“Don't Mind the Boche”

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“Don't Mind the Boche” UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI “Don’t Mind the Boche” A Stylistic Analysis of Language Representations in Historical Fiction and Their Contribution to Characterization Väisänen, Rebekka Sini Eveliina Master’s Thesis English Philology Faculty of Arts University of Helsinki November 2019 i Tiedekunta – Fakultet – Faculty Koulutusohjelma – Utbildningsprogram – Degree Programme Humanistinen tiedekunta Englannin kielen ja kirjallisuuden maisteriohjelma Opintosuunta – Studieinriktning – Study Track Englantilainen filologia Tekijä – Författare – Author Rebekka Sini Eveliina Väisänen Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title ” Don’t mind the Boche” A stylistic analysis of language representation in historical fiction and their contribution to characterization Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu -tutkielma year Marraskuu 2019 62 + liitteet Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tutkielma käsittelee koodinvaihtoa historiallisessa fiktiossa. Erityisenä huomion kohteena on se, miten ja milloin muita kieliä (useimmiten Saksaa ja Ranskaa) esiintyy kolmessa englannikielisessä historiallisessa romaanissa joko koodinvaihdon tai muiden menetelmien kautta ja miten nämä vaikuttavat hahmojen karakterisointiin. Työssä tarkastellaan tekstin ominaisuuksiin stilistisen analyysin avulla. Teoreettisenä viitekehyksenä käytetään Carol Myers-Scottonin "tunnusmerkkisyyden mallia" (Markedness Model), jonka avulla analysoidaan koodinvaihdon funktiota suhteessa hahmojen välisiin valtarakenteisiin, ja Meir Sternbergin "käännösmimesistä" (translational mimesis), jota käytetään erilaisten teksissä esiintyviin kielten representaatioden luokitteluun. Tutkimuksen kohteena on kolme toisen maailmansodan aikaan sijoittuvaa kirjaa: Markus Zusakin The Book Thief (2005), Anthony Doerrin All the Light We Cannot See (2014) sekä Heather Morrisin Tattooist of Auschwitz (2018). Tutkimus osoittaa, että saksalaiset hahmot kuvataan yleisemmin negatiivisesti kuin muut hahmot. Saksankieliset koodinvaihdot liittyvät usein sotaan tai negatiivisiin tunteisiin, ja jopa The Book Thief:issä, jossa kaikki hahmot ovat saksalaisia, saksaa puhuvina esitetyt hahmot ovat useammin kovempia luonteeltaan, kun taas sympaattisina esitetyt hahmot puhuvat saksaa harvemmin. Vahvin vastakkainasettelu kansalaisuuksien välillä näkyy All the Light -kirjassa, jossa ranskalaiset hahmot ovat miellyttävämpiä, ja miellyttävänä esitetty saksalainen päähenkilö puhuu enemmän ranskaa kuin saksaa. Kirjoissa esiintyy monia erilaisia tapoja edustaa kieliä, joita hahmot puhuvat. Koodinvaihto on yleistä Book Thief sekä All the Light -kirjoissa, kun taas Tattooist-kirjassa vieraita kieliä edustetaan tyypillisesti eksplisiittisen attribuution kautta (esim. ”Hän kirosi ranskaksi.”). Kielten representaatiomenetelmät eivät ole vaikuttaneet siihen, miten kriitikot ja lukijat ovat ottaneet ne vastaan. Tähän todennäköisesti vaikuttaa se, että monikielisyys kuuluu luontevana osana historiallisen fiktion genreen, erityisesti toiseen maailmansotaan sijoittuvan fiktion kontekstissa, eikä koodinvaihto näin ollen yllätä tai häiritse lukukokemusta. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords stylistics, characterization, historical fiction, literary linguistics, codeswitching, language representation Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Helsingin yliopiston kirjasto Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Stylistinen analyysi kielten representaatiosta historiallisessa fiktiossa, ja miten nämä vaikuttavat hahmojen karakterisointiin. ii Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................. iv 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1 2. Theoretical Background.......................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Stylistics .................................................................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Language Representations .................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Codeswitching and the Markedness Model ...................................................................................... 6 2.2.2 Other Language Representations and Translational Mimesis .......................................................... 9 2.2.3 Accessibility of Foreign Words ...................................................................................................... 11 2.2.4 Characterization .............................................................................................................................. 14 2.3 Historical Fiction as a Genre .............................................................................................................. 16 3. Literary Works in Focus and Their Reception ................................................................................... 18 3.1 Analyzing Reception: Goodreads .......................................................................................................... 18 3.2 All the Light We Cannot See by Anthony Doerr .................................................................................. 19 3.3 The Book Thief by Markus Zusak ......................................................................................................... 20 3.4 The Tattooist of Auschwitz by Heather Morris ..................................................................................... 21 4. Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 24 5. Data and Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 27 5.1 All the Light We Cannot See ................................................................................................................. 27 5.1.1 Representation of German and French ........................................................................................... 28 5.1.2 Stylistic Analysis of LR instances .................................................................................................. 29 5.1.3 Characterization: Werner Pfennig .................................................................................................. 32 5.1.4 Characterization: LeBlanc Family .................................................................................................. 35 5.1.5 Characterization: Sergeant von Rumpel ......................................................................................... 37 5.1.6 Critical Discourse and Public Opinions .......................................................................................... 38 5.2 The Book Thief ................................................................................................................................ 39 5.2.1 Representation of German .............................................................................................................. 39 5.2.2 Stylistic Analysis of LR instances .................................................................................................. 42 5.2.3 Characterization of Death ............................................................................................................... 43 5.2.4 Characterization: Main Characters ................................................................................................. 45 5.2.5 Characterization: Minor Characters ................................................................................................ 47 5.2.6 Critical Discourse and Public Opinions .......................................................................................... 48 5.3 The Tattooist of Auschwitz ............................................................................................................. 49 5.3.1 Representation of Languages .......................................................................................................... 50 5.3.2 Characterization: Lale ..................................................................................................................... 51 iii 5.3.3 Critical Discourse and Public Opinions .......................................................................................... 55 6. Discussion ............................................................................................................................................... 55 6.1 Comparison of Books ............................................................................................................................ 55 6.2 Limitations and Suggestions for Further Research ................................................................................ 60 7. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 61 8. References .............................................................................................................................................. 63 Primary Sources:
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