POLICY IMPACT UNIT: OUR FIRST TWO YEARS Policy Impact Unit: Our Frst Two Years Policy Impact Unit: Our Frst Two Years | 1

POLICY IMPACT UNIT: OUR FIRST TWO YEARS Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years | 1

FOREWORDS

Forewards 1

PIU in numbers: the frst two years 2

About the PIU 3

Our approach 4 Why engineers? 6 Why STEaPP? 7

The team 8 Credit: Shaun Waldie

Summary of activity 9 At UCL, generating positive societal impacts is central to In 1827, UCL founded the frst laboratory in the world Highlights 10 our mission of being a world-leading research university. devoted to engineering education. Over 190 years later, we The value of our academic excellence lies in how we are are still at the cutting edge of the discipline, home to some Gender and the Internet of Things 11 able to inform and infuence the world around us, from of the most successful engineering departments in the UK. Future Targeted Healthcare Manufacturing Hub 14 academic impact to impact on policy professionals and the At its heart, engineering is about fnding practical solutions Vax-Hub 16 global community. In transforming discovery into practice, to problems. Our aim is to change the world and our Dawes Centre for Future Crime 18 we are able to fulfl our mission of being a force for good researchers are tackling some of the world’s biggest Neuromorphic Computing 20 and enabling people to live healthier, more sustainable lives. problems – from improving medical treatments, to tackling climate change, to keeping people safe online. Of course, Other activities 22 Our institutional Public Policy Strategy sets out our vision this year, the COVID-19 pandemic has been an important Training 22 for embedding public policy engagement across UCL focus for many researchers across the faculty and the role Pilot projects 22 in order to bring cross-disciplinary expertise to bear on of science and engineering advice to government has been Global Policy Fellows 22 public policy challenges. The work of the Policy Impact brought into sharp relief. Co-development 23 Unit in the Faculty of Engineering Sciences is helping to build and foster relationships with policy professionals and Building relationships with decision makers and wider policy Working with Centres for Doctoral Training 23 supporting academic experts to form new partnerships with community is key to ensuring that our research has an Looking ahead: strategy and priorities 24 public policy stakeholders to inform their work, respond impact in the real world. At the same time, we need to know to challenges and support the development of evidence- how to speak their language and to identify the elements Acknowledgements 25 informed policy. In turn, these collaborations enable our of our research that will have the greatest utility. The Policy References 26 researchers to better understand and respond to these Impact Unit has been instrumental not only in opening doors challenges, increasing our societal reach and impact. that had previously been closed to us, but the team also brings the ability to construct the conversations in a way that The last two years have demonstrated both the importance give us real longevity of exposure and, ultimately, impact. of evidence and expertise in public policy, and the obstacles involved in ensuring that academic insight is accessible I know from personal experience just how effective the and useful to the wider public. Providing expert knowledge PIU has been in establishing dialogues. As a Faculty, we brokerage and support for public policy engagement, have set ourselves the strategic objective of undertaking such as that delivered by the PIU, are increasingly critical impactful and cross-cutting research, which informs policy activities for UCL in order to help us fulfl our role in setting and decision making bodies, and is recognized supporting the development of evidence-informed policy for as being relevant to society and to our world. The Policy many years to come. Impact Unit is playing an important role in helping us to achieve this goal. Prof David Price, UCL Vice-Provost (Research) Prof Nigel Titchener-Hooker, Dean of the Faculty of Engineering Sciences 2 | Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years | 3

PIU IN NUMBERS THE FIRST ABOUT THE PIU TWO YEARS (2019-2020)

Good policy is informed by good evidence; the need to improve engagement between universities and policy organisations engaged 45+ policymakers is well documented. The Policy Impact Unit was established with the goal of increasing the use of the world-class research produced by UCL Engineering researchers in the policymaking process.

projects across Based within UCL’s Department of Science, 6 engineering policy 12 departments 11 briefngs Technology, Engineering and Public Policy (STEaPP), we are a team of professional intermediaries, who have experience of working in both policy and academic contexts. We provide the knowledge, skills and capacity to deliver high quality policy engagement activities. consultation and 13 events 18 inquiry responses We collaborate with researchers across the Faculty of Engineering Sciences (FES). Our aim is to improve both the quality and quantity of FES policy engagement activities in order to achieve robust policies that meet the needs of 21st Century society. people policy outcomes 100+ trained 24 and impacts 4 | Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years | 5

OUR 5. 6. 7. Translation and mobilization. Thinking about risk. Sustained Prolonged engagement. Effective communication is necessary Engaging with policy is an inherently It is clear that investment for the APPROACH but not suffcient for impactful political act, even for those seeking long-term is necessary to develop the engagement.ix Effective engagement to act as “honest brokers” rather necessary deep knowledge, to build xii The felds of policy studies and Science and Technology requires more than simply providing a than “issue advocates”. Engaging networks and to take advantage of concise summary of fndings in plain naively without acknowledging this windows of opportunity when they Studies (STS) have increased understanding of how change English. Evidence needs to be relevant brings numerous risks for researchers: arise.xv This is a signifcant commitment occurs within the policy system and the characteristics and to the policy issues of the day; it needs credibility within policy circles, to make, especially as there can be strategies employed by successful “policy entrepreneurs”. to be presented (or “framed”) in such reputation within the academic no guarantee that policy engagement a way that it grabs a policymaker’s community, the potential to be activity will lead to any impact (since attention; it should provide a coherent “used” to add legitimacy and the so much depends on external factors “policy narrative”; and it should possibility of wasted time, effort and beyond the control of any individual). use language that is familiar to the resources are all at stake.xiii Not to xvi Our aspiration is to employ Policy However, studies have also shown audience.x In order to do this effectively, mention the impact that poor policy Analysts on permanent contracts linked that these insights are rarely drawn 1. 3. specialist skills – including social acuity, recommendations might have on wider to specifc policy domains (rather than upon by funders and researchers Taking an active and strategic Developing “deep knowledge”. making arguments and negotiation society.xiv The PIU provides political individual research projects), allowing seeking to infuence change.i We approach. Successful policy entrepreneurs have a – are required.xi PIU Policy Analysts wherewithal to help researchers them to build specialist knowledge and believe that there are good reasons Passive dissemination (such as simply deep knowledge of the policy system possess the knowledge and skills to do navigate these risks effectively. networks within that domain that can for this; policy engagement is a making a summary of fndings available they are trying to infuence, including this effectively. We lead on producing be deployed across multiple projects. time-consuming activity that requires online) and “letting the evidence speak knowing who the key players are, outputs intended for policymakers, It also means that they can continue specialist knowledge and skills.ii Many for itself” is unlikely to be an effective how decisions are made, how policy whether that is writing policy briefngs, to deliver engagement activity/identify academics are unable to take this iii route to policy impact. Instead a much problems are understood and framed drafting consultation responses, or opportunities even after project funding on, either because they are already more active and strategic approach is and how to speak the language of designing and running workshops. has ended. severely time-constrained through required.iv We use a “theory of change” the community.vi PIU Policy Analysts existing teaching and research approach; identifying desired impact take on the task of acquiring this commitments, or because they goals and developing a strategic knowledge for the projects they work are new to policy engagement and package of engagement activities to on, which can then be utilized directly have not yet had time to build up deliver it. in preparing project outputs as well as ‘The Policy Impact Unit’s “We really needed help connecting “Undertaking research ‘for’ the necessary knowledge, skills and shared with researchers. policy briefngs are accessible our great researchers to those in policy, by working ‘with’ contacts. and concise summaries of the policy community who would policy partners, can be a lot research developments by beneft from their work. People in of work! It needs the same Our approach aims to draw on 2. UCL researchers, highlighting HMG (Her Majesty’s Government) academic standard as any UCL what is known about effective policy Building trusted relationships. 4. important considerations for seem to move so often that it’s a work, but then often involves engagement and to make this Trusted, ongoing relationships Getting the timing right. Parliament. They have been fulltime job keeping on top of newly additional work for engaging accessible to academics who are between researchers and Research evidence has most impact useful resources for POST’s emerging teams or changes in partners across all stages of seeking to infuence policy and/or policymakers are a major facilitator when it is presented during a “window role in bridging research and leadership of those teams. The PIU the research process. Within v vii inform, but who do not have the time of evidence use. PIU Policy Analysts of opportunity”. However, without a policy’. takes all of that work off our plate. the day-to-day realities of a proactively build and maintain deep knowledge of the policy context, For a very modest investment, leading research and education or motivation to become fully fedged Dr Lorna Christie, Physical and Digital networks and relationships with such opportunities might be hard to “policy entrepreneurs” themselves. We Sciences Adviser, Parliamentary Offce of we’ve really accelerated the impact institution, this involves a viii do this in the following key areas: policymakers in their policy domain. spot. They often also require the Science and Technology of our work. And having someone great deal of energy and They can then make these contacts ability to respond rapidly. PIU Policy very experienced and professional commitment! And so, having accessible to researchers across Analysts work on projects from take over that additional workload the PIU part of the research multiple projects, meaning that beginning to end, are able to identify has been liberating.” team, with their thoughtful researchers can immediately share engagement opportunities and have contributions to the structuring, Prof Madeline Carr, Professor of Global Politics research without frst having to the fexibility to respond to external and Cybersecurity and Director of RISCS coordination and support of establish contacts. Policy Analysts opportunities whenever they may these interactions, makes a also help to widen the pool of arise. world of difference to both stakeholders that researchers engage the quality and experience of with, for example bringing a social applied research!” science lens to hard science projects. Dr Ine Steenmans, Lecturer in Futures, Analysis and Policy

DEPARTMENT NAME 3 6 | Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years | 7

WHY ENGINEERS? Changing the world is also the goal of WHY STEaPP? The PIU is able to beneft from the THE WIDER policymakers, whose work is always wealth of knowledge and expertise focused on improving some aspect within the department – to draw on UCL POLICY Engineering Sciences is UCL’s largest Based within UCL’s Faculty of of society. This suggests that the the latest thinking in how research ENGAGEMENT faculty, with 10 departments and 460 Making full use Engineering Sciences, STEaPP two have the potential to be highly evidence infuences policy and best academic researchers. Researchers is a natural home for the PIU. LANDSCAPE complementary.xix of the in-depth practice for effective engagement. within the faculty are engaged on The department focuses both At the same time, the practical projects addressing some of the on understanding how science, We work closely with other teams Yet, this distinction is often overlooked. understanding activities of the PIU provide frst-hand biggest challenges facing society technology and engineering infuence and individuals working as policy The Engineering community have experience and real-world examples today – including low-carbon energy, and excellent public policy as well as applying intermediaries across UCL. Most long called for the establishment of that can be shared with researchers transport and buildings, manufacturing knowledge to tackling complex importantly, we provide a link for Chief Engineering Adviser roles in and students alike. medicines and vaccines, cyber relationships challenges like climate change and many researchers in the Faculty of Government (that would be analogous security, new medical diagnostics and the impacts that emerging digital Engineering Sciences with UCL to the existing Chief Scientifc that the PIU has devices, and reducing plastic waste to technologies have on society. Public Policy, UCL’s central policy Advisers) but this has not yet come to name but a few. built up, with engagement team, and founder pass.xx member of the Universities Policy A distinction is sometimes made both members Engagement Network (UPEN). between scientists – who aim to study The desire to change the world suggests that engineering researchers of the Faculty the world in order to better understand For example, we have facilitated are likely to have a great deal to it – and engineers – whose goal is to of Engineering access to funding opportunities xvii contribute to many contemporary make the world better. UCL’s Faculty offered by UCL PP: The workshops on policy issues, but their contributions of Engineering Sciences certainly Sciences (FES) neuromorphic computing (page 21), have perhaps in the past been subscribes to this idea: CAR T therapies (page 15) and the overlooked in favour of social and and the policy BEIS away day (page 9) were funded physical scientists. At the same time, “Engineers turn discoveries into though UCL PP’s Policy Dialogues engineers may themselves not be community, solutions. Whether they are improving funding programme. The Global aware of the valuable contribution they medical treatments, houses or will be key to Policy Fellow pilot described on page could make to public policy, having “STEaPP’s mission is to transform transportation, the products, 22. was funded through the GCRF perhaps focused more attention on the successful processes and students we produce the relationship between research UCL Internal Small Grants scheme, xviii building links with industry. The PIU change the world”. managed by OVPR, with input from aims to catalyse better engagement delivery of future based evidence and public policy to UCL PP. between the two communities in order Public Policy to achieve robust policies that meet change policy for the better. The PIU We encourage the researchers that the needs of 21st Century society. Engagement, an has helped STEaPP researchers as we work with to contribute to Policy integral part of Postings (UCL’s PP’s blog) We have well as those outside the department also collaborated on providing training FES 2030.” to achieve impact with policymakers and helped to disseminate information Rear Admiral Neil Morisetti, about Fellowship opportunities across Vice-Dean (Public Policy), Faculty of and those who make decisions and FES. Engineering Sciences the unit is integral to our mission. We are very proud to host and support the PIU.” Prof Joanna Chataway, Head of Department, STEaPP

DEPARTMENT NAME 3 8 | Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years | 9

THE TEAM SUMMARY OF ACTIVITY

Our team shares a passion for ensuring that policy is Since the PIU was established in 2018, we have informed by evidence. We have experience of working in an collaborated on 12 projects with researchers across academic context but also, importantly, of working in policy 6 different Engineering departments. institutions. This enables us to act as effective intermediaries at the interface of research and policy.

Dr Chris Tyler, Director of Research Dr Penny Carmichael, PIU Policy Ana Rita Pinho, PIU Policy Analyst. As described above, our preferred as delivering the engagement activities and Policy in UCL STEaPP. Chris Analyst. Penny was Secretary to the Rita has worked at the Scientifc approach is to embed Policy Analysts themselves. Where we have been able spent fve years as Director of the UK’s Home Offce-sponsored independent Advice Mechanism of the European within research teams for extended to work in this way (collaborations “Perhaps one of the best things Parliamentary Offce of Science and advisory committee the Biometrics Commission as a Bluebook Trainee periods of time. This allows us to marked with an asterisk in the table about working with the PIU has Technology (POST) and before that and Forensics Ethics Group and was and was a member of the Executive develop policy impact objectives and below) we have more detail about our been seeing how effectively our strategies for achieving them as well was the frst Executive Director of the Senior Advisor to the Forensic Science Committee of the Portugese activities in the following section. research can be connected Centre for Science and Policy (CSaP) Regulator’s technical committees. She Association of Researchers and with stakeholders in the policy at the University of Cambridge. has also worked as a Policy Advisor Students in the United Kingdom PIU COLLABORATIONS community. They’ve also been within the Department of Environment, (PARSUK). great at connecting us with Jenny Bird, Public Policy Manager Food and Rural Affairs. Research Centre/project Research lead Department people in government with for UCL STEaPP. Jenny has worked *Gender and the Internet of Dr Leonie Tanczer STEaPP as a Senior Specialist for the House Florence Greatrix, PIU Policy Things whom we can collaboratively design projects. of Commons Energy and Climate Analyst. Florence has worked as a *Future Targeted Healthcare Prof Nigel Titchener- Biochemical Engineering Change Committee as well as a Policy Offcer at the Institute of Physics Manufacturing hub Hooker It’s closed the loop. Funding Research Fellow for the think tank and in the public affairs team at the *The Future Vaccine Prof Martina Micheletti Biochemical Engineering call… successful bid… IPPR. Royal Society of Chemistry. Manufacturing Research research carried out… peer Hub (Vax-Hub) reviewed papers with fndings *Dawes Centre for Future Prof Shane Johnson Security and Crime published… policy impact. Crime Science The last bit generally doesn’t *Neuromorphic Computing Prof Tony Kenyon and Electronic and Electrical happen!” Dr Adnan Mehonic Engineering Prof Madeline Carr, Director of RISCS *Research Institute in Prof Madeline Carr STEaPP Sociotechnical Cyber Security (RISCS) “Working with the Policy Impact UCL Ventura CPAP initiative Prof Rebecca Shipley Institute of Healthcare Unit has massively increased Engineering (cross- departmental) the impact of our research on plastic waste. With the help of Global Disability Innovation Prof Catherine Computer Science Hub Holloway the PIU we are credible in the world of policy whereas before Cyber Security of Critical Meha Shukla Security and Crime National Infrastructure Science we just sent policy makers our research papers and wondered Plastic Waste Innovation Prof Mark Miodownik Mechanical Engineering Hub why they didn’t reply.” Big Picnic Dr Theano Moussouri Institute of Archaeology Prof Mark Miodownik, PI of the Plastic (Faculty of Social and Waste Innovation Hub Historical Sciences)

BEIS energy away day Dr Adam Cooper STEaPP 10 | Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years | 11

HIGHLIGHTS

Our work has delivered outcomes and policy impacts that GENDER AND THE • Citations in policy documents from would not have occurred without PIU input. Some highlights INTERNET OF THINGS both Government and Parliament. of our work to date include: • Parliamentary Questions asked “Without the PIU, the Gender- Our collaboration with Dr Leonie by Paul Sweeney MP and Chi IoT project would have only Tanczer aimed to put the issue of Onwurah MP. spoken to an academic “tech abuse” – domestic abuse • Invitation for Dr Tanczer to join the audience. It has evolved into facilitated through new internet- DCMS “Media Literacy Group”. something I never thought it connected devices such as smart could be. Alongside other UCL • Invitations for Dr Tanczer to provide heating, lighting and security systems services, it has bolstered the a written briefng to the Domestic – on to the policy agenda in order capacity of the project to reach Abuse Commissioner (DAC) ahead that new legislation is “future proofed” communities that I wouldn’t against this emerging threat. We have of the Prime Minister’s “Hidden have otherwise. Working with focused in particular on infuencing the Harms Summit” and in person to the PIU has made a difference Domestic Abuse Bill and Online Harms the DAC’s offce. simply by the fact that the PIU legislation. Our engagement resulted in • Government announcement know how to reach people: a number of signifcant outcomes and accompanying the introduction of they know the people and impacts, including: the Domestic Abuse Bill stated that “the bill has been designed to be understand who to contact. future-proof from any new ways Their experience in the feld is perpetrators try to control their invaluable.” victims. It will encompass worrying Dr Leonie Tanczer, Lecturer in new trends such as ‘tech abuse’ International Security and Emerging – where abusers use personal and Technologies home devices and smart gadgets to control their victim”.

7 Audio recording 5 Could facilitate remote monitoring Gender and the Internet of Things (‘IoT’) and stalking. Futureproofing Online Harms legislation

4 The number of internet-connected devices is growing 1. Introduce a new statutory duty of care on tech rapidly . One estimate1 suggests there will be 500 billion companies internet-connected devices by 2030. The IoT is the The regulatory framework of the Online Harms Bill network of these connected devices. should include a new statutory duty of care on Voice control technology companies to keep their users safe from 8 The IoT provides benefits for modern life, but it also digital gaslighting and coercive and controlling May enable creates opportunities for new types of harm. behaviour. These steps could include the following: Perpetrators of domestic abuse can misuse IoT devices’ 6 perpetrators features to monitor and control their victims. For  Dedicated services and means to report to contact the example, internet-connected video cameras (such as incidents of harassment, including offline options 7 on ‘smart’ doorbells) or wearable watches with (such as a phone number). victim as well integrated GPS tracking technology can allow victims to  Easy-to-use tools that allow users to take 8 be spied upon by perpetrators. The IoT enables three control over the privacy and offer visibility of 5 as trace and new types of crime that should be within scope of their account settings (such as who can and has new Online Harms Legislation: had access to it). review a  UK-wide recording practices of technology- person’s history a) Cyber stalking facilitated abuse forms, to keep abreast of the Harassment taking place on or via the internet. changing threat landscape. 9 of commands and purchases. b) Coercive and controlling behaviour using IoT 2. Provide guidance on tech abuse Acts of abuse to harm, threaten or frighten a victim. This The media literacy strategy, part of the Government 3 could involve the denying access to controls for heating, package to tackle online harms, should include a lighting, locks and security systems. commitment to provide accessible up-to-date advice and guidance tailored to people at risk of tech abuse. 2 c) Digital gaslighting This would be in scope of its aim to ‘provide a 1 A form of psychological abuse designed to make coordinated and strategic approach to online media Router someone doubt their version of reality, for example by literacy education for children, young people and 9 remotely operating smart building controls. adults.’ 2 The approach could be modelled on that of Connects all Australia, which has an ‘eSafety Commissioner’ to lead The Online Harms White Paper recognises the and coordinate online safety efforts.3 smart home increased potential for cyber stalking, but it does not take account of how coercive and controlling behaviour 3. Report and publish tech abuse data devices to or gaslighting could be undertaken using the IoT. Nationwide data on tech abuse is not currently

Smart, Internet-connected devices present new the Internet. available. This makes it difficult for central and local Government policy should incorporate these new Governments, the support sector and researchers to types of online harms associated with internet- understand and monitor the scale and nature of the Tech Abuse – risks for victims of domestic violence & abuse connected devices. We suggest three ways in which problem. Data on tech abuse needs to be collected and such harms could be incorporated into new policy and made available publicly in the annual crime survey. contribute to achieving the Government’s ambition to This could also allow the regulator to monitor companies ‘make the UK the safest place to be online.’ Wearable devices Laptops and tablets Security cameras and TVs whose systems are involved in domestic abuse cases. 1 3 5 Could allow perpetrators to Accounts between devices are Could facilitate remote monitoring 1. Introduce a new statutory duty of care on tech track and monitor movements linked and could allow perpetrators and online stalking; video recording companies. For more information, contact: 2. Provide guidance on tech abuse as part of Dr Leonie Tanczer, Principal Investigator and other behavioural patterns to change and review IoT devices’ could facilitate image-based abuse the media literacy strategy. UCL Department of Science, Technology, 3. Report and publish tech abuse data. Engineering and Public Policy (UCL STEaPP) drawing on GPS signals and settings via an Internet browser. (such as revenge porn). [email protected]

other collected data. 1Cisco, 2016. Internet of Things. Available at: Visit our website: Remote control of heating, Smart security https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en/us/products/collateral/se/int https://www.ucl.ac.uk/steapp/research/digital- 4 6 ernet-of-things/at-a-glance-c45-731471.pdf technologies-policy-laboratory/gender-and-iot 2 DCMS, 2019. Online Harms White Paper. Available at : Could provide access to doors 2 Phones lighting and blinds https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/ Could provide perpetrator an Could be used to coerce and through voice activation, apps, or system/uploads/attachment_data/file/793360/Online_Harms_ February 2020 White_Paper.pdf DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND PUBLIC POLICY access point to control various intimidate victims by switching 3 eSafety Commissioner, 2019. Helping Australian’s to have electronic key codes. safer, more positive experiences online. Available at: IoT devices. systems on or off from afar. https://www.esafety.gov.au/ 12 | Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years | 13

GENDER AND THE INTERNET OF THINGS

Goal 1: Raise the profle of the issue of ‘tech abuse’ among the policy community and ensure domestic abuse and online harms legislation is future proofed to take account of this emerging threat.

NOV NOVEMBER 2020 2020 POST Invitation to briefng on attend meeting technology SEPTEMBER NOV and 2020 NOVEMBER 2020 domestic Invitation to give 2020 Dr Tanczer abuse JANUARY presentation Dr Tanczer invited to cites Dr 2020 attended contribute Tanczer’s work 9 APRIL Government MARCH 2020 SEPTEMBER meeting with the to MAY 2018 APRIL 2019 2019 announce Dr Tanczer 2020 Law Commission domestic Submission to Emailed MPs to PQs asked Domestic invited 23 JUNE 2020 Dr Tanczer on reform of abuse 16 NOV Government AUGUST suggest possible by Paul SEPTEMBER DECEMBER Abuse to attend Launched presentation communications event for 2020 consultation on 2018 OCTOBER 2018 DECEMBER FEBRUARY Parliamentary Sweeney 2019 2019 Bill will be Cabinet Offce project to Domestic offences with the British Engaged ‘Transforming Meeting with Roundtable with 2018 2019 Questions to ask MP and Chi Letter to new Meeting with ‘futureproofed’ workshop on video and Abuse Commissioner Embassy with POST the Response to DCMS and DCMS Secretary of Meeting with Citation in the Secretary of Onwurah Domestic Abuse Domestic Abuse against tech ethics and disseminated to Commissioner’s Professor Penny in Buenos on behalf of Domestic Abuse’ HO offcials State and Minister MoJ Adviser POSTnote State for DCMS MP Commissioner Commissioner abuse technology stakeholders offce away day Lewis Aires Dr Tanczer

MAY NOV 2019 2020

JULY 2018 JULY 2018 NOVEMBER NOVEMBER 2018 MARCH 2019 MAY 2019 JULY 2019 JULY 2019 28 OCT 2019 JANUARY 2020 FEB 2020 MAY 2020 16 JULY 2020 OCT 2020 OCTOBER OCTOBER Submission to Email to 2018 Published policy Submission Letter to Response to Request Invitation to Responded to request Published and Wrote to Research Letter sent 2020 2020 Home Affairs Home Offce ‘cryptoparty’ briefng, including to Joint Margot James Online Harms from Home DCMS Media by suggesting three disseminated Domestic Abuse cited in DCMS to Nimco Ali, Liaising Meeting Committee and DCMS event, with a recommendation Committee on MP re. Media White Paper Offce Literacy Group ideas for consideration a briefng on Commissioner consultation new Tackling with POST with Home Domestic offcials policy panel that “internet Human rights Literacy Group consultation press meeting suggestions regarding key documents Violence Offce Abuse inquiry points for Against discussion security legislation pre-legislative offce for JANUARY 2020 for the Online OCTOBER offcials ‘Hidden Harms Women and must be ‘future- scrutiny on MAY 2019 information Contacted by Darren Harms White 2020 regarding Summit’ chaired Girls Adviser proofed’ against the the Domestic Dr Tanczer on tech Jones MP regarding Paper Contacted the by the Prime expected growth Abuse Bill invited to meet abuse proposed Private by POST Tackling

in the number of Gender and the Internet of Things (‘IoT’) Minister Futureproofing Online Harms legislation regarding Violence DCMS offcial Members Bill on The number of internet-connected devices is growing 1. Introduce a new statutory duty of care on tech rapidly . One estimate1 suggests there will be 500 billion companies internet-connected devices by 2030. The IoT is the The regulatory framework of the Online Harms Bill network of these connected devices. should include a new statutory duty of care on technology companies to keep their users safe from internet-connected The IoT provides benefits for modern life, but it also digital gaslighting and coercive and controlling creates opportunities for new types of harm. behaviour. These steps could include the following: a Lords Against Perpetrators of domestic abuse can misuse IoT devices’ to discuss features to monitor and control their victims. For  domestic abuse and Dedicated services and means to report example, internet-connected video cameras (such as incidents of harassment, including offline options on ‘smart’ doorbells) or wearable watches with (such as a phone number). integrated GPS tracking technology can allow victims to  Easy-to-use tools that allow users to take be spied upon by perpetrators. The IoT enables three control over the privacy and offer visibility of home devices” new types of crime that should be within scope of their account settings (such as who can and has new Online Harms Legislation: had access to it). Women briefng on  UK-wide recording practices of technology- the IoT a) Cyber stalking facilitated abuse forms, to keep abreast of the MAY 2020 Harassment taking place on or via the internet. changing threat landscape.

b) Coercive and controlling behaviour using IoT 2. Provide guidance on tech abuse Acts of abuse to harm, threaten or frighten a victim. This The media literacy strategy, part of the Government could involve the denying access to controls for heating, package to tackle online harms, should include a Audio recording 7 lighting, locks and security systems. commitment to provide accessible up-to-date advice and Girls 5 Could facilitate tech abuse and guidance tailored to people at risk of tech abuse. remote c) Digital gaslighting Key points were This would be in scope of its aim to ‘provide a monitoring A form of psychological abuse designed to make coordinated and strategic approach to online media and stalking. someone doubt their version of reality, for example by literacy education for children, young people and 4 remotely operating smart building controls. adults.’ 2 The approach could be modelled on that of Australia, which has an ‘eSafety Commissioner’ to lead The Online Harms White Paper recognises the and coordinate online safety efforts.3 8 Voice control increased potential for cyber stalking, but it does not Strategy May enable take account of how coercive and controlling behaviour 3. Report and publish tech abuse data 6 perpetrators or gaslighting could be undertaken using the IoT. included in the Nationwide data on tech abuse is not currently to contact the 7 available. This makes it difficult for central and local victim as well Government policy should incorporate these new 8 Governments, the support sector and researchers to types of online harms associated with internet- 5 as trace and understand and monitor the scale and nature of the connected devices. We suggest three ways in which review a problem. Data on tech abuse needs to be collected and such harms could be incorporated into new policy and person’s history made available publicly in the annual crime survey. contribute to achieving the Government’s ambition to 9 of commands This could also allow the regulator to monitor companies ‘make the UK the safest place to be online.’ and purchases. whose systems are involved in domestic abuse cases. 3 Commissioner’s 1. Introduce a new statutory duty of care on tech 2 companies. 1 For more information, contact: 9 Router 2. Provide guidance on tech abuse as part of Dr Leonie Tanczer, Principal Investigator Connects all the media literacy strategy. UCL Department of Science, Technology, smart home 3. Report and publish tech abuse data. Engineering and Public Policy (UCL STEaPP) devices to [email protected] ECHNOLOGY, ECHNOLOGY, Smart, Internet-connected devices present new the Internet. 1 , T Cisco, 2016. Internet of Things. Available at: Visit our website: https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en/us/products/collateral/se/int brief Tech Abuse – risks for victims of domestic violence & abuse https://www.ucl.ac.uk/steapp/research/digital- ernet-of-things/at-a-glance-c45-731471.pdf technologies-policy-laboratory/gender-and-iot 2 DCMS, 2019. Online Harms White Paper. Available at :

1 Wearable devices 3 Laptops and tablets 5 Security cameras and TVs https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/ Could allow perpetrators to Accounts between devices are Could facilitate remote monitoring system/uploads/attachment_data/file/793360/Online_Harms_ February 2020 track and monitor movements linked and could allow perpetrators and online stalking; video recording White_Paper.pdf and other behavioural patterns to change and review IoT devices’ could facilitate image-based abuse 3 eSafety Commissioner, 2019. Helping Australian’s to have drawing on GPS signals and settings via an Internet browser. (such as revenge porn). safer, more positive experiences online. Available at: other collected data. https://www.esafety.gov.au/ 4 Remote control of heating, 6 Smart security 2 Phones lighting and blinds Could provide access to doors Could provide perpetrator an Could be used to coerce and through voice activation, apps, or ENGINEERING AND PUBLIC POLICY DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE access point to control various intimidate victims by switching electronic key codes. IoT devices. systems on or off from afar. FEB 2020 Briefng circulated to offcials by Baroness Barren

project activities and outputs

project outcomes or impacts

Followed from 14 | Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years | 15

FUTURE TARGETED HEALTHCARE MANUFACTURING HUB

Goal 1: To raise awareness that the manufacturing process is an important component of the overall cost of personalised medicines and that optimisation, including by new approaches at the bedside, may help to reduce costs.

Goal 2: To engage in policy discussion and debate on reimbursement models for Advanced Therapeutic Medicinal Products (ATMPs).

Goal 3: To engage in policy discussion and debate about regulatory approaches to new manufacturing processes, such as point-of-care manufacturing. Key outcomes to date include: FUTURE TARGETED APR HEALTHCARE 2019 • A good relationship has been “Direct links to the NHS MANUFACTURING established with the Treasury’s MAY 2019 MAY-DEC 2019 • BEIS Better and industry stakeholders is Meetings with: Regulation HUB Health and Social Care team; Submission to EMA. central to our work. Penny has Consultation on EMA • HMT Health and Executive hosted visits and meetings and Social Care team • Bio Industries strengthened and promoted Regulatory Science to Our collaboration with the Hub has research fndings on the cost of 2025 • Offce of Life Association these relationships with regular Sciences • DIT Life Sciences focused on three key areas to date: manufacturing were supplied to • NHS England Organisation research relating to reducing the inform their scoping activity on group or one-to-one meetings, (Commercial • MHRA MAY 2019 cost of manufacturing personalised encouraging collaboration and Medicines • APPG for Rare possible future costs in healthcare. Hosted lab tour and Directorate, Diseases medicine, research on reimbursement information exchange. As a meeting for HMT Health • Hub researcher Nishma Patel was Accelerated • NICE models for personalised medicine result, we have identifed areas and Social Care team Access invited to join the NHS Accelerated Collaborative and research on how personalised for improvement in targeted Access Collaborative’s “Data and medicine is regulated. Unlike the Infrastructure” advisory board as healthcare and a more joined- Gender-IoT project above, our impact part of their Advanced Therapeutic up, coordinated strategy with SEPTEMBER 2019 SEPTEMBER 2019 objectives for this project have not HMT Health and Social DIT Life Sciences Medicinal Products (ATMPs) users for the reimbursement been to advocate for particular care team follow-up Organisation attended workstream. Hub researchers workstream.” meeting with Suzy Farid Viral Vaccine event policy outcomes, but rather to play have also been involved in more of an “honest broker” role, to Nishma Patel, Research Associate in steering a piece of work setting Applied Health Research, Institute of ensure that research fndings are NOVEMBER 2019 NOVEMBER 2019 out the different stages of ATMP Epidemiology and Health Hosted two meetings Researcher Nishma available to policymakers to inform the development. between FTHM Hub Patel invited to join development of policy in this area. researchers and the NHS the NHS AAC “Data • Dr Irina Brass was invited to take England Commercial and Infrastructure” Medicines Policy Analysis advisory board part in stakeholder engagement on team and the NHS ATMP point of care manufacturing with the Accelerated Access

POLICY BRIEFING Collaborative ATMP team Medicines and Healthcare Products FEBRUARY 2020

Manufacturing Biological Medicines Regulatory Agency (MHRA). January 2020 Published and

What is a biological medicine? Biological medicines A biological medicine, or biopharmaceutical, is any medicinal product manufactured using a living orga nism. in numbers

Biological m edicines are designed to interact with specific targets in a patient’s body. This leads to a greater chance of the medicine having the desired effect against a disease and results in fewer side effects as compared to $275bn disseminated traditional pharmaceuticals. global total annual revenue of the bio- 1 Some biological medicines mimic proteins which are missing or faulty in the pharmaceutical sector in 2018 patient’s body, for example insulin f or the management of diabetes. Other biological medicines trigger an immune response in the patient’s body, for example vaccines or immunotherapies for the treatment of cancer. How are biological medicines made? 12% Unlike traditional pharmaceutical products that are made using chem ical syn- average annual growth of the global 1 thesis, biological medicines are made using biomanufacturing. In this pro- biopharmaceutical sector briefng on cess, the medicinal product is derived from , or manufactured by, living cells. Biological m edicines are structurally much larger and more com plex than tra- FEBRUARY ditional “small molecule” pharmaceuticals, meaning t hey are more challenging to manufacture and characterise. How are biological medicines regulated? 40% Manufacture of biological medicines is rigorously contr olled and highly regu- percentage of drugs in development which are biopharmaceut icals6 lated. M anufacturers must demonstrate that all aspect s of the manufacturing process compl y with safety and quality sta ndards set out under G ood Manu- Manufacturing facturing Practice (GMP). In the UK, the Medicines Healthcare Regulatory Agency (MHRA) is responsible for enforcing G MP. 2020 Before a bio logical medicin e can be sold in the European Union, it must re- 316 ceive approval from the European Medicines Agency ( EMA). Health organisa- number of individual biopharmaceutical tions and sector industry associations have called for r egulatory alignment products with current active licenses6 with the EU post-Brexit to reduce potenti al trade hurdles and ensure UK pa- tients can contin ue to access s afe and effective medicines.2 Biological Medicines Policy Dialogue

DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING 1 POLICY BRIEFING workshop (funded by UCL Public Policy) AUGUST 2020 Contribution to Fourth Industrial Revolution APPG AUGUST 2020 Manufacturing Biological Medicines pamphlet on manufacturing Submission January 2020 to BEIS R&D roadmap

What is a biological medicine? Biological medicines OCTOBER 2020 OCTOBER 2020 consultation A biological medicine, or biopharmaceutical, is any medicinal product manufactured using a living organism. in numbers Prof Paul Dalby provided Identifed opportunity, Biological medicines are designed to interact with specific targets in a patient’s body. This leads to a greater chance of the medicine having the de- expert contribution to connected POST with sired effect against a disease and results in fewer side effects as compared to $275bn traditional pharmaceuticals. global total annual revenue of the bio- 1 Some biological medicines mimic proteins which are missing or faulty in the pharmaceutical sector in 2018 Parliamentary briefng Hub researchers and help patient’s body, for example insulin for the management of diabetes. Other NOVEMBER 2020 biological medicines trigger an immune response in the patient’s body, for (POSTnote) on vaccines. arrange interview example vaccines or immunotherapies for the treatment of cancer. Submission to Commons How are biological medicines made? 12% Unlike traditional pharmaceutical products that are made using chemical syn- average annual growth of the global 1 thesis, biological medicines are made using biomanufacturing. In this pro- biopharmaceutical sector S&T Committee on cess, the medicinal product is derived from, or manufactured by, living cells.

Biological medicines are structurally much larger and more complex than traditional “small molecule” pharmaceuticals, meaning they are more challenging COVID-19 Lessons to manufacture and characterise. Learned (with UCL Public How are biological medicines regulated? 40% Manufacture of biological medicines is rigorously controlled and highly regu- percentage of drugs in development which are biopharmaceuticals6 lated. Manufacturers must demonstrate that all aspects of the manufacturing Policy). process comply with safety and quality standards set out under Good Manu- project activities facturing Practice (GMP). In the UK, the Medicines Healthcare Regulatory Agency (MHRA) is responsible for enforcing GMP. Before a biological medicine can be sold in the European Union, it must re- 316 and outputs ceive approval from the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Health organisa- number of individual biopharmaceutical tions and sector industry associations have called for regulatory alignment products with current active licenses6 DECEMBER with the EU post-Brexit to reduce potential trade hurdles and ensure UK pa- NOVEMBER 2020 tients can continue to access safe and effective medicines.2 project outcomes 2020 Submission to Foreign or impacts Prof Suzy Farid presenting at the CAR T Policy Dialogue Submission Affairs Select Committee

DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING 1 to NICE inquiry on Global Health Followed from methods review Security (with UCL Public consultation DEC 2020 Policy). 16 | Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years | 17

FUTURE VACCINE MANUFACTURING RESEARCH HUB (VAX-HUB)

Goal 1: To shape the policy agenda by raising awareness of the role that manufacturing processes play in the overall cost and availability of vaccines and the role that innovations in the manufacturing process could play in helping to increase access to vaccines in LMICs.

APR 2019 APRIL 2019-APRIL 2020 • APPG on Malaria and Meetings with: Neglected Tropical FUTURE VACCINE Key outputs and outcomes include: • Coalition for Epidemic Diseases Preparedness Innovations • Offce of Life Sciences MANUFACTURING • Prof Martina Micheletti invited to (CEPI) • DHSC UK (Vaccine provide an expert contribution to “As primarily a bench • Clinton Health Access network) RESEARCH HUB the Parliamentary Offce of Science researcher the COVID-19 POLICY BRIEFING Initiative (CHAI) • Wellcome Trust FEBRUARY 2020

Manufacturing Biological Medicines • Save the Children • UN Offce for the (VAX-HUB) and Technology for a forthcoming pandemic has presented January 2020 Biomanufacturing

What is a biological medicine? Biological medicines A biological medicine, or biopharmaceutical, is any medicinal product manu- • Health and Social Care Coordination of factured using a living organism. in numbers

Biological medicines are structurally much larger and more complex than traditional “small molecule” pharmaceuticals, meaning they are more challenging published and to manufacture and characterise. Our collaboration with Vax-Hub began How are biological medicines regulated? 40% Manufacture of biological medicines is rigorously controlled and highly regu- percentage of drugs in development which are biopharmaceuticals6 lated. Manufacturers must demonstrate that all aspects of the manufacturing activities. It has also process comply with safety and quality standards set out under Good Manu- facturing Practice (GMP). In the UK, the Medicines Healthcare Regulatory • Production of two ‘explainer’ Agency (MHRA) is responsible for enforcing GMP. Before a biological medicine can be sold in the European Union, it must re- 316 ceive approval from the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Health organisa- disseminated number of individual biopharmaceutical tions and sector industry associations have called for regulatory alignment products with current active licenses6 with the EU post-Brexit to reduce potential trade hurdles and ensure UK pa- in 2019, but the context changed tients can continue to access safe and effective medicines.2

briefngs for policymakers looking at presented me with several DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING 1 dramatically with the arrival of the some of the challenges of vaccine new opportunities to become COVID-19 pandemic. The Hub has development and manufacture involved with activities been at the forefront of the UK’s vaccine during a global pandemic. promoting our work within research efforts, with Co-Director Prof the VaxHub, which I might Sarah Gilbert (University of Oxford) • A webinar on vaccine leading development of a vaccine manufacturing, attended by over 60 not have considered before. for COVID-19 and the team at UCL people, including participants from Penny Carmichael and the PIU developing characterisation technologies BEIS. has been a major infuence in JUNE 2020 JUNE 2020 and formulating the vaccine to improve helping me take full advantage Facilitated CHAI join Hub • Written evidence submitted membership process as an affliate its stability and shelf-life. to House of Commons Select of these. From providing Committee inquiries. input to policy documents, Following the arrival of COVID-19 in contributions to written AUGUST 2020 the UK, we switched our attention • Requests from media outlets for Submission to Commons S&T submissions to Parliamentary AUGUST 2020 inquiry on UK Science, Research to improving awareness among the interviews with Hub researchers. reports to media interactions Shared information with POST and Technology Capacity and policy community of the processes such as interviews and in response to their work on Infuence in Global Disease involved in developing new vaccines vaccines for COVID-19 outbreaks Podcasts. “ and the importance of innovation and Dr Steven Morris, Research Fellow in POLICY BRIEFING OCTOBER 2020 POLICY BRIEFING OCTOBER 2020 new technologies in bringing down the SEPTEMBER 2020 OCTOBER 2020 Vaccine Process Analytics cost of manufacturing vaccines and Professor Micheletti invited to provide Briefngs Part 1: Developing new vaccines Part 2: Manufacturing new vaccines for pandemics for pandemics

If an effective vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 virus is developed The scale of the global research effort to secure a vaccine that expert contribution to Parliamentary and approved, it must be produced at sufficient quantity and at COVID-19 vaccines in will protect against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the rate of pro- COVID-19 vaccines on vaccine the lowest cost possible to have maximum impact at a global gress to this end is unprecedented. In line with the requirement numbers scale. Over two briefings we will look at how vaccines are discov- for a safe and effective vaccine for global recovery from the crisis, in numbers improving access, particularly to people ered and manufactured, and some of the challenges that will be manufacturing of candidate vaccines has already commenced at-

faced in delivering a COVID-19 vaccine to a global population of risk. This briefing will look at some of the technological challenges 7.8 billion. This series is produced by the Future Vaccine Manu- to be overcome in order to manufacture a vaccine for a global facturing Research Hub (Vax-Hub), whose mission is to secure 10-15 population of 7.8 billion, where over 6 billion live in low and middle supply of essential vaccines to LMICs. income countries (LMICs). Enabling technology transfer to LMICs for vaccine manufacturing will ensure longer-term resilience to 14 billion In the ten months following reports of a cluster of pneumonia cas- 1 future outbreaks of COVID-19 or another pathogen with pandemic Between 7-14 billion doses of vac- es in Hubei Province in China, COVID-19 (the disease caused by years potential. This briefing is part of a series is produced by the Fu- briefng (POSTnote) on vaccines the SARS-CoV-2 virus) has become a global pandemic, affecting cine will be required to end the development The average time it takes to bring a ture Vaccine Manufacturing Research Hub (Vax-Hub), whose 2 COVID-19 pandemic, depending over 40 million people worldwide and killing over 1.1 million. A vaccine to market mission is to secure supply of essential vaccines to LMICs. range of policies have been implemented by governments around on whether boosting is needed.

the world to mitigate the humanitarian and economic impacts of Manufacturing vaccines is a risky and expensive business. A the COVID-19 pandemic, but it is acknowledged that securing an company wishing to take a vaccine from the lab to the market can in Low and Middle Income Countries. effective vaccine is essential to global recovery and to decreasing expect a success rate of around 6%.1 Combined with the high society’s vulnerability to recurrent waves of the virus.3 cost of vaccine development, (up to billions of dollars), it is unsur- 12-18 prising that about 80% of global vaccine sales come from five According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), there are cur- large multi-national corporations based in high income countries $15.8T rently 198 COVID-19 candidate vaccines in development, 44 of who are able to manage risk across large product portfolios.2 This which are undergoing clinical trials in humans and 154 of which It is estimated that the COVID-19 and vaccine 4 dominance of high income countries in the vaccine market has pandemic will lead to costs be- are in pre-clinical evaluation. If any of these candidates proves months historically led to gaps in the vaccine portfolio for diseases that 6 tween $8.1-15.8 trillion globally successful in clinical trials, new manufacturing and supply chal- The estimated time from identifica- primarily affect LMICs, so-called Neglected Tropical Diseases lenges must be overcome to produce and distribute vaccines to a tion of SARS-CoV-2 to the first (NTDs),3 and so it is important to strengthen manufacturers in global population of 7.8 billion people, and ensure equitable ac- COVID-19 vaccine being available these countries, enabling them to better respond to local risks and cess to these vaccines for all. secure supplies of essential vaccines. How do vaccines work? In the context of the COVID-19 crisis, there are fears of vaccines POLICY BRIEFING OCTOBER 2020 POLICY BRIEFING OCTOBER 2020 Vaccines train the immune system to recognise and kill disease- being monopolised by wealthier nations, leading to the most long- 4 2 billion causing microorganisms and viruses, known as pathogens, be- term and severe effects of COVID-19 being felt in LMICs. As Doses of COVID-19 vaccine will be manufacturing fore they can lead to a potentially serious illness. When the body 198 such it is vital that vaccine manufacturers in LMICs are enabled to delivered by the COVAX facility by encounters a new pathogen, proteins or sugars on the surface of establish a robust COVID-19 vaccine supply with global invest- 7 Vaccine candidates currently under 5 the end of 2021 OCT-DEC 2020 ment and knowledge and technology transfer initiatives. This will the pathogen (known as the “antigenic” parts of the pathogen) investigation, according to the trigger an immune response in which antibodies are created that 4 require additional process development work since the majority of World Health Organisation (WHO) destroy the pathogen. Those antibodies are deployed when the current manufacturing processes are created with high income pathogen is encountered again, protecting from future infections. markets in mind, and are ill-suited or too costly for use in LMICs.

Meetings with Innovate FUTURE VACCINE MANUFACTURING RESEARCH HUB 1 FUTURE VACCINE MANUFACTURING RESEARCH HUB 1 UK to provide insights on vaccine manufacturing 12 NOVEMBER 2020 for Vaccine Taskforce Webinar: ‘Understanding COVID-19 legacy paper vaccine manufacturing: the Part 1: Developing new vaccines Part 2: Manufacturing new vaccines role of global partnerships’ for pandemics for pandemics

If an effective vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 virus is developed The scale of the global research effort to secure a vaccine that NOVEMBER 2020 and approved, it must be produced at sufficient quantity and at COVID-19 vaccines in will protect against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the rate of pro- COVID-19 vaccines the lowest cost possible to have maximum impact at a global numbers gress to this end is unprecedented. In line with the requirement scale. Over two briefings we will look at how vaccines are discov- for a safe and effective vaccine for global recovery from the crisis, in numbers ered and manufactured, and some of the challenges that will be Contribution to UCL submission manufacturing of candidate vaccines has already commenced at- faced in delivering a COVID-19 vaccine to a global population of risk. This briefing will look at some of the technological challenges 7.8 billion. This series is produced by the Future Vaccine Manu- to be overcome in order to manufacture a vaccine for a global facturing Research Hub (Vax-Hub), whose mission is to secure 10-15 population of 7.8 billion, where over 6 billion live in low and middle to HoC S&T Committee inquiry supply of essential vaccines to LMICs. income countries (LMICs). Enabling technology transfer to LMICs for vaccine manufacturing will ensure longer-term resilience to 14 billion In the ten months following reports of a cluster of pneumonia cas- 1 future outbreaks of COVID-19 or another pathogen with pandemic Between 7-14 billion doses of vac- ‘Coronavirus: lessons learnt’ es in Hubei Province in China, COVID-19 (the disease caused by years potential. This briefing is part of a series is produced by the Fu- the SARS-CoV-2 virus) has become a global pandemic, affecting cine will be required to end the 2 The average time it takes to bring a ture Vaccine Manufacturing Research Hub (Vax-Hub), whose over 40 million people worldwide and killing over 1.1 million. A COVID-19 pandemic, depending vaccine to market mission is to secure supply of essential vaccines to LMICs. range of policies have been implemented by governments around on whether boosting is needed. (with UCL Public Policy).

the world to mitigate the humanitarian and economic impacts of Manufacturing vaccines is a risky and expensive business. A the COVID-19 pandemic, but it is acknowledged that securing an company wishing to take a vaccine from the lab to the market can effective vaccine is essential to global recovery and to decreasing expect a success rate of around 6%.1 Combined with the high 3 society’s vulnerability to recurrent waves of the virus. cost of vaccine development, (up to billions of dollars), it is unsur- 12-18 prising that about 80% of global vaccine sales come from five JANUARY 2021 According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), there are cur- large multi-national corporations based in high income countries $15.8T rently 198 COVID-19 candidate vaccines in development, 44 of who are able to manage risk across large product portfolios.2 This which are undergoing clinical trials in humans and 154 of which It is estimated that the COVID-19 4 dominance of high income countries in the vaccine market has pandemic will lead to costs be- Professor Dan NOVEMBER 2020 are in pre-clinical evaluation. If any of these candidates proves months 6 historically led to gaps in the vaccine portfolio for diseases that tween $8.1-15.8 trillion globally successful in clinical trials, new manufacturing and supply chal- The estimated time from identifica- primarily affect LMICs, so-called Neglected Tropical Diseases lenges must be overcome to produce and distribute vaccines to a tion of SARS-CoV-2 to the first (NTDs),3 and so it is important to strengthen manufacturers in project activities global population of 7.8 billion people, and ensure equitable ac- COVID-19 vaccine being available these countries, enabling them to better respond to local risks and Bracewell Contribution to UCL cess to these vaccines for all. secure supplies of essential vaccines. How do vaccines work? In the context of the COVID-19 crisis, there are fears of vaccines interviewed for submission to Foreign and outputs Vaccines train the immune system to recognise and kill disease- being monopolised by wealthier nations, leading to the most long- 4 2 billion causing microorganisms and viruses, known as pathogens, be- term and severe effects of COVID-19 being felt in LMICs. As fore they can lead to a potentially serious illness. When the body Doses of COVID-19 vaccine will be 198 such it is vital that vaccine manufacturers in LMICs are enabled to delivered by the COVAX facility by Politico article Affairs Committee inquiry encounters a new pathogen, proteins or sugars on the surface of establish a robust COVID-19 vaccine supply with global invest- 7 Vaccine candidates currently under 5 the end of 2021 project outcomes the pathogen (known as the “antigenic” parts of the pathogen) investigation, according to the ment and knowledge and technology transfer initiatives. This will trigger an immune response in which antibodies are created that 4 World Health Organisation (WHO) require additional process development work since the majority of destroy the pathogen. Those antibodies are deployed when the current manufacturing processes are created with high income on vaccine JAN into Global Health Security pathogen is encountered again, protecting from future infections. markets in mind, and are ill-suited or too costly for use in LMICs. or impacts

manufacturing 2021 (with UCL Public Policy).’ FUTURE VACCINE MANUFACTURING RESEARCH HUB 1 FUTURE VACCINE MANUFACTURING RESEARCH HUB 1 Followed from 18 | Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years | 19

DAWES CENTRE FOR FUTURE CRIME

Goal 1: To stimulate policy debate on Dawes Centre research projects around how technological or social change might create new opportunities for offending, and the potential methods for addressing these problems before they become established. Goal 2: To highlight issues of concern to policy makers and contribute to new analysis of existing issues, and highlight the relevance of ongoing research at UCL.

AUG DAWES CENTRE FOR Key outcomes include: 2020 FUTURE CRIME • Working with UCL’s central media team, our policy briefng on AI 4 AUGUST 4 AUGUST 2020 Our work with the Dawes Centre has and crime was sent along with a 2020 Media coverage in national AI and news outlets: Telegraph, focused on disseminating the fndings press release to journalists, resulting Crime Daily Mail, Mirror, of a series of scoping projects that in signifcant media coverage of briefng Independent, Daily Star, aimed to identify emerging new areas the project fndings (including published The IET of criminal activity. Our goal was to The Telegraph, Daily Mail, The raise awareness among the policy Independent, Daily Star, Daily community of these new threats in Mirror and Daily Record). order that steps can be taken to • Researchers on the AI and crime mitigate them. 10 AUGUST 2020 project have been invited to speak Researchers invited to to Home Offce staff on their present to Home Offce fndings. • The briefng has prompted both POST and a Parliamentary scrutiny committee to consider undertaking 19 AUGUST 2020 Publication and work on this topic in future. dissemination of briefng on Security of Consumer IoT

9 SEPTEMBER 2020 Blog on AI enabled future crime published by Police Foundation

SEPTEMBER 2020 “Working with the PIU, we created a plan of how best to POST and Parlimentary approach policy engagement for our specifc research topics, Committee now considering work on involving mapping out stakeholders, and then condensing our deep fakes NOVEMBER NOVEMBER research into short, user-friendly policy briefngs. We discussed 2020 2020 release schedules for these briefngs to maximise impact and Publication and Media PIU also advised us on how to tie in with UCL’s press and wider dissemination coverage from of briefng on Policing insight media. The result has been outstanding engagement with those Challenges briefngs. For instance, our briefng on ‘AI-enabled future crime’ NOV of Preventing generated widespread media coverage (including national 2020 Counterfeit Goods newspapers) and almost 1000 hits in a single initial send. “ project activities and outputs Vaseem Khan, Business Development Director, UCL Jill Dando Institute of Security and project outcomes Crime Science or impacts Followed from 20 | Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years | 21

NEUROMORPHIC COMPUTING

Goal 1: Raise awareness among the policy community of this emerging technology and potential benefts it could offer to society.

JAN JANUARY 2019 2019 Pitched neuromorphic computing as a topic of Improved computational NEUROMORPHIC capability/capacity Neuromorphic computers are inspired by what consideration for a POSTnote we know about how the human brain works.

They will be better at dealing with unstructured

COMPUTING ‘messy’ data than conventional computers.

Future computing technologies: the Applications might include improved speech MARCH-MAY 2019 and facial recognition. role for neuromorphic computing

uptake and challenges that might be associated th Increased on-device Policy roundtable: 5 with increased use of digital and computing Meetings with key stakeholders: computing power technologies. The consideration of these Researchers in the Department of December 2019 challenges and opportunities preceded a Cloud-based services like Google and Siri This event brought together 15 participants discussion on why the UK needs new types of use large data centres to process requests. from UCL, Government, Parliament, hardware, and what this could mean for society. • POST Devices require a constant network professional institutions and not for profit connection to access these services. organisations to consider the UK’s Electronic and Electrical Engineering technological future. In particular, the role that Neuromorphic computing systems have new types of computing hardware, specifically • Offce for AI greater on-device processing power and neuromorphic computing, could play in a world will operate independently without the need where new technologies that fuse the physical, digital and biological worlds are have been developing a new type of for data centres. increasingly the norm. Neuromorphic computing: Enabling a future AI world? • Business Growth Team, BEIS The roundtable was chaired by Alok Jha, Science Increased on-device processing would be and Technology Correspondent for The I advantageous for the growing network of Economist. It offered attendees an introduction to neuromorphic computing from leading UCL Evidence safari activity • GO-Science computing hardware (‘neuromorphic’ Reduction in energy use for computing ‘Internet of Things’ devices which will then researcher Professor Tony Kenyon. Through Challenges for current computing methods operate independently of the cloud for speed discussions, a presentation and question and Conventional computers use up to a million times more power than the human brain, answer session with Prof Kenyon, delegates Participants highlighted the following challenges in I even though they perform fewer operations. and privacy. explored the challenges facing the future of the discussion: computing and the potential opportunities that • Knowledge Transfer Network Hospital advanced technologies could provide. It also 1. Energy, climate change and natural computing). We worked with them Healthcare applications that might benefit considered the role that neuromorphic computing resources could potentially play in the UK’s technological The rapidly growing power consumption of Neuromorphic computers will be vastly more efficient and could use 100,000 times less from increased on-device processing power future, during a topical discussion on the cross- computing systems is a challenge for the sector. power than conventional computers. include use in pacemakers and medical cutting implications and opportunities of this and Data centres currently consume about 1% of diagnostics. The on-device processing power other emerging computing technologies. global energy demand, and this is expected to rise with increased use of technologies like machine Improved computational capability/capacity to help raise awareness among the 1 means data would be shared in real time. Applications of computing technologies learning. Neuromorphic computers are inspired by what we know about how the human brain works. Significant reductions in energy use would result in extended battery life for applications The event began with an ‘evidence safari’ - an The cost of supplying the energy is significant – it They will be better at dealing with unstructured such as temperature or position sensors. activity designed to encourage attendees to ‘messy’ data than conventional computers. JUNE 2019 consider the applications of computing has been estimated that the energy bill associated Systems requiring reduced latency (the time with training the AlphaGo supercomputer was $35 Applications might include improved speech technologies, or barriers that may impede their and facial recognition. policy community of this innovative new delay while data is sent to and from the cloud) Increased on-device 1 computing power Current estimates suggest data centres will use 20% of all electricity in the world by 2025. could benefit from increased computational Engerati “Artificial intelligence – the energy challenge for data centres” 26 Cloud-based services like Google and Siri September 2018 use large data centres to process requests. Devices require a constant network Published and Benefits would arise from a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from computing capacity. For example, autonomous vehicles connection to access these services. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRON C ENG NEERING ELECTRICAL AND Neuromorphic computing systems have greater on-device processing power and power demand. which require split second decisions. will operate independently without the need for data centres. Neuromorphic computing: Enabling a future AI world? technology and the potential benefts Increased on-device processing would be advantageous for the growing network of Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering ‘Internet of Things’ devices which will then disseminated Reduction in energy use for computing Conventional computers use up to a million times more power than the human brain, operate independently of the cloud for speed even though they perform fewer operations. and privacy.

Hospital Healthcare applications that might benefit Neuromorphic computers will be vastly more efficient and could use 100,000 times less from increased on-device processing power power than conventional computer s. include use in pacemakers and medical diagnostics. The on-device processing power means data would be shared in real time. ‘microbriefng’ it could bring to society. Neuromorphic Significant reductions in energy use would result in extended battery life for applications such as temperature or position sensors. Systems requiring reduced latency (the time delay while data is sent to and from the cloud) Current estimates suggest data centres will use 20% of all electricity in the world by 2025. could benefit from increased computational Benefits would arise from a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from computing capacity. For example, autonomous vehicles DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL AND Neuromorphic computing microbriefng power demand. which require split second decisions. hardware offers the potential to dramatically reduce the energy used in computing (with resulting benefts for the NOVEMBER 2019 NOVEMBER climate). It could also bring increased Meeting with Clerk 2019 processing power and speed, which of the House of UCL/KTN could facilitate the development of smart Lords Digital and joint event on Communications ‘The Future of and autonomous technologies. Finally, Committee Computing’ its ability to handle unstructured data could revolutionise the use of big data DECEMBER 2019 and machine learning. Key outcomes to Policy Dialogue roundtable event date include: 8 JANUARY 2020 (funded by UCL PP) Meeting wih the • We have delivered a programme of Clerk of Lords S&T Committee

engagement activities (including a Future computing technologies: the role for neuromorphic computing

uptake and challenges that might be associated th Policy roundtable: 5 with increased use of digital and computing technologies. The consideration of these JANUARY 2020 December 2019 challenges and opportunities preceded a This event brought together 15 participants discussion on why the UK needs new types of from UCL, Government, Parliament, hardware, and what this could mean for society. profession al institutions and not for profit organisations to consider the UK’s technological future. In particular, the role that new types of computing hardware, specifically neuromorphic computing, could play in a world where new technologies that fuse the physical, digital and biological worlds are increasingly the norm. day-long conference in partnership The roundtable was chaired by Alok Jha, Science and Technology Correspondent for The Economist. It offered attendees an introduction to neuromorphic computing from leading UCL E vidence safari activity Workshop report researcher Professor Tony Kenyon. Through Challenges for current computing methods discussions, a presentation and question and answer session with Prof Kenyon, delegates Participants highlighted the following challenges in explored the challenges facing the future of the discussion: computing and the potential opportunities that advanced technologies could provide. It also 1. Energy, clima te change and natural considered the role that neuromorphic computing resources could potentially play in the UK’s technological The rapidly growing power consumption of Dr Adnan Mehonic and future, during a topical discussion on the cross- computing systems is a challenge for the sector. JANUARY 2020 cutting implications and opportunities of this and Data centres currently consume about 1% of other emerging computing technologies. global energy demand, and this is expected to rise with increased use of technologies like machine Applications of computing technologies learning.1 The event began with an ‘evidence safari’ - an activity designed to encourage attendees to The cost of supplying the energy is significant – it consider the applications of computing has been estimated that the energy bill associated with the Knowledge Transfer Network, published technologies, or barriers that may impede their with training the AlphaGo supercomputer was $35

1 Engerati “Artificial intelligence – the energy challenge for data centres” 26 September 2018 Prof Tony Kenyon at the Meeting with Alok Jha (The Economist) Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering a Policy Dialogue roundtable Policy Dialogue roundtable event and publication of a FEBRUARY 2020 FEBRUARY 2020 ‘microbriefng’, as well as arranging Published blog Meeting with the Royal Society meetings with key stakeholders). “Neuromorphic computing: a • As a result of these activities, the hardware for a MARCH 2020 researchers have been invited to greener computing Letter to Commons attend meetings with the Clerk of sector?” S&T Committee Chair, the House of Lords Science and suggesting inquiry on future computing hardware Technology Committee, the Royal Society and Nesta. MAY 2020 Submission to My BEIS “Working with the PIU has inquiry, suggesting neuromorphic been an overwhelmingly computing as a topic positive experience.”

Prof Tony Kenyon, Vice Dean (Research), OCTOBER 2020 OCTOBER 2020 project activities Faculty of Engineering Sciences Meeting with Nesta regarding their ‘Next Generation OCT Shared research briefng with and outputs Prof Tony Kenyon speaking at the KTN & UCL conference on ‘The Future of Computing’ 2019 Internet’ programme with the European Commission Nesta and Green Alliance Followed from 22 | Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years | 23

OTHER ACTIVITIES

TRAINING PILOT PROJECTS Co-development One of the primary reasons that research evidence is not used by In collaboration with Dr Ine Steenmans The PIU is innovative and draws on “The GPF is a great platform (STEaPP), we have developed a one- policy makers is because it is not the latest thinking to develop novel for policy makers, urban day training module that provides an approaches to delivering policy relevant to their work. Findings ways planners and academics to introduction to policy engagement. It impact. We have undertaken a number to align research questions with interact, share knowledge is primarily intended for researchers of pilot activities which we hope will real-world problems is therefore an who have little or no experience in lead to new activities in the future. and ideas.” important step to increasing policy policy engagement and focuses on Global Policy Fellow 2019 impact. The gold standard in this the importance of relationship building Global Policy Fellows respect is to co-create research as the foundation of effective policy The Global Policy Fellows programme “It was a very well organized projects; working in collaboration with engagement. We aim to provide insights was developed to create an program with lots of the research users from the start to into the working lives of “policymakers” international network connecting policy meticulous planning by fnish of a project. However, this is and consider how engagement can professionals who are making ‘on- the organisers in providing a huge undertaking and may not be be made more effective, based on the-ground’ decisions with academics both theoretical as well as possible for every research project. As campaigners, lobbyists, think tanks Working with Centres for a result, we have been exploring ideas research evidence from policy studies. whose knowledge is essential to practice outlook to urban and so on), to spend a day with Doctoral Training for the next best thing. We have developed both face-to-face making good decisions. The week- planning.” researchers sharing knowledge and We are piloting a new initiative with and online versions of the course and long knowledge exchange programme working through a series of activities the Cyber Security Centre for Doctoral Global Policy Fellow 2019 have run both types. To date, we have brings together international policy We are developing a structured designed to produce one or two Training, which is run jointly by UCL’s run the training with 7 different research professionals with UK-based approach to stakeholder engagement ideas that could be taken forward in a departments of Security and Crime groups. We are now in the process of academics and policymakers to explore to feed user insights into research research proposal. Science, Computer Science and developing a training offer focusing on solutions to ‘live’ policy challenges. project development, which we STEaPP. writing, disseminating and evaluating have given the working title: “co- We ran our frst co-development policy briefs. We have run 2 pilots of the In 2019 we ran a pilot Global Policy development”. workshop last year with researchers Dr The project involves the students training and hope to make this more Fellows programme, funded through Jean-Baptiste Pingault and Dr Jessie conducting evidence synthesis on widely available in 2021. the GCRF UCL Internal Small Grants Co-development workshops involve Baldwin, who are developing the next topics that have been suggested by scheme. The programme was on the inviting a carefully selected group of phase of research looking at how policymakers and then working with theme of ‘Future Cities’ and we hosted stakeholders (who represent the policy mental health can be improved for the PIU to produce and disseminate 11 Fellows from a variety of countries, community in its broadest sense, victims of bullying. The report from policy briefngs to communicate the including Malaysia, South Africa and including government, parliament, the workshop has been published fndings to a policy audience. Pakistan. We developed a programme online. “It is very important for of activities based on questions the The summer reception provided an Our hope is that the programme STEaPP’s students to make Fellows themselves had provided. This opportunity for discussion and networking We are currently in the process of will help to increase the skills and a strong connection between included one-to-one meetings with developing two further workshops: understanding of the doctoral theory and practice. Expertise selected academics, site visits around one with the Institute of Healthcare students. At the same time, we hope within the PIU is a great London, a day hosted by the Greater Engineering and another with the the outputs will be a useful resource resource and allows students London Authority (GLA) and Transport Research Institute in Sociotechnical for policymakers; according to the to meet and learn from policy for London (TfL), a half-day workshop Cyber Security (RISCS). UK’s current and former Government making practitioners across a with UK-based policy practitioners and Chief Scientifc Adviser “an accurate, wide spectrum. The PIU is a academics and an evening networking Following this, we hope to formalise concise and unbiased synthesis of unique and unmissable part reception. the methodology and develop a the available evidence is arguably one of both STEaPP and our MPA ‘toolkit’ for others who are interested of the most valuable contributions programme.” We had hoped to run a second in taking this approach. a research community can offer programme in 2020 but unfortunately decisions makers”.xxi If this project Alan Seatwo, Lecturer (Teaching) and MPA have had to put the programme Global Policy Fellows, policy stakeholders is successful, we will seek to explore Co-ordinator, STEaPP and academics taking part in a workshop on on hold owing to the COVID-19 partnership working. opportunities with other CDTs. pandemic. 24 | Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years | 25

LOOKING AHEAD, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS STRATEGY AND PRIORITIES

We are really proud of what we have achieved in our frst We would like to acknowledge the following organisations, who have contributed two years of operation. Our long-term vision is to grow the funding towards the work of the PIU: team so that we can provide Policy Analysts across all major • UCL Faculty of Engineering Sciences areas of policy that are relevant to the engineering community • EPSRC (including health, digital, security & defence, environment, • NCSC climate change & low carbon technologies, transport, cities and manufacturing). • Dawes Foundation • Department of Health and Social Care’s UK Vaccine Network • GCRF UCL Internal Small Grants scheme OUR PLANS FOR 2021 We anticipate that the ongoing • UCL Public Policy EPSRC Impact Accelerator Account COVID-19 crisis and Brexit will • UCL Research Impact Curation and Support OUR STRATEGIC We will be continuing our current both remain high on policymakers’ agendas, and we will therefore OBJECTIVES ARE: collaborations with the Future Targeted Healthcare Manufacturing Hub, Vax- prioritise activities that feed in to these Hub, RISCS, the Dawes Centre, the two important areas. Global Disability Innovation Hub and 1. the Institute of Healthcare Engineering. We plan to continue to build our To increase the quality of training offer and to explore and academic policy engagement We are delighted that we will also be improve our approaches to policy activities and outputs. starting three new collaborations in engagement to maximise the 2021: scope for achieving policy impact across FES. We will continue to 2. • the International Public Policy seek opportunities to expand our collaborations across all departments To increase the quantity of Observatory will bring research within the faculty to help to develop academic policy engagement and policy together to mitigate enduring partnerships with policy activities and outputs. the impacts of COVID-19 and accelerate the UK’s recovery. makers across the cycle of knowledge generation and dissemination. • Compostable plastics: 3. unlocking existing barriers to We will continue to collaborate To experiment with and assess the systems change will investigate closely with UCL PP and other policy effectiveness of novel approaches how compostable plastics are intermediaries across the institution to policy engagement. currently being used and seek in order to work towards delivering to map out how these plastics UCL’s vision to embed public policy can be introduced and integrated engagement across UCL. 4. into existing waste management infrastructure. To facilitate dialogue between practitioners and scholars on best • The Interdisciplinary circular practice in policy engagement for Economy Centre for Mineral- impact. based Construction Materials will develop systems for more effcient use and recovery of mineral resources.

DEPARTMENT NAME 3 26 | Policy Impact Unit: Our frst two years

REFERENCES

i Oliver, K. and Boaz, A., 2019. Transforming and policy change. Policy Studies Journal, xvii Cooper, A.C., Marvulli, L., Black, K., evidence for policy and practice: creating 37(4), pp.649-667.; Cairney, P., Oliver, K. Holmes, J. and Mehta, H., 2020. Engineering space for new conversations. Palgrave and Wellstead, A., 2016. To bridge the advice in policy making: a new domain of Communications, 5(1), p.1. divide between evidence and policy: reduce inquiry in evidence and policy. Evidence & ambiguity as much as uncertainty. Public Policy: A Journal of Research, Debate and ii Cairney, P. and Oliver, K., 2018. How should Administration Review, 76(3), pp.399-402.; Practice. academics engage in policymaking to achieve Lloyd, J., 2016. Should academics be impact?. Political Studies Review, 18(2), xviii https://www.ucl.ac.uk/engineering/ expected to change policy? Six reasons why pp.228-244. it is unrealistic for research to drive policy xix Cooper, A.C., Marvulli, L., Black, K., iii Cairney, P., 2018. Three habits of successful change. Impact of Social Sciences Blog.; Holmes, J. and Mehta, H., 2020. Engineering policy entrepreneurs. Policy & Politics, 46(2), Stevens, A., 2011. Telling policy stories: an advice in policy making: a new domain of pp.199-215.; Mayne, R., Green, D., Guijt, I., ethnographic study of the use of evidence inquiry in evidence and policy. Evidence & Walsh, M., English, R. and Cairney, P., 2018. in policy-making in the UK. Journal of Social Policy: A Journal of Research, Debate and Using evidence to infuence policy: Oxfam’s Policy, 40(2), pp.237-256. Practice. experience. Palgrave Communications, 4(1), xi Mayne, R., Green, D., Guijt, I., Walsh, M., xx See, for example, Response from the pp.1-10. English, R. and Cairney, P., 2018. Using engineering profession to the House of iv Nutley, S., Davies, H. and Walter, I., 2002. evidence to infuence policy: Oxfam’s Lords Select Committee on Science and Evidence based policy and practice: Cross experience. Palgrave Communications, 4(1), Technology inquiry on the Role and function sector lessons from the UK. Swindon, UK: pp.1-10. of Departmental Chief Scientifc Advisors, ESRC UK Centre for Evidence Based Policy September 2011, available at https://www. xii Cairney, P. and Kwiatkowski, R., 2017. How and Practice; Cairney, P., 2018. Three habits raeng.org.uk/publications/responses/role_ to communicate effectively with policymakers: of successful policy entrepreneurs. Policy & and_function combine insights from psychology and policy Politics, 46(2), pp.199-215. studies. Palgrave communications, 3(1), pp.1- xxi Donnelly, C.A., Boyd, I., Campbell, P., v Oliver, K., Innvar, S., Lorenc, T., Woodman, 8.; Mintrom, M. and Norman, P., 2009. Policy Craig, C., Vallance, P., Walport, M., Whitty, J. and Thomas, J., 2014. A systematic entrepreneurship and policy change. Policy C.J., Woods, E. and Wormald, C., 2018. Four review of barriers to and facilitators of the use Studies Journal, 37(4), pp.649-667; Dibb G. principles to make evidence synthesis more of evidence by policymakers. BMC health and Stevenson O., 2020 You can’t engage useful for policy. services research, 14(1), p.2. with policy without engaging with politics ResearchProfessional News blog vi Weible, C.M., Heikkila, T., DeLeon, P. and Sabatier, P.A., 2012. Understanding xiii Cairney, P. and Oliver, K., 2018. How should and infuencing the policy process. Policy academics engage in policymaking to achieve sciences, 45(1), pp.1-21. impact?. Political Studies Review, 18(2), pp.228-244. vii Kingdon, J.W. (2003). Agendas, alternatives and public policies, 2nd edn. New York: xiv Oliver, K. and Boaz, A., 2019. Transforming Longman. evidence for policy and practice: creating space for new conversations. Palgrave viii Mintrom, M. and Norman, P., 2009. Policy Communications, 5(1), p.1. entrepreneurship and policy change. Policy Studies Journal, 37(4), pp.649-667. xv Cairney, P., 2018. Three habits of successful policy entrepreneurs. Policy & Politics, ix Bednarek, A.T., Wyborn, C., Cvitanovic, 46(2), pp.199-215; Weible, C.M., Heikkila, C., Meyer, R., Colvin, R.M., Addison, P.F.E., T., DeLeon, P. and Sabatier, P.A., 2012. Close, S.L., Curran, K., Farooque, M., Understanding and infuencing the policy Goldman, E. and Hart, D., 2018. Boundary process. Policy sciences, 45(1), pp.1-21.; spanning at the science–policy interface: the Cairney, P. and Kwiatkowski, R., 2017. How practitioners’ perspectives. Sustainability to communicate effectively with policymakers: science, 13(4), pp.1175-1183. combine insights from psychology and policy x Rose, D.C., Kenny, C., Hobbs, A. and Tyler, studies. Palgrave communications, 3(1), C., 2020. Improving the use of evidence in pp.1-8 legislatures: the case of the UK Parliament. xvi Cairney, P. and Oliver, K., 2018. How Evidence & Policy: A Journal of Research, should academics engage in policymaking Debate and Practice. ; Mintrom, M. and to achieve impact?. Political Studies Review, Norman, P., 2009. Policy entrepreneurship 18(2), pp.228-244.