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16 th International Meeting – area near the source of motion (adelative) Budapest, Hungary (8) asλen zəgʷere-m gʷəb ʁe-m-č̣’e q̇-jə-žə-ž’-t May 29 – June 1, 2014 Aslan something-OBL field-OBL -INS DIR -LOC -run-RE -IPF Approaching case polysemy from the lexicon: ‘Aslan was running somewhere from the direction of the field.’ The case of the Kabardian instrumental – point of application (9) ǯ’edwə-m jə-č̣’e-č̣’e wə-q̇-je-mə-ʔe Daria Ryzhova* ([email protected]) , Maria Kyuseva* ([email protected]) , cat-OBL POSS -tail-INS 2SG .ABS -DIR -DAT -NEG -take(IMP ) Peter Arkadiev** ([email protected]) ‘Don’t pull the cat by his tail.’ *Higher School of Economics, Moscow **Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences/ Russian State University for the Humanities / – standard of evaluation Sholokhov Moscow State University for the Humanities (10) a batjənke-xe- m-č̣’e w-jə-λaq̇ʷe-xe-r jənə-š’e-xe DEM shoe-PL -OBL -INS 2SG .PR -POSS -leg-PL -ABS big-too-PL The data come from the Besleney dialect of Kabardian (Circassian branch of the North- ‘Your feet are too big for these shoes.’ West Caucasian family) spoken in the village of Ulyap in Republic of Adygheya (Russia), – temporal extent collected in July 2013. The fieldwork has been supported by the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Linguistic Research, grant A-23. (11) jəλes pṣ̂ə.ḳʷə.x-č̣’e ʔʷexʷ š’ə-s-ṣ̂-a year sixteen-INS work LOC -1SG .ERG -do-PST I. Polysemy of the Circassian instrumental (cf. Serdobol’skaja & Kuznecova 2009): ‘I worked there for sixteen years.’ [Alib_KM_7_12] – instrument – feature (1) jə-ʁe-ʁʷəŝə-ž’-r-jə neweẑə-m fjen- č̣’e (12) jə-λeγaʁe- č̣’e mə-jən-dəd-wə ǯ’ap.xʷed-wə č̣’ele=blan-wə š’ə-t-a 3SG .ERG -CAUS -dry-RE -CNV -ADD old.woman-OBL hairdryer-INS POSS -height-INS NEG -big-very-ADV such-ADV guy=strong-ADV LOC -stand-PST ‘The old woman dried him with a hairdryer.’ [SafM_Kolobok_19] ‘He was a strong guy, not very tall (lit. big by height).’ [Alib_AA_Vrata_11] – means – reference point (2) se kartoške tχʷə- č̣’e z-ʁe-ẑ-a (13) de xabze-č̣’e də-z-je-ḳʷe-ne INS PL ABS REC IO DAT FUT I potatoes oil-INS 1SG .ERG -CAUS -fry-PST we tradition- 1 . - . - -go- ‘I fried potatoes in oil.’ ‘We will act according to tradition.’ – price II. Experiment (3) se swe me-ŝ-jə- ṭ- txəλč̣’e q̇e-s-š’exʷ-a 1) Nouns which resist co-occurrence with the instrumental altogether (‘wild animals’: I rouble-hundred-LNK -two-INS book DIR -1SG .ERG -buy-PST baʒe ‘fly’, baž’e ‘fox’ etc. ) ‘I bought a book for two hundred roubles.’ 2) Nouns co-occurring with a wide range of the meanings of the instrumental (‘people’, – language ‘speech’) ade ‘father’: (4) adə γe-č̣’e zeč̣’e q-a-xʷe-ʔʷate – allative adyghe-INS all DIR -3PL .IO -BEN -tell(IMP ) ‘Tell them everything in Adyghe.’ [Alib_KM_5_6] (14) ade- m-č̣’ r-je-ḳʷe-č̣’e father-OBL -INS LOC -DAT -go-ELAT (IMP ) – means of transport ‘Turn towards the father!’ (5) ǯ’ə mašjəne-č̣’e zeč̣’e ja-š’e-xe - stimulus now car-INS all 3PL .ERG -drive-PL ‘Now they drive everybody by car.’ [Tlin_LR_Istorija_20] (15) ade- č̣’e sə-raz father-INS 1SG .ABS -satisfied – path of motion (prolative) ‘I am satisfied with the father.’ (6) dirjektarə-m jə-kabinjet karidor=fambʁʷ e -m-č̣’e də-ḳʷ-a - standard of evaluation director-OBL POSS -office corridor=wide-OBL -INS 1PL .ABS -go-PST (16) ade- m-č̣’e a-r deʁʷ ‘We walked to the director’s office through a wide hallway.’ father-OBL -INS this-ABS good – direction of motion (allative) ‘This is good for the father.’ (7) šəwane-r mezə -m-č̣’ ḳʷ-ae – specification horsman-ABS woods-OBL -INS gallop-PST (17) ade-č̣’e jə-šəpχʷ ‘The horseman galloped towards the woods.’ father-INS POSS -sister ‘paternal sister’ 3 4 3) Nouns co-occurring with just one meaning of the instrumental (‘instruments’, – temporal location ‘containers’, ‘substances’, ‘food’, ‘clothes’): (27) č̣’əmaxʷe-č̣’e xʷab-wə z-a-xʷape taxonomic class ‘instrument’ -> meaning ‘instrument’ winter-INS warm-ADV RFL .ABS -3PL .ERG -dress (18) ǯ’ə de-m-č̣’e pχe jə-q̇ʷət-a ‘People dress warmly in winter.’ ax-OBL -INS wood 3SG .ERG -split-PST ‘He was chopping wood with an ax.’ III. A case study: Nominal stems denoting space + the marker ‘forest’/ ‘field’/ ‘river’ / ‘sea’ / ‘village’ / ‘town’ / ‘road’ / ‘bridge’/ ‘side’ + -č̣’e taxonomic class ‘food’ -> meaning ‘means’ (19) š’e- č̣’e z-jə-ʁe-fe-č̣’-a Meanings: milk-INS RFL .ABS -3SG .ERG -CAUS -drink-ELAT -PST • prolative (moving along a given trajectory, cf. (6)) ‘He had some milk’ (lit. ‘he made himself drink by means of milk’). (28) q̇ʷehə-r turcjəje-m xə-m-č̣’ ḳʷ-ae ship-ABS Turkey-OBL sea-OBL -INS go-PST 4) Nouns regularly combining with several meanings of the instrumental ‘The ship sailed to Turkey by sea.’ 4.1. Nouns which due to their lexical semantics are compatible with heterogeneous (29) q̇ale-m nes nah psənč̣’e wə-ḳ we-n-č̣’e semantic roles (‘cattle’, ‘body parts’) mez- č̣’e town-OBL to more quick forest-INS 2SG .ABS -go-POT -INS ‘cattle’ ʁʷəneʁʷ-wə ž’ə le-m-č̣’e nah-r-jə – exchange equivalent road-ADV village-OBL -INS more-CNV -ADD (20) mel-xe-r ž’em-č̣’e q̇-jə-χʷež’-a ‘It’s quicker to get to the town through the forest than through the neighboring sheep-PL -ABS cow-INS DIR -3SG .ERG -exchange-PST village.’ ‘He exchanged the sheeps for a cow.’ – means of transport • allative (moving towards the landmark, cf. (7)) (21) a-r šə- č̣’ q̇e-ḳʷ-ae (30) se s-λeʁʷ-a asλen mezə -m-č̣’e q̇-jə-č̣’-r-jə DEM -ABS horse-INS DIR -go-PST I 1SG .ERG -see-PST Aslan forest-OBL -INS DIR -LOC -go.out-CNV -ADD ‘He arrived on horseback.’ psə -m-č̣’e zerə-ḳʷ-a-r river-OBL -INS REL .FCT -go-PST -ABS ‘body parts’ ‘I saw Aslan go from the direction of the forest towards the river.’ – instrument (31) mə mašjəne-r tene ḳʷe-re? psə -m-č̣’e (22) ʔa-č̣’ q̇-jə-wəbəd-ae this car-ABS where go-Q river-OBL -INS hand-INS DIR -3SG .ERG -catch-PST ‘Where does this car go? Towards the river.’ ‘He/she caught it with his/her hand.’ • adelative (moving from the direction of the landmark, ср. (8)) – point of application (23) λedaq̇e-č̣’e s-je-wədeč̣’-a (32) mezə -m-č̣’e λ̣ə-gʷere šwə q̇ə-r-je-x-t heel-INS 1SG .ABS -DAT -hurt-PST forest-OBL -INS man-certain horseman DIR -LOC -DAT -go.down-IPF ‘I hurt my heel.’ (lit. “by/at my heel”) ‘A horseman was approaching from the direction of the forest.’ – beneficiary (standard of evaluation) (33) tene š’ə-ʔe s-j-ade (24) ne- xe- m-č̣’ a meraḳʷe-re ʔazeʁʷe where LOC -be 1SG .PR -POSS -father eye-PL -OBL -INS DEM berry-ABS good a-r ǯ’ə le-m-č̣’e q̇-jə-č̣’ə-ž’-a q̇ʷedje ‘These berries are good for your eyes.’ DEM -ABS village-OBL -INS DIR -LOC -go.out-RE -PST just ‘Where is dad? He just came from the direction of the village.’ 4.2. Nouns combining with several connected meanings of the case (‘time’, ‘space’): Spatial construction X (= trajector) Y-č̣’e (= landmark) V (= of movement): ‘time’ (34) de (=X) mez- č̣’e (=Y) də-ḳʷ-a (=V) – temporal extent we forest-INS 1PL .ABS -go-PST (25) maxʷe-č̣’e sə-nesə-ne ‘We went through the forest.’ day-INS 1SG .ABS -get-FUT (35) de (=X) mezə- m-č̣’e (=Y) də-ḳʷ-a (=V) ‘It will take me one day to get there.’ we forest-OBL -INS 1PL .ABS -go-PST – temporal distance ‘We went towards the forest.’ (26) č̣’ale-r jəλ es- č̣’e q̇e-ḳʷe-ž’ə-ne (36) de (=X) ǯ’əle-m-č̣’e (=Y) də-q̇e-ḳʷ-a (=V) guy-ABS year-INS DIR -go-RE -FUT we village-OBL -INS 1PL .ABS -DIR -go-PST ‘The guy will return in a year’s time.’ ‘We came from the direction of the village.’ Choice of interpretation:

– Prolative vs. allative/adelative: 5 6

Obligatory additional marking of the lexeme with the oblique/definiteness marker -m in 14 q̇ʷedame branch natural force/ case of the allative/adelative meanings: (30) –(33), (35), (36) 15 ʔa λmeq̇ bag container – Allative vs. adelative: 16 mešek ʷə sack container Additional markers on the predicate in case of the adelative meaning: 17 č̣’ale boy people 1. Directive suffixes: 18 ade father people (37) a.bə jə-ŝha q̇-jə-ʔat-r-jə q̇-jə-λeʁʷ-a 19 q̇ʷe son people DEM .OBL POSS -head DIR -3SG .ERG -raise-CNV -ADD DIR -3SG .ERG -see-PST 20 dəŝe gold substance psə -m-č̣’ bzwəe χʷəš’e q̇ə-zer-jə-bəbə- č̣’ə-r 21 ʁʷəč̣ iron substance river-OBL -INS bird flock DIR -REL .FCT -LOC -fly-ELAT -ABS 22 ps ə water substance ‘He raised his head and saw a flock of birds fly (lit.: fly out) from the side of the pša χʷe sand river.’ 23 substance wəʒ grass 2. Deictic prefix q̇e- ‘hither’ (cf. (36)): 24 substance 25 ǯ’ane dress clothes (38) zarjəne ŝhanʁʷəbže-m dje š’ə-t-wə mezə-m-č̣’e pλe-t bγ ərəpx belt Zarina window-OBL at LOC -stand-ADV forest-OBL -INS look-IPF 26 clothes a bʁʷə- m-č̣’ jadee q̇e-ḳʷe-n xʷje 27 š’e milk food DEM side-OBL -INS POSS +father DIR -go-POT must 28 lə meat food ‘Zarina was standing near the window and looking in the direction of the forest: 29 hal əʁʷə bread food her father must have been coming from that side.’ 30 ž’ əle village space 3. Refactive/reditive affix -ž’ə: 31 mez forest space (39) asλen zəgʷere-m gʷəb ʁe-m-č̣’e q̇-jə-žə- ž’-t 32 gʷəbʁʷe field space Aslan something-OBL field-OBL -INS DIR -LOC -run-RE -IPF ps ə river ‘Aslan was running from the direction of the field.’ 33 space 34 depq̇ wa ll space

35 bže door space Abbreviations: gʷəš’əʔe word ABS – absolutive, ADD – additive, ADV – adverbial, CAUS – causative, CNV – converb, DAT – dative 36 speech prefix, DEM – , DIR – directive prefix, ELAT – elative, ERG – ergative, FUT – , IMP 37 wered song speech – imperative, INS – instrumental, IO – indirect object, IPF – imperfective past, LNK – linker, LOC – locative 38 gʷə heart body parts prefix, NEG – negation, OBL – , PL – plural, POSS – possessive, POT – potential/masdar, PR – 39 Fe (sheep)skin body parts possessor, PST – past tense, Q – question, RE – refactive, REC – reciprocal, REL .FCT – factive relativization, ʒe tooth RFL – reflexive, SG – singular 40 body parts 41 ŝhac hair body parts List of lexemes used in the experiment: 42 ŝhe head body parts 43 Ne eye body parts Lexeme translation taxonomic class 44 Pe nose body parts č̣’əmaxʷe winter 1 time 45 λeda q̇e heel body parts max ʷe day 2 time 46 dame shoulder body parts jəλes year 3 time 47 ʔe hand body parts ba ʒe fly 4 animals 48 ʔaš’eṭəm fist body parts baž’e fox 5 animals 49 λaq̇ʷe foot body parts He dog 6 animals 50 λabẑe hoof, claw body parts šə horse 7 cattle ž’em cow 8 cattle References: 9 bjel spade instrument Aristar A.R. (1997). Marking and hierarchy types and the grammaticalization of case-markers. 10 ǯ’əde ax instrument Studies in Language, V. 21, p. 313–368. Koryakov Ju. B. (2006). Atlas kavkazskix jazykov. [The Atlas of the Languages of the Caucasus] 11 ǯ’examp χe broom instrument Moscow: Institute of Linguistics, RAS. maf̣e fire 12 natural force/object Kumakhov M., K. Vamling (2009). Circassian Clause Structure. Malmö: Malmö University. 13 ž’ əbʁe wind natural force/object Lehmann Chr., Shin Y.-M. (2005). The Functional Domain of Concomitance. A Typologica l Study of Instrumental and Comitative Relations. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. 7

Luraghi S. (2003). On the Meaning of Prepositions and Cases. The Expre ssion of Semantic Roles in Ancient Greek. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Malchukov A., Narrog H. (2009). Case polysemy. In: A. Malchukov & A. Spencer (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Case. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 518–534. Narrog H., Sh. Ito (2007). Re-constructing semantic maps — The Comitative-Instrumental Area. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung, Bd. 60, p. 273–292. Raxilina E.V. (2010). Kognitivnyj analiz predmetnyx imen: semantika i soč etaemost’ [Cognitive Analysis of Concrete Nouns: Semantics and Combinability] Moscow: Azbukovnik, 2 nd edition. Serdobol’skaya N.V., Kuznecova J.L. (2009). Dvojnoe padežnoe markirovanie: unikal’nyj slučaj adygejskogo yazyka [Double Case Marking: an Exceptional Case of Adyghe]. In: Ja. G. Testelec et al. (eds.), Aspekty polisintetizma: očerki po grammatike agygej skogo yazyka [Aspects of Polysynthesis: Essays in Adyghe ] Moscow: RSUH, p. 166–200. Smeets R. (1984). Studies in West Circassian Phonology and Morphology . Leiden: The Hakuchi Press. Testelec Ja. G. et al. (eds.) (2009). Aspekty polisintetizma: očerki po grammatike agygej skogo yazyka [Aspects of Polysynthesis: Essays in Adyghe Grammar] Moscow: RSUH.