large Ukrainian Bukovynian family who settled in the Shandro area. By the 1920s Mykhailo Hawreliak was quite successful, and the house preserved here has five bedrooms and a cistern that provided rainwater to the kitchen. The cousin of the owner of this house Hawreliak, William Hawreliak, later became the first Ukrainian Canadian mayor of Edmonton. The Nazar Yurko family was also from Bukovyna, but was of Romanian descent. Their grandson, William Yurko, became a member of cabinet in the Alberta government in the 1970s.

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The thematic area Farmsteads shows different farmyards from different eras/steges of development. It has such sections: The newly arrived immigrants - Burdei – a dugout-style shelter, somewhat between a sod house and log cabin (re-creation, circa 1900) The Bukovynian settlers - Roswiyczuk Granary (1918) - Makowichuk Barn (1918) The Galicaan settlers - Lakusta Barn and Granary (1918) The later immigrants - Slemko House, Granary and Barn (1919) Ukrainian-Canadian farmers - Chernochan Machine Shed (1925-28)

Areas Rural community and Town site are reflecting 1925-30 time period and include: - Roadside Shrine - Kiew Hall – a community centre; originally independent, later (1930s) affiliated with the Ukrainian Labour farmer Temple Association (Kiew, Alberta; 1930) - St. Nicholas Russo-Greek Orthodox Church (Kiew, Alberta; 1930) - Market Square - Andrew Alberta Provincial Police Post (Andrew, Alberta; 1927-28) - Wostok Hardware Store (Wostok, Alberta; 1937) - St. Vladimir‟s Ukrainian Greek Orthodox Church (Vegreville, Alberta; 1934) - Bellis Canadian national Railway Station (1928) - Demchuk House and Blacksmith Shop (Myrnam, Alberta; 1929) - Hilliard Hotel (Hilliard, Alberta; 1929) - Alberta Lumber Co. Office and Yard (Lamont, Alberta; 1928) - Woodworking Shop (circa 1930) and other exhibits/buildings of that period. Visitors can also see Kalyna Country – an ecomuseum region, of which the village is a part.

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See Google Map to Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village from Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Route Map.

Pictures: Home Grain Co. Elevator, built circa 1922, restored to 1929 appearance. An actor-interpreter from the Village. Statue of Vasyl Stefanyk erected by the Association of United Ukrainian Canadians. Ukrainian Canadian Internment Camp Monument erected by the Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association. Pioneer Family monument – by Leo Mol. St. Vladimir‟s Ukrainian Greek Orthodox Church, originally located in Vegreville, Alberta.

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Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Center Location Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Type museum, gallery and library Website www.oseredok.org/ In 1944 after nearly 50 years in their new homeland, Ukrainian Canadians needed an institution to preserve their culture in Canada. The Ukrainian National Federation of Canada created Oseredok, the Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Center. The Centre was created to house a museum, archives, library and art gallery. Today Oseredok is the largest Ukrainian cultural institution of its kind in Canada. The Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Center (also known as Oseredok which is “centre” in Ukrainian) is a museum, gallery and library in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The museum collects and preserves materials and artifacts including documents, ancient maps, rare books, films, photographs, items of folk art, pioneers‟ tools, musical instruments and regional folk costumes. The Oseredok Art Gallery exhibits work of Canadian and international Ukrainian artists. It encompasses traditional areas of fine art, from historical to contemporary, including icons, paintings, drawings, prints, sculpture and other media. The Library holds over 40,000 books and periodicals in Ukrainian and English including collections of children‟s books, folklore, music, humanities and sciences, a rare book collection and reference materials pertaining to all facets of vibrant Ukrainian culture. Source: Wikipedia Categories: Ukrainian museums in Canada | Arts organizations of the Ukrainian diaspora www.umc.sk.ca

Ukrainian Museum of Canada welcomes you to come and visit our museum, situated near the South Saskatchewan River in downtown Saskatoon. The museum consists of three galleries, a research library, collections offices and a gift shop. We also host many special events on a yearly basis, including various museum activities. Concerts, art exhibitions and receptions, book launches and a Yarmarok Christmas market are a few of our recent events. As well, we participate in Ukrainian day in the Park and other cultural activities. 126

The Main Gallery contains an overview of immigration to Canada, featuring cultural, religious, and heritage display

Task: Prepare a presentation on the history of the Ukrainian Diaspora in Canada. Explain how this is an example of “mosaic culture” rather than “melting-pot culture”. Which is better in your opinion for a country such as Canada – mosaic or melting-pot culture?

Questions for revision of Unit V: 1. What is the population of Canada according to the latest statistics? 2. What is the average density of population? 3. What is the most populated area of Canada? 4. What are the most and the least populous provinces? 5. What population predominates in Canada – rural or urban? 6. What are the cities with a population of over a million people? 7. Do Canadians form a homogeneous people?

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UNIT VI FAMOUS CANADIANS

The Greatest Canadian Taking place throughout 2004, The Greatest Canadian was a project by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, to find who is the greatest ever Canadian. Tommy Douglas won the title as Greatest Canadian. He had been in first place for almost the entire contest. Douglas is famous as being the father of Medicare. Douglas started his working life as a Baptist minister in small prairie towns. During this time, at the height of the Great Depression, local farmers would come to him for help since many of them were losing their farms to holding corporations as they were unable to pay their bills on time. Douglas helped start up the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, CCF, as a lobby group of farmers, and it became a political party. Soon, people of the working class wanted to be part of the group, although they traditionally never got along with fellow farmers. While Douglas was Premier of Saskatchewan, he was able to help farmers keep their property, introduced many social reforms including automobile insurance and Medicare. As federal prime minister he introduced such policies as Canada Health Act. Actor Donald Sutherland is his son and Kiefer Sutherland, is Douglas‟ grandson, (and a noted outspoken supporter of Medicare to this day).

The complete top 10 of the survey was: 1. Tommy Douglas (politician, “father of medicare”) 2. Terry Fox (athlete, activist) 3. Pierre Trudeau (prime minister) 4. Sir Frederick Banting (medical scientist, co-discoverer of insulin) 5. David Suzuki (geneticist, environmentalist, broadcaster, activist) 6. Lester Pearson (prime minister) 7. Don Cherry (ice hockey coach, commentator) 8. Sir John Macdonald (prime minister) 9. Alexander Braham Bell (scientist, inventor, founder of the Bell phone company) 10. Wayne Gretzky (professional ice hockey player)

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Below are the names of few famous American celebrities with French-canadian roots, where either one or both of their parents or grandparents are of the French- Canadian descent. Hillary Clinton Jim Carrey Madonna Angelina Jolie Celine Dion Jessica Alba Brendan Fraser

Famous Canadians include Pamela Anderson, Leonard Cohen, Avril Lavigne, Keanu Reeves, Catherine Anne O‟Hara, Roberta Bondar and Jim Carrey.

Task: Identify these people by their pictures and find out what they are famous for.

Contributing to the world culture

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Who said Canadians are conservative and polite, but not that interesting? Is Canada really just a place of ice and snow? We can blow the stereotype wide apart! Canadians are anything BUT boring! Who else but a Canadian could have developed the strain of seeds that consistently win the title “world‟s biggest pumpkins”? Guess who thought up the idea of painting a line down the centre of the road to separate the lanes of traffic. Yes, it was a Canadian, and in 1930 the first line was painted on an Ontario highway. We highlight lots of cool people, places, inventions, events and achievements that make Canada cool! Basketball Hurray for James Naismith! Born in Almonte, Ontario, and educated at McGill University, James later moved to Springfield, Massachusetts. Employed at the YMCA, Naismith was trying to find a way to keep students in shape during the winter. In 1891, he came up with a game that could be played in the gymnasium. Players scored by throwing a large ball into peach baskets hung at a hight of ten feet at either end of the gym. James also came up with rules for the game. It was popular right from the start!

Chocolate bar While chocolate has been around for centuries, it wasn‟t until two Canadian friends went fishing that the world was introduced to the chocolate bar.

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James and Gilbert Ganong founded the Ganong candy factory in St. Stephen, New Brunswick, in 1873. As the legend goes, James‟ son Arthur teamed up with Ganong candy maker George Ensor to make long moulded pieces of chocolate mixed with nuts. Arthur and George wrapped the pieces to take them along on a fishing trip. Realizing that covering the chocolate in a protective wrapper was an ideal way to carry chocolate around, the Ganong factory began to produce and sell the world‟s first five-cent chocolate bars. An 1898 Ganong price list includes a five-cent chocolate bar, although it may not have been individually packaged. Ganong began selling the first individually wrapped chocolate bars in 1910.

Light bulb Did you think Thomas Edison invented the light bulb? Many scientists from various countries had been working for many years to develop a long-lasting light bulb. Toronto medical student Henry Woodward was one Canadian who was working on the problem, with the help from Matthew Evans, a Toronto innkeeper. Around 1873 or 1874, they invented a glass bulb that housed a carbon filament and nitrogen gas. They patented it in 1874. Unfortunatelly, they did not have enough money to produce and sell the light bulbs, so a year later they sold the patent to … you guessed it: American inventor Thomas Edison!

Gas mask

During the First World War the German army used poison gas for the first time, against Allied troops at Ypres, France in 1915. A soldier‟s only protection was to breathe through a handkerchief or other small piece of fabric soaked in urine. Out of necessity, Doctor Cluny Macpherson from St. John‟s, Newfoundland, quickly came up with the idea of a gas mask made of fabric and metal. Using a helmet taken from a captured German prisoner, he added a canvas hood with eyepieces and a breathing tube. The helmet was treated with chemicals that would absorb the chlorine used in the gas attacks. He had invented the world‟s first gas

131 mask. After a few improvements, Cluny Macpherson‟s helmet became the first gas mask to be used by the British army. This Canadian‟s invention was the most important protective device of the First World War, protecting countless soldiers from blindness, disfigurement or injury to their throats and lungs. Gas masks are worn by millions of soldiers around the world today.

Garbage bag

Every garbage day, millions of metal garbage cans would make a huge clatter as the bins were emptied and thrown back down. Enter Winnipeg inventor Harry Wasylyk who, after the Second World War, began experimenting with a new material called polyethylene. Harry made his first plastic bags in his kitchen and supplied them to the Winnipeg General Hospital to line their garbage cans. He quickly moved his kitchen production to a plant. Around the same time, Larry Hanson, an employee at Lindsay, Ontario‟s Union carbide plant began to make garbage bags to use around the plant. Union Carbide knew a great idea when it saw one. The company bought Wasylyk‟s business and began producing the garbage bags from the leftover polyethylene resin piling up at its Montreal plant. Another Canadian, Frank Plomp of Toronto was also working on the same idea in the 1950s. He sold his garbage bags to hospitals and offices. Three inventors working on the same idea at roughly the same time, and all of them Canadian! Scientists and consumers are now concerned with all the plastic garbage bags that are ending up as landfill. It may take more than a thousand years for some plastics to decompose! Part of the solution may come from another Canadian invention. In 1971, University of Toronto chemist Dr. James Guillet developed a plastic that decomposes when left in direct sunlight. Dr. Guillet‟s degradable plastic was the one millionth Canadian patent issued! Now someone just has to figure out how to make plastic decompose when buried.

Paint roller Imagine how much time it would take to paint a room without a paint roller. Not so long ago people spent many back-breaking hours doing just that. We have Norman Breakey of Toronto who invented the paint roller in 1940 to thank for an invention so simple that it‟s hard to believe no one thought of it before! Sadly, Norman was never

132 able to produce his invention in large enough numbers to profit from it before others made small changes to the paint roller‟s design and were able to sell it as their own invention.

Road lines Today drivers know to stay in their own lane or on their side of the dividing line. Imagine the confusion and inevitable accidents if there were no lines to keep cars from veering over to the wrong side of the road. It‟s hard to believe that road lines haven‟t been around as long as traffic itself. Incredibly, there was no such thing as road lines before 1930. Before then, drivers sometimes stuck evergreen boughs into the snow to mark lanes and depended on horns and sleigh bells to warn oncoming traffic.

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In 1930, John D. Millar, an engineer working for the Ontario of Transport thought up the idea of painting lines on roads. The world‟s first lines were painted on a portion of highway near the Ontario/Quebec border. This innovation caught on quickly and within three years white lines were a common standard throughout North America. Over time, double, dashed, yellow and other lines were added to send various messages to drivers. With today‟s vehicular congestion, people owe a lot to this Canadian for keeping traffic organized and predictable. If it weren‟t for Millar‟s idea, driving would be a lot like the bumper car ride at amusement parks, but without the fun!

Screw and Screwdriver

After badly cutting his hand while using a slot-headed screwdriver, Peter Lymburner Robertson invented the square-headed screwdriver and a screw in 1908. He received the Canadian patent for his invention in 1909. A person could drive a screw more quickly with this new design and the screw was self-centering so only one hand was needed. On top of that, the driver fit more tightly in the screw‟s head, threby reducing the chance of the screwdriver slipping out. The Robertson screw was a bit hit! Industry loved it because it sped up production and resulted in less product damage. No one has been able to improve on this design in all the years that have followed!

Giant pumpkins

Canada is the land of the maple leaf but perhaps it should be the land of pumpkins. Canadian Al Eaton of Richmond, Ontario, recently held the world‟s record for the heaviest pumpkin. On October 6, 2004, his pumpkin weighed in at a whopping 1,446 pounds (665 kg). Al Eaton and giant pumpkin growers all over the world have another Canadian to thank. Howard Dill of Windsor, Nova Scotia, developed the “Dill‟s Atlantic Giant” seeds from which Al Eaton‟s and all the world-record holders‟ pumpkins are grown.

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While we are on the subject of pumpkin giants, Vancouver Island holds the world record for the largest pumpkin pie ever baked, a mouth-watering 40 feet (12m) long by 47 inches (1.2 m) wide, baked in 2003. Canada also holds the world record for the most pumpkin pies baked from a single pumpkin. The Lions Club of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, baked 442 pumpkin pies from one pumpkin in the 1990s and sold them for charity. In Canada pumpkins reign supreme! From “Library and Archives. Canada”

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UNIT VII CHALLENGES FOR CANADIANS

What challenges do Canadians face today and in the future? Here is a preview of some of the questions presented in the text: - The multicultural nature of Canada today is, at times, in conflict with the bicultural history of the country. Is Quebec a province, a nation, or both? Will Quebec separate from the rest of Canada? - To what extent should the government act to protect the Canadian identity from domination by the United States? - How can government deal with land claims by Native peoples and support social justice for all Canadian citizens, old and new?

Two Nations or One? Strange as it may seem to newcomers, Canada‟s official national anthem is not that old! When the baby Boomers were children, they sang “God Save the Queen” at official gatherings and “The Maple Leaf Forever” at the beginning of each school day. It was not until 1980 that “O Canada” was made the official national anthem. The original version was created in French by Calixa Lavalee (the music) and Adolphe-Basile Routhier (the lyrics) in Quebec in 1880 and soon became very popular among French Canadians. It was not heard in English Canada until the early 1900s. There were several English translations, the most popular of which was that by Robert Stanley Weir in 1908. The fact that there are both English and French versions of the national anthem is perhaps symbolic of a problem which has caused a great deal of anguish to citizens and politicians alike. That problem is the conflicting anglophone and francophone visions of Canada. Whereas many Quebecois clearly see themselves as a nation distinct from the other Canadian provinces and entitled to different rights and privileges, the further you get from central Canada, the more you find the view that Quebec is simply a French-speaking province entitled to no more than the same rights and privileges as other Canadian provinces. Federal politicians have done their utmost to promote a bilingual Canada in which anglophones and francophones come to know and understand one another better. Legislation must be printed in both languages. All federal government services must be available everywhere in Canada in both languages. Funds have been provided for students who want to participate in exchange programmes where they can live and study in a community in which the other official language is spoken. Schools across the country have promoted bilingual education programs for students who want to become reasonably fluent in both languages. Quebec has gradually gained more control over various federal programs than other provinces have. As anyone who has travelled to Quebec will tell you, it is, in some ways, a different world.

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Historically, there is no question that Canada was forged from two distinctly different nations: the English and the French. The French fought hard at the time of Confederation to gain those rights they saw as essential to their survival as a French-speaking nation within Canada. They have been fighting to keep those rights ever since. Why are they still fighting after all this time? Well, there are other forces at work in the country that play a part in the issue. In the beginning the French and the English were the two predominant groups of settlers, but that very quickly changed after Confederation in 1867. Many Europeans saw Canada as a land of opportunity with inexpensive farms just waiting to be tilled and freedom to follow their own beliefs. The Chinese started to come with the building of the railroad and within a century Canada had become one of the most truly multicultural nations in the world. English and French may still be the official languages, but immigrants have been encouraged to maintain their own languages and to share their cultural understandings with their neighbours. Canada has had an official policy of multiculturalism for some years now. What that policy means is somewhat ambiguous, but at least there is an official recognition that Canadians value multicultural heritage and want to maintain the richness of that diversity. Therefore Ukrainian families in Alberta, for example, may quite understandably ask why their children should learn French at school and why their taxes should be higher to cover the costs of printing everything in English and French. Likewise the French-speaking African immigrant in Quebec might ask a similar question. Why should his children learn English and why should his tax dollars be spent to print everything in English and French when Canada is multilingual and multicultural? Not everyone in Canada has the experience of seeing the richness of two-nation-in-one diversity. Not everyone supports official bilingualism. You will hear Canadians talking about Meech Lake. Meech Lake was the location of a very important meeting in 1987. At this meeting Canadian politicians under the leadership of Brian Mulroney, then Progressive Conservative prime minister, tried what many said was impossible. All of the provinces together with the federal government and representatives of the First Nations tried to introduce some changes to the Canadian constitution. These were mostly changes which gave more power to the provinces and less power to the federal government. One proposed change was the recognition of Quebec as a distinct society. The changes, which were considered as a package rather than individually, needed 100% acceptance by all the provinces to be made law/ In 1990, the province of Newfoundland and one politician in Manitoba, Elijah Harper, stood against the accord and it died, much to Quebec‟s frustration. Elijah Harper refused consent to debate the accord in Manitoba‟s legislature because it did not give the special status to Canada‟s aboriginal peoples that it gave to Quebec. Many Canadians see these dissenters as heroes, while others see them as traitors. We can be sure that everyone concerned struggled mightily with their decisions.

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The defeat of the Meech Lake Accord was a blow to Quebeckers who had seen it as a way of further protecting their rights. While sovereignty association had been talked about in Quebec for years, it was given new life with the death of the Meech Lake Accord. There was a further attempt at national agreement, primarily to appease Quebec, with the Charlottetown Accord in 1992. This accord was defeated in a national referendum. In 1991, the Bloc Quebecois was formed to represent Quebec‟s interests nationally in the federal government. It developed quickly under the leadership of Lucien Bouchard, a former cabinet minister in the Mulroney government. The Bloc won enough seats in the 1993 federal election to become the official Opposition party in the House of Commons. A separatist party in the national government seemed like a great irony to some Canadians. In September of 1994, the Parti Quebecois, a separatist party under the leadership of Jacques Parizeau, was elected in Quebec. In 1995, Quebec held its own referendum asking its citizens to vote on sovereignty association. English Canadians watched nervously. Then, late in the campaign, a massive demonstration was held in Montreal. Individuals and groups from every province in the country hastily bought plane tickets and flew to lend their support to the NO campaign. On the night of Monday, October 30, when the vote was taken, Canadians across the country sat in front of their TV screens anxiously awaiting the decision that could change their futures forever. As the results came in from poll after poll, the vote teetered between the YES and NO sides. It was not until the very end that the NO side secured one of the smallest majorities in election history. Many in the country heaved a sigh of relief. Politicians promised to find a solution that would satisfy Quebeckers without destroying the country as a whole. Many Quebecois, however, were determined to continue the battle for sovereignty. The Quebec sovereignty movement was further solidified when Lucien Bouchard left the leadership of the Bloc Quebecois in Ottawa to become the premier of Quebec. The question of Quebec sovereignty still hangs in the balance.

Are the following questions true or false? 1. The national anthem of Canada was originally written in French. 2. The federal government has opposed bilingualism in Canada. 3. Many Quebecois were very happy when Meech Lake failed. 4. Lucien Bouchard is currently the leader of the Bloc Quebecois in Ottawa. 5. Prime Minister Brian Mulroney wanted the Charlottetown Accord to succeed. 6. Everyone in Canada supports official bilingualism. 7. The results of Quebec referendum are final and cannot be changed.

For Discussion: 1. Do you see bilingualism and multiculturalism as complementary (working together, not in conflict) or as contradictory (working against each other)? Explain your position.

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2. What are some advantages and disadvantages of having a bilingual and bicultural country? 3. Below is the question asked in the 1995 Quebec referendum. Do you think the question was clear and easy to understand for Quebec voters? Why do you think it was worded in the way it was? How would you word the question? Do you agree that Quebec should become sovereign, after having made a formal offer to Canada for a new partnership, within the scope of the bill respecting the future of Quebec and of the agreement signed on June 12, 1995?

Role Play Divide your class into delegates to represent each province and territory, along with a delegate for the First Nations. Have your own “accord” meeting. The task is to decide on a model for the new Canada that would take into account the interests of all Canadians. Consider the division of responsibilities between federal and provincial governments, self-government for the First Nations, bilingualism and multiculturalism as official policies, economic relationships across the country, social programs, and anything else you consider important.

The Canadian Identity Perhaps because of diverse origins and closeness to the American neighbor, the definition of a Canadian identity has always been ambiguous at best. What indeed does it mean to be a Canadian? In general, most of the citizens are proud to be Canadians and have a quiet appreciation for their country. They sometimes complain about taxes, but are not anxious to let go of any of the social programs those taxes make possible. Aside from the anglo-franco debate, they feel another threat to their identity, namely the powerful influence of the United States. Many Canadian companies are American-owned. They sell their national resources cheaply and then buy back the goods made from them at considerably higher prices. Television sets in Canada are inundated with American programming and American advertising. Many Canadians are not fully conscious of this influence. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) and the National Film Board (NFB) are two organizations which have been very important in nurturing and maintaining Canada‟s cultural identity. Both, however, are under the constant threat of shrinking budgets. Just as French-Canadians worry that their identity will be lost in the midst of the anglo majority, Canadians in general worry that their identity will be swallowed up by the dominance of their much larger, richer, more assertive neighbor to the south. News reports talk about the increasing violence in the United States, the growing number of guns people are buying for protection, the racism which tears at American cities, the drug wars – and Canadians fear their own vulnerability. They have seen how similar they are to the United States and they want to protect themselves against the problems that seem to threaten American society.

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Comprehension Check: 1. Why is it difficult to describe a Canadian identity? 2. In what way is Canada‟s relationship with the United States similar to Quebec‟s relationship with the rest of Canada? 3. Which two Canadian institutions are very important to the development and maintenance of a distinctly Canadian culture? 4. What are some of the reasons Canadians fear becoming like the United States?

For Discussion: 1. What differences do you see between Canadians and Americans? 2. How would you describe Canadians to people from other cultures who do not know any Canadians? 3. How do you think Canadians can best protect their cultural industries: theatre, movies, art, music, television, etc.?

Native Land Claims First Nations peoples were the first inhabitants of what is now Canada. When Europeans came to settle and farm the land, the Canadian government made treaties with some First Nations peoples. In these treaties the Queen (Canada‟s head of state) promised the First Nations peoples certain rights and privileges in return for allowing the settlers to occupy the land. The First Nations peoples were moved onto lands called reserves and promised that their health care needs and education would be looked after forever. Many First Nations peoples feel the government broke many of the treaty promises. First Nations peoples also had to adopt a way of life totally foreign to the ways in which they had always lived. Most had not lived in one place, but had moved with the seasons and with the animals on which they depended for life. Their lives were in disarray. Many other native groups never signed treaties. Today they consider large areas of land theirs because they were the first peoples to live on the land. The Crown (the government) claims the lands belong to the government or to those companies or individuals to which the government has sold or leased the land. Many Native groups have taken their land claims to court against the government. They are asking for the land on which they live, on which they hunt and fish, and on which their sacred burial grounds are found. These land claims often take years to resolve in the courts and they are controversial. Most Canadians agree that the First Nations peoples lost a great deal when European settlers took over the land, but not everyone would agree to give back what they now consider belongs to them and to which they have legal title. Taxpayers already pressed with low employment, high taxes and the growing fear of an uncertain future are reluctant to part with the money needed to resolve these land claims to the satisfactions of all concerned. It is a difficult problem with no easy solution.

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There have, however, been significant gains. The victory of the people of Nunavut is one example. The Nisga‟a people in British Columbia have also recently settled a land claim. In some cases, however, there have been tense conflicts. In 1990 at Oka, Quebec, members of the Mohawk nation held an armed standoff to protect land they considered sacred. A police officer was killed when shots were fired from both sides before the situation was resolved. Land claims is one important issue for First Nations peoples, but it is by no means the only one. They also believe they have the right to self-government. This means different things to different people and that is part of the problem. All First Nations peoples agree that they want more responsibility for governing their own daily affairs. As the years pass, more and more bands are taking increased responsibility for their own education systems. Many bands now also have their own police forces. Funds which used to be controlled by the federal government are gradually being turned over for management to the First Nations peoples. Many people believe that the whole country will benefit when Canada‟s First Nations peoples can once again feel that they have control over their own destinies.

Comprehension Check: 1. Who signed treaties with the First Nations peoples? 2. Which First Nations peoples are making land claims against the government? 3. Why is it difficult for the government to agree to the First Nations‟ land claims? 4. Besides their land claims, what else do most First Nations peoples seek for themselves? 5. What happened at Oka, Quebec, in 1990?

For Discussion Try to put yourself in the shoes of today‟s First Nations peoples. What settlement do you think is fair and just for their land claims?

Ecological Issues In spite of Canada‟s huge size and relatively small population, we experience some of the same ecological problems creating stress all over the world. The Great Lakes have suffered from so much pollution that many fish, plants, and other life have died or are diseased. IT is now dangerous to eat the fish from the Great Lakes and some other lakes and rivers in the country. The great rain forests of the Pacific Northwest are threatened by logging. A growing number of activists fight to protect them and the animals which live in them, but loggers are concerned about their livelihoods. Logging companies are becoming more aware of their environmental responsibilities, but the issue remains controversial. People are also concerned about protecting our national parks from developments such as roads and hotels. These developments would attract more people to the parks, but would they also destroy the natural environments the

141 parks were created to protect? Jasper and Banff National Parks, for example, have become extremely popular tourist spots in the summer. This tourism is very good for our economy, but at what point do we say that we choose not to cut down more trees and build more hotels around these beautiful natural sites? Garbage has become an issue. Every household is now expected to take some responsibility for reducing the amount of garbage it produces annually. Recycling depots and other recycling programs are common in all cities now. Urban households are also beginning to compost plant and animal waste just like rural households have done for centuries. Canadians are also being encouraged to be more careful with certain kinds of toxic waste. Instead of throwing medication down the toilets where it will poison our rivers, and throwing old paint in the garbage, where it will pollute our landfill sites, we are now saving such waste for the toxic waste round-ups in spring and fall. Or, people are taking it to special sites designated for toxic waste. More and more commuters are turning to buses, trains, and bicycles to get to work rather than driving their cars and burning more gas (which is expensive as well as polluting). Whereas air pollution is not as big a problem in Canadian cities as it is in Mexico City, Santiago, Calcutta, or the industrial centres of China, it is enough of a problem in Toronto< Hamilton, and Vancouver that when weather conditions trap the air over the city, asthmatics suffer. Our grocery stores stock more and more “green” products each year: laundry soap which is less polluting, juice in tetrapacks rather than cans, dish detergent in refill bags rather than plastic containers, cosmetics produced without animal testing, and so on. We are eating less meat and more grains and vegetables. As consumers, Canadians are more conscious that what we buy affects the health of our planet. Nonetheless, we must be ever vigilant of damage to our environment and take action to protect it.

Comprehension Check: 1. Describe the problem in Canada‟s Great Lakes. 2. Which forests in Canada are ecologists especially worried about? 3. What problem is Banff National Park facing? 4. How can people reduce their household garbage? 5. What kinds of transportation are most healthy for people and for the planet? 6. Name one Canadian city in which air pollution is occasionally a problem.

For Discussion: 1. What areas do you know where people‟s abuse of the planet has led to major problems for the environment, and for the people and other life forms in those areas? 2. What common Canadian behaviours contribute to pollution?

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3. What kinds of lifestyle changes need to be made to solve the problems of pollution worldwide?

Depletion of the Fish Stocks Both in the Grand Banks off Newfoundland and in the rivers of British Columbia, fish stocks have declined dramatically. In the past, we have taken our abundant supplies of fish for granted. Thousands of people in Atlantic Canada depended, directly or indirectly, on the cod for their livelihoods. Thousands of others on the Pacific Coast depended on the salmon. Suddenly, people recognized that the fish had been depleted to such an extent that the fishing had to stop. The government has asked Canadian fishermen to wait a few years and let the fish recover, but Canadians are not the only ones who want the fish. On the east coast in particular, fishing boats of many countries wait just outside the 200-mile (322 km) limit to scoop up all the fish they can catch in their nets. This continued fishing is not helping to solve the problem. The issue has been taken to the international negotiating table, but not everyone respects such decisions and the problems will no doubt continue until the fish have returned in large numbers. Meanwhile, there are thousands of Canadian fishermen and fish processing staff who know no other life. Many of them like fishing and have no desire for a new livelihood. Whole communities have become dependent on government assistance, which is not good for them or for the country.

For Discussion: Some people think that retraining is the answer to the problem of unemployment for the fishermen. Do you agree? If so, why? If not, what do you see as the solution?

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