DOCSLIB.ORG

Space Security Regime: Essential Elements of a Code

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Space Security Regime: Essential Elements of a Code Sino-Indian Border Infrastructure: A Comparison Dr. Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan Senior Fellow Observer Research Foundation New Delhi Email: [email protected]; [email protected] www.orfonline.org WESTERN SECTOR KK PASS X HAJILANGAR DBO Cl 9 WESTERN SECTDGMI TRIG Cl 50 HTS RIVER POST CHIP CHAP LAC Cl 9 QIZIL JILGA Cl 9 Cl 50 CHINA SUMDO Cl 9 BURTSA TANG TOMAR KALSAR Cl 9 GALWAN KAP SAN G LA KONGKALA Cl 9 Cl 9 ANELA LA DAMBU GURU KHURNAK FORT Cl 50 SIRIJAP Cl 5 CHUTICHANGLA NOH YUL LA Cl 9 CHIKON KURGMA CHUSHUL Cl 9 RUDOK RECHIN LA INDIA SPANGGUR Cl 50 RAKSUM DUMCHELE Cl 9 Cl 9 CHIAKANG CHURKANG JARA LA Cl 9 Cl 9 DEMCHOK Cl 50 ZURSAR SIQUANHE 10 K TASHIGONG Cl 9 Cl 50 5/10/2013 12:27:01 PM GAR DZ New Chinese Road: Head Indian Road: Head and and Distance from LAC Distance from LAC Chip Chang Trig Heights; 04 Up to Indian perception of km on Indian side of LAC LAC (local road) Mabdola-Kongka La; 500 m Just short of Kongka La short of LAC Western Sector Sirijap – Pt. 4576; 4.5 km on NanglungLungpa 15 km our side of LAC (being extended to Pt. 4433) Chutichanla – Area Bush; 100 Pt. 4715 02 km m inside our perception of LAC Setting Imisla; 50 m short of Zursar 10 km Imisla Pass Manza-Churup; Churup 03 Sugar 04 km km short of LAC (construction of road ahead of Middle Sector: Opposite Churup in progress) Himachal Pradesh Tayak-Shipki; Shipki 06 km Chuppan 05 km short of LAC (construction of road ahead of Shipki in progress) Bobra-Mana Pass; 01 km Musapani (35 km) (being short of Mana Pass extended to Ghastoli) Lungi-Jindu-Niti; 02 km short Malari (50 km) Middle Sector: Opposite of Niti Uttaranchal Lungi-Tunjun La; Tunjun La KM 16 (33 km) up to LAC Pulan-Lipulekh; 700 m short Jibti (80 km) (being extended) of Lipulekh CHINA KHAMBA DZ TO LHASA Cl 18 SIKKIM Cl 18 TRAKSIK Cl 18 KALASHAR Cl 9 Cl 9 GOMPA TO NELUNG Cl 40 GIRU Cl 9 CHAGO LAWU GOMPA Cl5 MATING LA SEBU LA Cl5 TUNA Cl 9 SESE LA X Cl 18 Cl 9 CHAMODZ X KHUNGYAMILA KONGRA Cl 9 LA Cl 40 GORA LAX X FINGER Cl 9 NAKU LA P TANG LA LARANG PHIMKARU LA X Cl 9 YAKSHA CHUGYA X GONGGA Cl 40 TANGKARU LA Cl 9 PHARI DZ SIKKIM Cl 9 Cl 18 Cl 9 CHOLA X Cl 18 YATUNG INDIA NATU LA X GELLING BHUTAN X Cl 9 GANGTOK JELEP LA Cl 18 ASAM NEPAL JANDORHI PT JANDORHI PT DONGCHUI LA Cl 5 MORING LA KALIMPONG X SINCHU LUMBA X DOKA LA Asam-Jhandori Post- TR JUNC 03 km Dongchuila; 700 m short of Dongchuila Eastern Sector: Opposite Sinchella-Batangla; 75 m Bheem Base 03 km (being East Sikkim short of Batangla extended to Dokala) Sinchella-Dokala; 250 m Bheem Base 03 km (being short of Dokala extended to Dokala) Eastern Sector: Opposite Tawang TSONA TRIMO x TULUNG LA BROKEN HUT LE LAMBU GORDONG KECHEN TSHO (500 M) Cl 9 WANGDUNG (600 M) Cl 9 KEROTHANG Cl 9 (500 M) SUMDRONG CHU NANGDOH x MERA LA LUNGRO LA (03 KM) x NELYA YANGTSE KERETANG Cl 5 (05 KM) x x BUM LA LUMPO K’ LA SUNGETSAR MAGO LUNGRO GG KLEMTA x WOMING LA LANDA TAWANG RAMA SAPPER (62 KM) Gordong-Broken Hut; 500 m Nelya 04 km from Gordong Camp Le Camp – Wangdung; 600 Lungrola 03 km m from Wangdung Eastern Sector: Opposite KechenTso-Kerothang; 500 Lungrola 03 km Tawang m from Kerothang Nangdoh-Kharsang La; 200 Sungestar 07 km m from Kharsang La Eastern Sector: Opposite Eastern Arunachal Pradesh CHINA LINZI BIPUNG NECHE 10 KM ORANG TADADGE GELLING MIPI 12 KM 2 KM 40 KM TUTING 20 KM ANINI 70 KM LONGJU YARLUNG CHOSAM 13 KM ETALIN BISA MENCHUKA MALINEY TADANG TATO RIMA MAJA 65 KM TATU PURANG 9 KM 3 KM 5 KM LEMIKENG CHAYAL DZ 65 KM LUNG TAKSING TCC 12 KM KIBITHU 12 KM 5 KM HURI ALONG TRIMO 55 KM LOHITPUR HAYULIANG SARLI NANGDOH LE BROKEN HUT BUMLA KOLARIANG WANDUNG 95 KM DINJAN NELYA INDIA TAWANG HAPOLI 4 KM SELA TENGA BHUTAN KALAKTANG MYANMAR Chayaldz-Lung; Lung 12 km Lemikeng 65 km (being extended to Taksing) Tadang-PurangYumjo; 04 km Lemikeng 65 km (being Eastern Sector: Opposite short of LAC extended to Taksing) Eastern Arunachal Pradesh Bipung-Shirang; Shirang Tuting 20 km (being extended to Bona) .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Border Trade: Reopening the Tibet Border Claude Arpi the First Part of This Paper Concluded with This Question: Can the Borders
    Border Trade: Reopening the Tibet Border Claude Arpi The first part of this paper concluded with this question: can the borders be softened again? Can the age-old relation between the Tibetans and the Himalayans be revived? The process has started, though it is slow. This paper will look at the gains acquired from the reopening of the three land ports, but also at the difficulties to return to the booming trade which existed between Tibet and India before the invasion of Tibet in 1950 and to a certain extent till the Indo-China war of 1962. It will also examine the possibility to reopen more land ports in the future, mainly in Ladakh (Demchok) and Arunachal Pradesh. Tibet’s Economic Figures for 2012 According to a Chinese official website, the Tibetan Autonomous Region is economically doing extremely well. Here are some ‘official’ figures: • Tibet's GDP reached 11.3 billion US $ in 2012, an increase of 12 % compared to the previous year (Tibet's GDP was 9.75 billion US $ in 2011 and 8.75 billion US $ in 2010). • Tibet's economy has maintained double-digit growth for 20 consecutive years. • Fixed asset investment have increased by 20.1 % • The tax revenues reached 2.26 billion US $ (fiscal revenue grew by 46%) • And Tibet received over 11 million domestic and foreign tourists earning 2.13 billion US $ Tibet’s Foreign Trade Figures for 2012 The foreign trade is doing particularly well. On January 23, 2013, Xinhua announced that Tibet has registered new records in foreign trade. A Chinese government agency reported that the foreign trade of the Tibetan Autonomous Region reached more than 3 billion U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Sino-Indian Border Trade: the Promise of Jelep La
    No. 24No. 45 May 2017 December 2014 Sino-Indian Border Trade: The Promise of Jelep La Diki Sherpa Research Assistant, Institute of Chinese Studies, Delhi [email protected] trade or an instance of trade diplomacy A decade has elapsed since the re-initiation towards India. of the border trade between India and China through Nathu La, though the Indian side This paper first, seeks to highlight the remains undecided on many fronts. Among possible reasons for the trade gap between others, one of the most crucial is the lack of India and China through Nathu La. Second, willingness for infrastructural development considering India’s comparative advantage against China’s agility for road-building. and potential through this sector, it suggests Notwithstanding, trade balance through re-opening of Jelep La as a viable option for Nathu La has continued to be in favour of further enhancing bilateral trade. The India. This is in stark contrast to the steep historical significance of Jelep La from imbalance that India suffers with China Kalimpong in North Bengal suggests the through other Indian border posts, such as vibrancy of this route and that the Lipu Lekh and Shipki La in Uttarakhand and topography facilitates smooth access to Himachal Pradesh. Interestingly, the relative Tibet. Further, it can act as a potent force for trade imbalance that exists through Nathu La bridging the spatial differences, promoting does not seem to be of much concern to mutual cooperation and fostering healthy China, so far. The lack of Chinese protest interdependence between the two here raises the question of whether this neighbouring countries.
    [Show full text]
  • 2Nd Week Oct 2020
    PRE-Mix (Compilations of the Multiple Choice Questions) For the 2nd Week Of October 2020 (12th October to 17th October) Visit our website www.sleepyclasses.com or our YouTube channel for entire GS Course FREE of cost Also Available: Prelims Crash Course || Prelims Test Series T.me/SleepyClasses Table of Contents 1. Geography ...........................................................................................................1 2. Polity .....................................................................................................................3 3. Economy ..............................................................................................................5 4. Environment .......................................................................................................9 5. Science & Technology .....................................................................................12 www.sleepyclasses.com Call 6280133177 T.me/SleepyClasses 1. Geography Click here to watch the following questions on YouTube 1. Which of the following statements with respect to Kaveri River are correct? 1. It flows through the states of Karnataka and Telangana. 2. It is the basis for the Ranganthittu Bird Sanctuary. 3. The Stanley water reservoir has been built over it 4. The water of the river is shared between Karnataka, Kerala, Puducherry and Tamil Nadu. A. 1 and 2 only B. 1, 2 and 3 only C. 2, 3 and 4 only D. 1, 2 ,3 and 4 Answer: C 2. Identify the correct statements regarding coral reefs? 1. Corals are in fact animals, not plants. 2. Coral reefs are the largest structures on earth of biological origin. 3. Coral reefs are naturally colorful because of algae, which lives inside of the coral, providing them with food. 4. The three main types of coral reefs are fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and coral atolls. A. 1,2 and 3 only B. 1,3 and 4 only C. 2,3 and 4 only D. 1,2,3 and 4 Answer: D 3. Which of the following statements regarding Atal tunnel are correct? 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Iasbaba 60 Day Plan 2020 –Geography
    IASBABA 60 DAY PLAN 2020 –GEOGRAPHY 60 DAYS PROGRAMME-2020 IASBABA IASBABA 60 DAY PLAN 2020 –GEOGRAPHY Q.1) With respect to the seismic waves consider the Following statements: 1. Primary waves travel to and fro in the line of propaGation and travel only in liquid medium 2. Secondary waves travel perpendicular to the line of propagation and they travel both in solid and liquid medium. Which amongst the above statements is /are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q.1) Solution (d) Basic InFormation: • Seismic waves are waves of enerGy that travel throuGh the Earth's layers, and are a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, maGma movement, larGe landslides and larGe man-made explosions that Give out low-frequency acoustic energy. • The place of occurrence of an earthquake is called ‘focus’ and the place which experiences the seismic event first is called ‘epicenter’. • Epicenter is located on the earth’s surface and focus is always inside the earth. • The propaGation velocity of seismic waves depends on density and elasticity of the medium as well as the type of wave. Velocity tends to increase with depth throuGh Earth's crust and mantle, but drops sharply GoinG from the mantle to the outer core. • Seismic waves are Generally divided into 1. Primary waves, 2. Secondary waves and 3. Surface waves. Primary waves: • They are called lonGitudinal waves or compressional waves and are analoGous to sound waves where particles move to and fro in the line of propaGation. • They travel both in solid and liquid medium.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Institute of Technology Delhi July 2008 Commodities of Empire
    Indian Institute of Technology Delhi July 2008 Copyright © Vibha Arora, 2008 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing of the publisher nor be issued to the public or circulated in any form other than that in which it is published. Requests for permission to reproduce any part of this Working Paper should be sent to: The Editor, Commodities of Empire Project, The Ferguson Centre for African and Asian Studies, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA Commodities of Empire Working Paper No.9 ISSN: 1756-0098 Routing the Commodities of the Empire through Sikkim (1817-1906) 1 Vibha Arora (Indian Institute of Technology Delhi) They sometimes believe, justly perhaps, that commerce follows the flag, and sometimes the flag follows the commerce; therefore they [Tibetans] think that politics has something to do with trade.2 I begin this paper by juxtaposing Richard Temple’s comment made in the late 1880s with a question-reply emerging from Tibet: Why do the British insist on establishing trade-marts? Their goods are coming in from India right up to Lhasa. Whether they have their marts or not things come all the same. The British were merely bent on over-reaching us.3 This reply, given to the Maharaja of Sikkim during discussions over the Younghusband mission of 1904, was by none other than the Thirteenth Dalai Lama himself, and he was not being alarmist. McKay’s comment that the term ‘Trade Agent’ was a convenient fiction owing to the difficult political circumstances encapsulates this candidly: Since, none of these appointed Trade Agents had a background in commerce or knew much about customs and trade-levies.
    [Show full text]
  • India-China Border Trade Through Nathu La Pass: Prospects and Impediments
    HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies Volume 38 Number 1 Article 7 June 2018 India-China Border Trade Through Nathu La Pass: Prospects and Impediments Pramesh Chettri Sikkim University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya Recommended Citation Chettri, Pramesh. 2018. India-China Border Trade Through Nathu La Pass: Prospects and Impediments. HIMALAYA 38(1). Available at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol38/iss1/7 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. This Research Article is brought to you for free and open access by the DigitalCommons@Macalester College at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. India-China Border Trade Through Nathu La Pass: Prospects and Impediments Acknowledgements The author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to the peer reviewers for their valuable review of the article, and to Mark Turin, Sienna R. Craig, David Citrin, and Mona Bhan for their editorial support, which helped to give it the present shape. The author also wants to extend his appreciation to the Commerce and Industries and Tourism Department in the Government of Sikkim, to Sikkim University Library, and to the many local traders of Sikkim with whom he spoke while conducting this research. This research article is available in HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol38/iss1/7 India-China Border Trade Through Nathu La Pass: Prospects and Impediments Pramesh Chettri This paper attempts to examine and analyze aspects, the Nathu La border trade has faced the prospects and impediments of the many problems.
    [Show full text]
  • The Skirmish at Nathu La (1967), by V K Singh
    scholar warrior The Skirmish at Nathu La (1967) VK SINGH Background Nathu La lies on the Old Silk Route between Tibet and India. In 1904, Major Francis Younghusband led a successful mission through Nathu La to capture Lhasa. This led to the setting up of trading posts at Gyantse and Gartok in Tibet, and gave control of the surrounding Chumbi Valley to the British. In 1947, Sikkim became an Indian protectorate. After China took control of Tibet in 1950, and suppressed a Tibetan uprising in 1959, refugees entered Sikkim through Nathu La. During the 1962 Sino-Indian War, Nathu La witnessed skirmishes between soldiers of the two countries. Shortly thereafter, the pass was sealed and closed for trade. Five years later, Nathu La was the scene of a ‘border skirmish’ between India and China, which resulted in heavy casualties to both sides. Significantly, it was the first and only instance when the Chinese got a ‘bloody nose’ from the Indians. In order to help Pakistan during the 1965 War, the Chinese served an ultimatum and asked India to withdraw its posts at Nathu La and Jelep La, which were then held by 17 and 27 Mountain Divisions respectively. Accordingly, orders were issued by Corps Headquarters (HQ) to both divisions to vacate Nathu La and Jelep La. As a result, 27 Mountain Division vacated Jelep La, which the Chinese promptly occupied. However, Major General Sagat Singh, GOC 17 Mountain Division, refused to vacate Nathu La, which was a Border Out Post (BOP), while the main defences were at Changgu. In the adjoining sector, manned 142 ä AUTUMN 2014 ä scholar warrior scholar warrior The Chinese got by 27 Mountain Division, Jelep La was also a BOP, a ‘bloody nose’ with the main defences located at Lungthu.
    [Show full text]
  • ORF Occasional Paper#42
    EARCH S F E O R U R N E D V A R T E I O S N B ORF OCCASIONAL PAPER #42 O MAY 2013 Sino-Indian Border Infrastructure: An Update Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan Rahul Prakash OBSERVER RESEARCH FOUNDATION Sino-Indian Border Infrastructure: An Update Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan Rahul Prakash OBSERVER RESEARCH FOUNDATION About the Authors Dr. Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan is Senior Fellow at the Observer Research Foundation (ORF), New Delhi. Dr. Rajagopalan joined ORF after an almost five-year stint at the National Security Council Secretariat (2003-2007), where she was an Assistant Director. Prior to joining the NSCS, she was Research Officer at the Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. She was also a Visiting Professor at the Graduate Institute of International Politics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan in early 2012. She is the author of three books: Clashing Titans: Military Strategy and Insecurity Among Asian Great Powers; The Dragon's Fire: Chinese Military Strategy and Its Implications for Asia; and Uncertain Eagle: US Military Strategy in Asia. Rahul Prakash is a Junior Fellow at Observer Research Foundation. His research interests include technology and security, Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) issues and security developments in Asia. He has co-authored a report on Chemical, Biological and Radiological Materials: An Analysis of Security Risks and Terrorist Threats in India, an outcome of a joint study conducted by ORF and the London-based Royal United Services Institute. He has also published Issue Briefs on China’s Progress in Space and Rise of Micro Blogs in China.
    [Show full text]
  • Sino – Indian Relations After the War of 1962
    chapter 11 Sino – Indian Relations after the War of 1962 Writing in 2015, half a century after the first edition of this book, the border dispute between India and China virtually remains as it was after the 1962 war. Dozens of rounds of talks did little more than stating the claims of both sides and agreeing some Confidence Building Measures. Rather surprisingly in com- parison with other border disputes, overall relations normalised and even led to mutual visits at the level of presidents, prime ministers and foreign minis- ters. Differences over the border were not allowed to hamper progress in other fields, yet professions of Sino-Indian amity continued to be clouded by the boundary question and the ability of China to raise it at will in connection with other foreign policy issues. To a visitor from Mars, a solution would not appear to be too difficult, with a swap between Indian acceptance of the Chinese occupation of the Aksai Chin area in the West and the Chinese giving up their claim to Arunachal (formerly the North East Frontier Agency) in the East. At one stage the notion of a “package deal” was mooted by Deng Xiaoping but rejected by Indian insistence on sector-by-sector talks. The Indian parliament’s resolution of 1963, stating that not an inch of Indian territory should be given up, made any negotiation very difficult. Yet, Indian authors increasingly have criticised the sector-approach for removing any bargaining flexibility on either side.1 The Joint Declaration signed in New Delhi by the presidents of China (Hu Jintao) and India (Abdul Kalam) of 21 November 2006 seemed to bridge this controversy by stating in paragraph 21 that the Special Representatives appointed in 2003 “shall complete at an early date the task of finalising an appropriate framework for a final package settlement covering all sectors of the India-China boundary”.2 Shortly before the visit China had made clear that it maintained its claims to the whole of Arunachal Pradesh.
    [Show full text]
  • Mani Shankar Aiyar
    Connectivity Issues in India’s Neighbourhood © Asian Institute of Transport Development, New Delhi. First published 2008 All rights reserved The views expressed in the publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations to which they belong or that of the Board of Governors of the Institute or its member countries. Published by Asian Institute of Transport Development 13, Palam Marg, Vasant Vihar, New Delhi-110 057 INDIA Phone: +91-11-26155309 Telefax: +91-11-26156294 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Website: www.aitd.net Contents Foreword i Connectivity: An Overview iii Perspectives on Northeast Connectivity 1 Mani Shankar Aiyar Imperatives of Connectivity 10 B. G. Verghese Connectivity and History: A Short Note 20 TCA Srinivasa-Raghavan India-China Connectivity: Strategic Implications 26 Gen. V. P. Malik Maritime Connectivity: Economic and Strategic Implications 36 Vijay Sakhuja Infrastructure, Northeast and Its Neighbours: Economic and Security Issues 66 Manoj Pant India-China Border Trade Connectivity: Economic and Strategic Implications and India’s Response 93 Mahendra P. Lama Connectivity with Central Asia – Economic and Strategic Aspects 126 Rajiv Sikri China’s Thrust at Connectivity in India’s Neighbourhood 146 TCA Rangachari Foreword The land and maritime connectivity have played a crucial role in political and economic evolution of the nation states. With a view to exploring the developments in this area in India’s neighbourhood, the Asian Institute of Transport Development held a one-day seminar on May 24, 2008 at India International Centre, New Delhi. The seminar was inaugurated by Hon'ble Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Asian History History 1990 The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia Derek Waller Vanderbilt University Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Waller, Derek, "The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia" (1990). Asian History. 1. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_asian_history/1 THE PUNDITS For Penny THE PUNDITS British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia DEREK WALLER THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY Publication of this volume was made possible in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Copyright© 1990 by The University Press of Kentucky Paperback edition 2004 The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. All rights reserved. Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky 663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008 www.kentuckypress.com Maps in this book were created by Lawrence Brence. Relief rendering from The New International Atlas © 1988 by Rand McNally & Co., R.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Mountain Ranges in India
    www.amkresourceinfo.com A M K RESOURCE WORLD GENERAL KNOWLEDGE FREE E Book Book for Various Competitive Exams (Like KPSC technical Post C, KSRTC, PDO, RRB, SSC, FDAA, SDAA, PSI, PC, CET, etc..) 1 www.amkresourceinfo.com A M K RESOURCE WORLD GENERAL KNOWLEDGE www.amkresourceinfo.com Mountain Ranges in India . A sub range of the Hindu Kush Himalayan Range . K2, the second highest peak in the world is located here . Famous Glaciers : Siachen Glacier, Biafo Glacier Karakoram Range . Karakoram range span the borders between Pakistan, India and China . Located in the regions of Gilgit –Baltistan (Pakistan), Ladakh (India), and Xinjiang region (China) . Southeastern extension of the Karakoram Range . From the mouth of the Shyok River in Ladakh to the border with Tibet Ladakh Range . Extension of the Ladakh Range into China is known as Kailash Range . Lies here India’s cold desert named as ‘ LEH . Boundary line between Ladakh region of Kashmir & remaining two regions of the state i.e. Jammu region and Vale of Kashmir Zaskar Range . Highest peak Kamet (UK) . Lies here Coldest place in India, Dras (The Gateway to Ladakh) . Famous Passes : Shipki, Lipu Lekh (Lipulieke), and Mana Pass . Separates Jammu Hills to the south from the Vale of Kashmir(Kashmir Valley), beyond which lie the Great Himalayas . Highest Point : Indrasan, 2nd Highest : Deo Tibba Pirpanjal Range . Has India’s longest rail tunnel known as Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel, Banihal road tunnel . Famous Passes : Pir Panjal Pass, Banihal Pass, Rohtang pass . Spread in J & K and Himachal, with home to major hill stations like Kullu, Dhauladhar Range Manali & Shimla (White Range) .
    [Show full text]