The White Paper I
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Border Trade: Reopening the Tibet Border Claude Arpi the First Part of This Paper Concluded with This Question: Can the Borders
Border Trade: Reopening the Tibet Border Claude Arpi The first part of this paper concluded with this question: can the borders be softened again? Can the age-old relation between the Tibetans and the Himalayans be revived? The process has started, though it is slow. This paper will look at the gains acquired from the reopening of the three land ports, but also at the difficulties to return to the booming trade which existed between Tibet and India before the invasion of Tibet in 1950 and to a certain extent till the Indo-China war of 1962. It will also examine the possibility to reopen more land ports in the future, mainly in Ladakh (Demchok) and Arunachal Pradesh. Tibet’s Economic Figures for 2012 According to a Chinese official website, the Tibetan Autonomous Region is economically doing extremely well. Here are some ‘official’ figures: • Tibet's GDP reached 11.3 billion US $ in 2012, an increase of 12 % compared to the previous year (Tibet's GDP was 9.75 billion US $ in 2011 and 8.75 billion US $ in 2010). • Tibet's economy has maintained double-digit growth for 20 consecutive years. • Fixed asset investment have increased by 20.1 % • The tax revenues reached 2.26 billion US $ (fiscal revenue grew by 46%) • And Tibet received over 11 million domestic and foreign tourists earning 2.13 billion US $ Tibet’s Foreign Trade Figures for 2012 The foreign trade is doing particularly well. On January 23, 2013, Xinhua announced that Tibet has registered new records in foreign trade. A Chinese government agency reported that the foreign trade of the Tibetan Autonomous Region reached more than 3 billion U.S. -
Sino-Indian Border Trade: the Promise of Jelep La
No. 24No. 45 May 2017 December 2014 Sino-Indian Border Trade: The Promise of Jelep La Diki Sherpa Research Assistant, Institute of Chinese Studies, Delhi [email protected] trade or an instance of trade diplomacy A decade has elapsed since the re-initiation towards India. of the border trade between India and China through Nathu La, though the Indian side This paper first, seeks to highlight the remains undecided on many fronts. Among possible reasons for the trade gap between others, one of the most crucial is the lack of India and China through Nathu La. Second, willingness for infrastructural development considering India’s comparative advantage against China’s agility for road-building. and potential through this sector, it suggests Notwithstanding, trade balance through re-opening of Jelep La as a viable option for Nathu La has continued to be in favour of further enhancing bilateral trade. The India. This is in stark contrast to the steep historical significance of Jelep La from imbalance that India suffers with China Kalimpong in North Bengal suggests the through other Indian border posts, such as vibrancy of this route and that the Lipu Lekh and Shipki La in Uttarakhand and topography facilitates smooth access to Himachal Pradesh. Interestingly, the relative Tibet. Further, it can act as a potent force for trade imbalance that exists through Nathu La bridging the spatial differences, promoting does not seem to be of much concern to mutual cooperation and fostering healthy China, so far. The lack of Chinese protest interdependence between the two here raises the question of whether this neighbouring countries. -
Britain and the Sino-Indian War of 1962
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repository@Nottingham The Long Shadow of Colonial Cartography: Britain and the Sino-Indian War of 1962 PAUL M. McGARR Department of American and Canadian Studies, University of Nottingham, UK ABSTRACT This article examines British responses to the Sino-Indian border war of 1962. It illustrates how, in the years leading up to the war, Britain’s colonial legacy in the Indian subcontinent saw it drawn reluctantly into a territorial dispute between Asia’s two largest and most powerful nations. It analyses disagreements in Whitehall between the Foreign Office and Commonwealth Relations Office over the relative strength of India and China’s border claims, and assesses how these debates reshaped British regional policy. It argues that the border war was instrumental in transforming Britain’s post-colonial relationship with South Asia. Continuing to filter relations with India through an imperial prism proved unsatisfactory; what followed was a more pragmatic Indo-British association. KEY WORDS: India, China, Sino-Indian border, Foreign Office, Commonwealth Relations Office. If two giant countries, the biggest countries of Asia, are involved in conflict, it will shake Asia and shake the world. It is not just a little border issue, of course. But the issues surrounding it are so huge, vague, deep-seated and far-reaching, inter-twined even, that one has to think about this with all the clarity and strength at one’s command, and not be swept away by passion into action which may harm us instead of doing us good. -
News China March. 13.Cdr
VOL. XXV No. 3 March 2013 Rs. 10.00 The first session of the 12th National People’s Congress (NPC) opens at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, capital of China on March 5, 2013. (Xinhua/Pang Xinglei) Chinese Ambassador to India Mr. Wei Wei meets Indian Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Cheng Guoping , on behalf Foreign Minister Salman Khurshid in New Delhi on of State Councilor Dai Bingguo, attends the dialogue on February 25, 2013. During the meeting the two sides Afghanistan issue held in Moscow,together with Russian exchange views on high-level interactions between the two Security Council Secretary Nikolai Patrushev and Indian countries, economic and trade cooperation and issues of National Security Advisor Shivshankar Menon on February common concern. 20, 2013. Chinese Ambassador to India Mr.Wei Wei and other VIP Chinese Ambassador to India Mr. Wei Wei and Indian guests are having a group picture with actors at the 2013 Minister of Culture Smt. Chandresh Kumari Katoch enjoy Happy Spring Festival organized by the Chinese Embassy “China in the Spring Festival” exhibition at the 2013 Happy and FICCI in New Delhi on February 25,2013. Artists from Spring Festival. The exhibition introduces cultures, Jilin Province, China and Punjab Pradesh, India are warmly customs and traditions of Chinese Spring Festival. welcomed by the audience. Chinese Ambassador to India Mr. Wei Wei(third from left) Chinese Ambassador to India Mr. Wei Wei visits the participates in the “Happy New Year “ party organized by Chinese Visa Application Service Centre based in the Chinese Language Department of Jawaharlal Nehru Southern Delhi on March 6, 2013. -
SINO‐INDIAN BORDER DISPUTES R R I T O R I a L D I S Analysis
Analysis No. 181, June 2013 SINO‐INDIAN BORDER DISPUTES Hongzhou Zhang and Mingjiang Li Sino‐Indian relations have been marred by their territorial disputes in the past decades. Tensions and disputes in the border region are likely to continue to occur from time to time in the foreseeable future, but the two countries have demonstrated strong political will and incentives not to allow the disputes to hijack their bilateral ties. Hongzhou Zhang and Mingjiang Li are senior research analyst and associate professor at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Nanyang Technological University respectively ©ISPI2013 1 The opinions expressed herein are strictly personal and do not necessarily reflect the position of ISPI. The ISPI online papers are also published with the support of Cariplo Introduction In April 2013, tensions erupted between India and China over their Himalayan border. India accused Chinese troops of having crossed the Line of Actual Control (LAC) by setting up camp in Indian-claimed territory. In response, Indian forces set up their own camp 300 meters opposite the Chinese facility. Initially, China attempted to play down the tensions by denying the allegations. Beijing claimed that Chinese troops had observed the agreement between the two countries since they did not cross the LAC. Facing strong pressure from the opposition political parties and media, India’s ruling government insisted on settling the incident peacefully through diplomatic means. Eventually, the dispute was peacefully resolved when both sides withdrew their troops. The incident once again highlighted the volatility of Sino-Indian relations. Understanding its volatile nature requires an exploration of the interplay of various factors: geopolitical realities in Asia, the historical legacies in bilateral ties, trade and other economic interests, domestic politics in both countries, the pursuit of common global concerns, and of course, the border disputes. -
The Grand Strategies of Middle Powers: Organizational Determinants and Constraints
Title Page The Grand Strategies of Middle Powers: Organizational Determinants and Constraints by Stephen M. Worman Bachelor of Arts, Quinnipiac University, 2005 Master of Arts, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, 2010 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2021 Committee Membership Page UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS This dissertation was presented by Stephen M. Worman It was defended on March 12, 2021 and approved by Hal Brands, PhD, Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies Michael Kenney, PhD, Professor, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh Phil Williams, PhD, Professor, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh Ryan Grauer, PhD Associate Professor, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Stephen M. Worman 2021 iii Abstract The Grand Strategies of Middle Powers: Organizational Determinants and Constraints Stephen M. Worman, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2021 What exactly is grand strategy? Is it a phenomenon that can be observed in practice, and in real time? What causes states to adopt the grand strategies they do? This dissertation tackles these questions head on, by proposing a novel theory which explains the form a state’s grand strategy might take. The “organizational determinants of grand strategy” theory posits that disparities in state and organizational-level resources (in the form of money, manpower, and elite attention) influence the form a state’s grand strategy takes, and governs the rate of change. -
2Nd Week Oct 2020
PRE-Mix (Compilations of the Multiple Choice Questions) For the 2nd Week Of October 2020 (12th October to 17th October) Visit our website www.sleepyclasses.com or our YouTube channel for entire GS Course FREE of cost Also Available: Prelims Crash Course || Prelims Test Series T.me/SleepyClasses Table of Contents 1. Geography ...........................................................................................................1 2. Polity .....................................................................................................................3 3. Economy ..............................................................................................................5 4. Environment .......................................................................................................9 5. Science & Technology .....................................................................................12 www.sleepyclasses.com Call 6280133177 T.me/SleepyClasses 1. Geography Click here to watch the following questions on YouTube 1. Which of the following statements with respect to Kaveri River are correct? 1. It flows through the states of Karnataka and Telangana. 2. It is the basis for the Ranganthittu Bird Sanctuary. 3. The Stanley water reservoir has been built over it 4. The water of the river is shared between Karnataka, Kerala, Puducherry and Tamil Nadu. A. 1 and 2 only B. 1, 2 and 3 only C. 2, 3 and 4 only D. 1, 2 ,3 and 4 Answer: C 2. Identify the correct statements regarding coral reefs? 1. Corals are in fact animals, not plants. 2. Coral reefs are the largest structures on earth of biological origin. 3. Coral reefs are naturally colorful because of algae, which lives inside of the coral, providing them with food. 4. The three main types of coral reefs are fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and coral atolls. A. 1,2 and 3 only B. 1,3 and 4 only C. 2,3 and 4 only D. 1,2,3 and 4 Answer: D 3. Which of the following statements regarding Atal tunnel are correct? 1. -
Mountain Pass Is a Navigable Rout Through a Range Or Over a Ridge. It Is in the Zaskar Range of Jammu & Kashmir at an Elevation of 3528 M
Mountain pass is a navigable rout through a range or over a ridge. It is in the Zaskar range of Jammu & Kashmir at an elevation of 3528 m. Mountain pass is a connectivity route through the mountain run. It connects Shrinagar with Kargil and Leh. Mountain pass are often found just above the source of river, constituting Road passing through this pass has been designated at the National Highway (NH-1D) a drainage divide. A pass me be very short, consisting of steep slope to the top of the Zoji La pass pass or maybe a valley many kilometer long. Mintaka pass Introduction Located in the Karakoram range at an elevation of 4709 m At the tri-junction of the Indian, Chinese & Afghan Border. Mountain Passes in India Aghil pass Karakoram pass Located in the Karakoram range at an elevation of about 4805 m This pass separates the Ladakh region in India with the Shaksgam Located in the Karakoram range at an elevation of 5540 m. valley in China. Act as a passage between India china with the help of Khardung La It is situated to the north of Mount Godwin-Austin in the Karakoram the Karakoram Highway. The route was part of the ancient Silk route active in history Located in the Karakoram range at an elevation of 5359 m in the Ladakh region. It is the highest motorable pass in the countary. It connect Leh and Siachen glaciers. Located in the Himalayan range in Jammu & Kashmir at an elevation Located in the Himalayan range in the state of Himachal Pradesh,. -
Current Analyses on Shipki-La Trade, Kinnaur 2017
Ethnologia Polona, vol. 37: 2016 (2017), 31 – 52 PL ISSN 0137 - 4079 CURRENT ANALYSES ON SHIPKI-LA TRADE, KINNAUR, 2017 RAFAL BESZTERDA DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY NICOLAUS COPERNICUS UNIVERSITY IN TORUN, POLAND This paper reflects on the most current trading activities through Shipki Pass in Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh. Apart from presenting economic data it discusses the background context, political conditions and some future prospects of the trading process. * * * Tekst artykułu omawia współczesne przedsięwzięcia handlowe dokonujące się przez przełęcz Szipki w okręgu Kinnaur, Himaćal Pradeś. Obok danych ekonomicznych przedstawia tło kontekstowe, uwarun ko wania polityczne oraz pomysły rozwojowe tej działalności. K e y w o r d s: Himalayas, Kinnaur, trade, Shipkila, Tibet, China. INTRODUCTION In my own previous publications some false predictions in relation to the declining tendencies of total border trade value through Shipkila in Kinnaur (Beszterda 2015, 239–259; Beszterda 2014, 117–134) were made. In the light of more recent research findings, I wish to take the opportunity to revise some of my earlier conclusions and interpretations. For readers who are not fully aware of the issue, taxfree border trade between India and Tibet was reactivated in the 1990s. Until this reopening the Himalayan passes had been officially sealed since 1962. The first pass designated for this purpose was Lipulekh in Pithoragarh Distt., Uttarakhand (opened to all intents and purposes in 1992). The second was Shipkila in Kinnaur Distt., H.P. – the subject of this paper (opened in 1994), and the third was Nathula in Eastern Dist., Sikkim (since 2006). -
Bhutan-China Relations: Towards a New Step in Himalayan Politics
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by CrossAsia-Repository BHUTAN-CHINA RELATIONS: TOWARDS A NEW STEP IN HIMALAYAN POLITICS ∗ THIERRY MATHOU here is an apparent paradox in Bhutan-China’s relationship. The geographical location of Bhutan gives it both political and strategic Timportance in the Himalayan region. Bhutan has a long tradition of cultural and religious interaction with Tibet and shares a common border with China. Yet, the kingdom is China’s only neighbour which does not have diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Even trade and economic contacts between the two countries are very small and their common border remains closed. However, the status quo resulting from the turmoil that followed the integration of Tibet in the PRC and the Sino-Indian border conflict in 1962 is about to change. Political contacts have been resumed since the mid 1980s. The two governments have been using the annual border consultations to exchange views on a wide range of bilateral issues. Both countries have interest in the normalization of their relationship. Yet, their perspectives are different. While Bhutan prefers to remain cautious according to the approach it has always favoured on the diplomatic scene1, China is considering its relation with Bhutan as part of its “Western development strategy”, that could allow Tibet to regain a central position in the Himalayan region. The present paper places Bhutan-China relations in an historical perspective that shows the importance of the Tibetan factor. Linkage politics and perceptions of security in the context of India-China relations are also described. -
Iasbaba 60 Day Plan 2020 –Geography
IASBABA 60 DAY PLAN 2020 –GEOGRAPHY 60 DAYS PROGRAMME-2020 IASBABA IASBABA 60 DAY PLAN 2020 –GEOGRAPHY Q.1) With respect to the seismic waves consider the Following statements: 1. Primary waves travel to and fro in the line of propaGation and travel only in liquid medium 2. Secondary waves travel perpendicular to the line of propagation and they travel both in solid and liquid medium. Which amongst the above statements is /are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q.1) Solution (d) Basic InFormation: • Seismic waves are waves of enerGy that travel throuGh the Earth's layers, and are a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, maGma movement, larGe landslides and larGe man-made explosions that Give out low-frequency acoustic energy. • The place of occurrence of an earthquake is called ‘focus’ and the place which experiences the seismic event first is called ‘epicenter’. • Epicenter is located on the earth’s surface and focus is always inside the earth. • The propaGation velocity of seismic waves depends on density and elasticity of the medium as well as the type of wave. Velocity tends to increase with depth throuGh Earth's crust and mantle, but drops sharply GoinG from the mantle to the outer core. • Seismic waves are Generally divided into 1. Primary waves, 2. Secondary waves and 3. Surface waves. Primary waves: • They are called lonGitudinal waves or compressional waves and are analoGous to sound waves where particles move to and fro in the line of propaGation. • They travel both in solid and liquid medium. -
Bhutan-China Relations: Towards a New Step in Himalayan Politics
BHUTAN-CHINA RELATIONS: TOWARDS A NEW STEP IN HIMALAYAN POLITICS ∗ THIERRY MATHOU here is an apparent paradox in Bhutan-China’s relationship. The geographical location of Bhutan gives it both political and strategic Timportance in the Himalayan region. Bhutan has a long tradition of cultural and religious interaction with Tibet and shares a common border with China. Yet, the kingdom is China’s only neighbour which does not have diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Even trade and economic contacts between the two countries are very small and their common border remains closed. However, the status quo resulting from the turmoil that followed the integration of Tibet in the PRC and the Sino-Indian border conflict in 1962 is about to change. Political contacts have been resumed since the mid 1980s. The two governments have been using the annual border consultations to exchange views on a wide range of bilateral issues. Both countries have interest in the normalization of their relationship. Yet, their perspectives are different. While Bhutan prefers to remain cautious according to the approach it has always favoured on the diplomatic scene1, China is considering its relation with Bhutan as part of its “Western development strategy”, that could allow Tibet to regain a central position in the Himalayan region. The present paper places Bhutan-China relations in an historical perspective that shows the importance of the Tibetan factor. Linkage politics and perceptions of security in the context of India-China relations are also described. Though a sign of further détente in the region, the perspectives of normalization of Bhutan-China relations open a new step in Himalayan politics.