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Tattooing in Auschwitz Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources

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Tattooing in Auschwitz Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources 1 Tattooing in Auschwitz Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources: Nurnburg, International Military Trials. Natzi Conspiracy and Aggression, Volume 1. United ​ ​ States Government Printing Office: Washington, 1946. www.loc.gov This was a great primary source to find information to understand the why the Jewish people were treated in such a horrific manner. This had great information on the horrific treatment of the Jews in concentration camps. I used this document to explain why Jews were treated so badly. I also used this document to show what the Natzi’s did to the tattooed skin of the Jews. Books: Perl, Edith. Not Even a Number: Surviving Lager C-Auschwitz II-Birkenau. Motivational Press: ​ ​ Melbourne, 2017. This book was written by a survivor who lost her mother, brothers and four sisters at Auschwitz II. She described her story from her childhood, the camp, and living after. Her family came from Czechoslovakia, a small town that she felt would be safe and how quickly and radically her life changed. It has taken her all of her life, over 70 years to process what happened to her family and how her mother saved her. She was the only one to survive the Holocaust from her family and I used it for quotes in my project. Broadcasts: “75th Anniversary of the Liberationof German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp Auschwitz.” Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau. 27 Jan 2020. ​ ​ http://auschwitz.org/en/home-page75/ 2 This was a live broadcast on the anniversary of the camps and it filmed several Holocaust suvivors and they told their stories. I used it to hear first hand accounts of the few survivors today and how they all endured terrible stories and heroic acts to survive in the camps. It helped me understand the common story between many of the prisoners and how Jews from around Europe were dehumanized in many ways. Documentary: Doron, Dana. Numbered, Netflix Documentary, 2012. ​ ​ This documentary was done as a way to record survivors' testimonies. It explores the history and meaning of the numbers tattooed on the bodies of Auschwitz prisoners. This was a very valuable resource. Not only did this documentary give me testimony, it gave me great quotes and pictures for my website. This documentary helped me argue that tattoos shaped the identity of Jews in Auschwitz. Schwartz, Amy. The Number on Great-Grandpa’s Arm, HBO Documentary, 2017. ​ ​ ​ ​ This film was unique because it was a great-grandson talking to his great-grandpa who was sent to Auschwitz. He survived and the grandson was asking questions about the experiences and the first hand testimony from a family member. This was valuable to use as a video for my project and to see that younger generations are still learning about the horrific experiences of the Holocaust. Websites: “Home.” Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies, fortunoff.library.yale.edu/. ​ ​ This website helped provide insight on all the different stories of Holocaust survivors. It also helped show different sides of the story, for example like the liberators, or those in hiding. This website also helped to provide podcasts, so I could listen to it while I was working on my website. This website also shows some of the storys of those who were lost in the Holocaust, for example Anne Frank. 3 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. ​ Date Accessed: February 2020. encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/tattoos-and-numbers-the- This website provided insight for how tattooing was done in the camps. It also helped to show that tattooing was not only a way to dehumanize and organize the prisoners, but to identify bodies if need be. This site also showed how tattooing evolved within the camp. To start they would slap a number on the left side of your chest and rub ink into it, which was extremely painful. Once this proved ineffective, they switched to a single needle device on the outer left forearm, so the tattoo was easier to be done, as well as proved more accessible when needed. This website also provided an image of a child that survived Auschwitz, but was forever marked with a tattoo that would remind him of the horrors he outlived. This article provides multiple primary source photos and videos that were tremendous to support my argument. The New England Holocaust Memorial. https://www.nehm.org. Date Accessed: April, 2020. ​ ​ This was a great source to find survivor accounts. The New England Holocaust Memorial was a great tribute in Boston to those endured so much during the Holocaust. I used this to not only give me great survivor accounts, I also found some great pictures for my website. Vrba, Rudolf, and Alfred Wetzler. “Testimony.” United States Holocoaust Museum. 4 July ​ ​ 1944. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/auschprotocol.pdf This was a primary source account from two Slovakian prisoners who escaped Auschwitz. It really helped to understand their experience from the start of living in the ghetto’s into planning an escape from the camp. They also described their personal experience of getting tattooed and their emotions of going through their identity being taken away. I used part of their testimony in the breaking barrier section of my project. Www.auschwitz.org. “AUSCHWITZ-BIRKENAU.” Polski. Date Accessed: March 2020. ​ ​ www.auschwitz.org/en/gallery/historical-pictures-and-documents/ This website provided pictures that helped show what life was like within Auschwitz. It was also a good provider of high quality, credible pictures. The pictures also helped to see what life in Auschwitz might have been like, and what some of the prisoners might have looked like. For example there were two pictures from the gypsy camp, which were rare to find due to the fact that none of the people in the gypsy camps survived Auschwitz. 4 Www.auschwitz.org. “AUSCHWITZ-BIRKENAU.” Polski. Date Accessed: March 2020. ​ ​ auschwitz.org/en/museum/news/. This site helped to keep me updated on all the different and new events coming up in Auschwitz. For example this year was the 75th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz. It also kept me updated on all the new discoveries within Auschwitz, that have taken this long to recover. The site also shows how today’s technology can help to put together the horrors of Auschwitz. Secondary Sources: Books: Friedlander, Saul. Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933-1945. Harper Collins, 2009. ​ ​ I used this book to help me with some of the background information for my project. I also used this book for quotes. This book helped me with understanding the campaign to oppress the Jews. It also gives those who survived a voice. The book had many great quotes from the survivors. This book also describes life in the concentration camps, especially Auschwitz, as well as how the Nazi’s extermenated the Jews. Geise, Nancy. Auschwitz #34207: The Joe Rubenstein Story. Merry Dissonance Press: Castle ​ ​ Rock, 2015. This resource was another story of a survivor's memories retold in vivid detail. Joe recalled his life before, during and after the war. It showed his amazing spirit and will to live under the worst circumstances one can imagine. I used it for quotes in my project and it helped me to really understand how he felt about being tattooed at the time and later in his life. 5 Levi, Primo. Survival in Auschwitz.. First Collier Trade Edition: New York. 1993. ​ ​ I used this book because Primo Levi gives a first hand account of life in Auschwitz. I used this book to help support my argument that the tattoos the survivors receive become part of their identity. This book had some great quotes for my project. Morris, Heather. Cilka’s Journey. St. Martin’s Press: New York, 2019. ​ ​ I read this book because it was a sequel to the Tattooist in Auschwitz. This book helped to ​ ​ understand Lale Sokolov’s story. This book also gave me some great background information on life in Auschwitz. Cilka was just a child when she entered Auschwitz. Her experiences in Auschwitz shows how she must go from being a woman very quickly. I really enjoyed reading both books by Heather Morris. Morris, Heather. The Tattooist of Auschwitz. Echo Publishing, New York 2019. ​ ​ I used this source as the basis of my argument. I really wanted to tell the story of Lale Sokolov as the tattooist in Auschwitz. His journey of being a tattooist in Auschwitz is very important to history. Not many have told the story of the tattoos that so many carry with them. I used this book for my argument and for many great quotes. I hope after this project more people will understand the horrors of being tattooed in the camps. Shimon, Marilyn. First One In:Last One Out: Auschwitz Survivor 31321. CreateSpace ​ ​ Independent Publishing, North Charleston 2016. This book was written by a niece whose uncle survived Auschwitz and her father was a Jew who served in the US Army during World War II. It was first written by her mother in the 1960’s but no one would publish it because they felt it was made up, like events that horrendous could never occur. It was a great story that really helped me understand how so many Jews went to the camps and so little made it through. Those that did, had unbelievable stories of survival as every day was a gift to wake up. Her uncle was one of those few that survived and testified at the Nuremberg Trials. I used it for quotes in my project. 6 Interviews: Dvir, Boaz Ph.D, a Professor at Penn State University, who specializes in the Holocaust, Personal Interview, May 11, 2020 This interview focused on the dehumanization of the jews.
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