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CONVOYS WHARF Prince Street London SE8 CONVOYS WHARF Prince Street London SE8 London Borough of Lewisham Post-excavation assessment report and updated project design November 2013 © Museum of London Archaeology 2013 Museum of London Archaeology Mortimer Wheeler House 46 Eagle Wharf Road, London N1 7ED tel 020 7410 2200 | fax 020 410 2201 www.museumoflondonarchaeology.org.uk general enquiries: [email protected] DEPTFORD ROYAL DOCKYARD CONVOYS WHARF PRINCE STREET LONDON SE8 LONDON BOROUGH OF LEWISHAM Site Code CVF10 Post-excavation assessment report and updated project design Sign-off History: Issue No. Date: Prepared by: Checked/ Reason for Issue: Approved by: 1 25 March Antony Francis David Bowsher Draft for client review 2013 Project Manager 2 2 May 2013 Antony Francis David Bowsher Revised draft after client Project Manager comments 3 10 May 2013 Antony Francis David Bowsher Project Manager 4 29 October Antony Francis David Bowsher Revised draft after curator 2013 Project Manager comments 5 20 November Antony Francis David Bowsher Revised draft after curator 2013 Project Manager comments Author: Antony Francis Project Manager: David Bowsher Graphics: Carlos Lemos Museum of London Archaeology Mortimer Wheeler House, 46 Eagle Wharf Road, London N1 7ED tel 0207 410 2200 fax 0207 410 2201 email [email protected] Executive summary This report is intended to inform the reader of the results of the excavation at the site of Deptford Royal Dockyard at Convoys Wharf in Lewisham: what was found; what post-excavation assessment work has been done so far; what work still needs to be done and why; and how and where the results of the excavation should be made public. The report is written and structured in a particular way to conform with the standards required of post-excavation analysis work as set out in Management of Archaeological Projects (English Heritage, 1991). This report draws on and refines the results of excavations and earlier assessments, principally the Scheme of Archaeological Resource Management (SARM, Hawkins 2009), the Written Scheme of Investigation (Francis 2010b), previous evaluations (Divers 2000, Francis 2010a) and an interim publication (Hawkins et al 2013). The report describes the planning background and excavation history for the site (Section 1). The historical and archaeological background is contained in Section 2, and the archaeology discovered on site has been described in Section 4. In Section 5 the finds and environmental evidence is quantified and assessed. The dating evidence has been integrated with the stratigraphic data enabling the latter section to be set out in terms of the provisional periods represented on site. Sections 4 and 5 are the foundations from which Section 6, Potential of the Data has been developed. This potential is discussed in terms of how well the site can answer the original and additional research objectives (Section 7). There was no strong evidence for prehistoric settlement, although finds indicate that the site was used by prehistoric peoples. Geoarchaeological investigation was able to reconstruct in part the environment from the prehistoric period to the 19th century specifically in relation to a palaeochannel that crosses the site. The remains of a late 2nd century to 3rd century Roman enclosure with part of a skeleton in its fill (the only burial on site) were unexpected discoveries. A concentration of ex situ building material suggested that there may have been a Roman building on site. The Dockyard was founded in 1513 with the construction of a Storehouse (now a Scheduled Ancient Monument). A wide ditch nearby may have preceded this building. As the Dockyard developed through the Stuart period (1603–1714), a Dockyard Basin was constructed of timber, probably from a Tudor precursor for which some evidence survived. A narrow building was probably the Treasurer of the Navy’s House and the Dockyard perimeter wall was also identified. In the south of the site, walls relating to officers’ quarters and a smithy were revealed. Sayes Court was the home of the diarist and horticulturalist John Evelyn (1620– 1706). Traces of an early building were found below the ground plan of a probable 18th-century building on the site of Sayes Court. Garden walls could be more confidently reconciled with map evidence of Evelyn’s home, although no trace of his famous gardens was identified. The early Georgian period (1714–74) saw a major rebuilding of the Dockyard that expanded beyond its previous perimeter. The Tudor Storehouse was incorporated into a new, unified storehouse complex and the smithy was reconstructed. The Dockyard Basin largely rebuilt in this and the succeeding late Georgian to Victorian period (1774–1869). Ship building technology developed in the 18th and 19th centuries, until ultimately the slipways on the site became vast structures of brick, concrete and timber after 1844. Three such structures were excavated on the site CVF10 post-ex assessment report MOLA together with the foundations of their cover buildings, of which the Grade II listed Olympia building is an example, built in 1844–46. The Dockyard Basin gate and canal linking it to the river were replaced in stone and brick to a design by John Rennie (1761–1821). The Double Dock in the east of the site was rebuilt in 1839–41. The Dockyard declined from the mid-19th century and closed in 1869, becoming a cattle market a few years later. To date post-excavation work has identified the potential and significance (Sections 6 and 7) of the archive to add to the knowledge of this area of London, in the periods discussed above. This assessment describes how the information generated by the site could ultimately be integrated into detailed studies, along with documentary, cartographic and pictorial sources. Information from relevant sites in Britain and abroad can be tied in closely with evidence from specific periods on site. In order to achieve this, the stratigraphic, finds and environmental archive will be refined through analysis (Section 9). This will clarify the site sequence to help answer research questions (set out in Section 8.1). It is proposed that the results of the excavation are disseminated in three ways: through a MOLA monograph focussing on the post-medieval Dockyard; by a short article on the prehistoric and Roman discoveries; and via blogging / social media during the analysis and writing phases of these publications to build links with other researchers and interested parties (Section 8.2). Finally, the intention of the project is to create an archive that provides a sustainable framework for future research. To this end the archive will be placed in the London Archaeological Archive and Research Centre (LAARC) adding to the significant body of data available there for further synthetic, integrated and thematic research. P:\LEWI\1047\na\Field\POST EX ASSESSMENT\Post-ex assessment report\Convoys Wharf post-ex assessment 20 November 2013.docx 3 CVF10 post-ex assessment report MOLA Contents 1 Introduction 12 1.1 Site location 12 1.2 The scope of the project 12 1.3 Circumstances and dates of fieldwork 12 1.3.1 Evaluations 2000 and 2010 13 1.3.2 Excavation 2011–2012 13 1.4 Organisation of the report 14 2 Historical and archaeological background 16 2.1 Geology and topography 16 2.2 Prehistoric 16 2.3 Roman 16 2.4 Saxon 16 2.5 Medieval 16 2.6 Post-medieval 18 2.6.1 Sixteenth century 18 2.6.2 Seventeenth century 20 2.6.3 Eighteenth century 23 2.6.4 Nineteenth century 24 2.6.5 Twentieth century 25 3 Original research aims 26 1.1 Site specific objectives and research aims 26 1.1.1 Site-wide 26 1.1.2 Sayes Court 26 1.1.3 Royal Naval Dockyard 26 4 Site sequence: interim statement on field work 28 4.1 Introduction 28 4.2 Natural and topography 28 4.3 Pre-dockyard (450,000BC–AD1513) 28 4.4 Tudor dockyard (1513–1603) 30 4.5 Stuart dockyard (1603–1714) 31 4.6 Sayes Court 33 4.7 Early Georgian dockyard (1714–1774) 35 4.8 Late Georgian to Victorian dockyard (1774–1869) 37 4.9 Post-dockyard (1869–present) 41 5 Quantification and assessment 44 5.1 Post-excavation review 44 P:\LEWI\1047\na\Field\POST EX ASSESSMENT\Post-ex assessment report\Convoys Wharf post-ex assessment 20 November 2013.docx 4 CVF10 post-ex assessment report MOLA 5.2 The site archive and assessment: stratigraphic 44 5.3 The site archive and assessment: finds and environmental 44 5.4 Geoarchaeology 45 5.4.1 Geoarchaeological methodology 45 5.4.2 Geoarchaeological background 46 5.4.3 Geoarchaeological sediments 49 5.4.4 Borehole logs 52 5.4.5 Subsamples for palaeoenvironmental assessment 57 5.4.6 Diatoms 57 5.4.7 Results and discussion 58 5.4.8 Conclusions 59 5.4.9 Ostracods 59 5.4.10 Pollen 61 5.4.11 Insects 65 5.4.12 Optically stimulated luminescence dating 67 5.4.13 Radiocarbon dating 68 5.4.14 Geoarchaeological discussion 70 5.5 The archaeological woodwork 75 5.5.1 Introduction 76 1.1.4 Methodology 78 5.5.2 Medieval woodwork 78 5.5.3 Post-medieval woodwork 78 5.5.4 Post-medieval woodworking tools and sampled debris deposits 87 5.6 Tree-ring spot dates 87 5.6.1 Methodology 88 5.6.2 Results 89 5.7 The building material 93 5.7.1 Introduction/methodology 93 5.7.2 Roman daub 93 5.7.3 Roman ceramic building material 94 5.7.4 Saxon building material 94 5.7.5 Medieval ceramic building material 94 5.7.6 Post-medieval stone building material 95 5.7.7 Post-medieval ceramic building material 96 5.7.8 Post-medieval plaster 99 5.8 The Roman pottery 101 5.9 The medieval and post medieval pottery 103 P:\LEWI\1047\na\Field\POST EX ASSESSMENT\Post-ex assessment report\Convoys Wharf
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