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Cambridge University Press 0521861551 - Faith, Duty and the Power of Mind: The Cloughs and their Circle 1820-1960 Gillian Sutherland Index More information

Index

NOTE: Anne Jemima Clough (Annie) is referred to as AJC, her brother Arthur Hugh Clough as AHC, and Blanche Athena Clough (Thena) as BAC. References in italics denote illustrations.

Adrian, Edgar, 1st Baron Adrian:: 189 Atlantic Monthly:: 52, 67 Aldis, T. S.:: 107 Avonbank School, near Stratford-upon-Avon:: Ambleside:: 37, 55, 58, 195 73 AJC’s visits:: 41, 72, 127 Awakening, Second Great:: 15 Eller How school:: 55–9, 60, 66, 73–4, 195, 211 Bacot, Maria Lance:: 14, 20, 24, 32, 116 Memorial presented to AJC:: 66–7 Balfour, Arthur:: 103, 177–8, 178 Anderson, Hugh:: 175, 183 Balfour, Eleanor:: see Sidgwick, Eleanor Anderson, Maisie:: 186 Balfour, Gerald:: 172, 175 Andrews, Eleanor:: 108 banking, Clough family and:: 7 Anglican Church bankruptcy AHC and:: 38, 42 legislation:: 9, 197 divisions:: 27–8, 42–3; see also Evangelicalism see also under Clough, Arthur Hugh Jr; Thirty-Nine Articles of Faith:: 42, 85 Clough, James Butler religious tests in universities:: 42, 67, 85, Barnard, Samuel; View along the East Battery, abolished:: 87, 147 Charleston (1831):: 13 Apostles (Cambridge society):: 112 Bateson, Anna:: 88, 95, 121, 133 Archer-Hind, Richard:: 152–3 Bateson, William:: 121 Armistice Night celebrations:: 180 Beale, Dorothea:: 74 Arnold family:: 37, 38, 55, 56 Bedford College, London:: 77–8, 95, 170 Arnold, Mary (Mrs Humphry Ward):: 56, 126 Belgium, refugees from:: 164, 195 Arnold, Mary (Mrs Twining):: 47 Bell, Herbert:: 133 Arnold, Matthew:: 4, 32, 52, 68, 200 Bellasis, Mrs:: 66 Arnold, Dr Thomas:: 15, 28, 32, 42, 70 Bellasis, Eliza and Frances:: 56, 60 Arnold, Thomas Jr:: 32 Bellasis, Sophie:: 56, 58 Articles of Faith, Thirty-Nine:: 42, 85 Berlin; Victoria Lyceum:: 126 Asquith, Herbert Henry, 1st Earl of Oxford and blackout curtains:: 203 Asquith:: 172 Blandford (BAC’s gardener):: 203, 204 Asquith Commission on universities of Blows, Fred (Newnham gardener):: 211 Oxford and Cambridge:: 4, 170, 172–7, 181, Bodichon, Barbara Leigh Smith:: xiii, 73, 133 182–3 Boer War:: 148, 153 BAC as member:: 177, 182, 189, 211 Bonﬁre Night; mock marches on Newnham:: and funding of women’s colleges:: 173, 174, 180 175–6, 182–3 Bostock, Eliza:: 75, 77 Association for the Higher Education of Bournemouth:: 72 Women:: 93, 98, 103 Bowen, Nathaniel, Bishop of Charleston:: 15 Atkinson, C.:: 19, 23, 30, 34, 35 Boyle, Henry and Eleanor:: 66

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© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521861551 - Faith, Duty and the Power of Mind: The Cloughs and their Circle 1820-1960 Gillian Sutherland Index More information

250 Index

Bradley, Katharine Harris:: 201 non-resident members’ voting rights:: 142, Braunston, near Rugby:: 42 171, 177, 181, 184 Brioland, Mlle:: 31 Regent House:: 171 Bristol, University of:: 105, 165 religious tests:: 85; abolished:: 87, 147 British and Foreign School Society:: 45–7 Senate members on Newnham Council:: 168, Brittain, Vera:: 164 178 Bryce, James:: 80 teaching system:: 93–4, 147, 184–5 Budd, Sir Cecil Lindsay:: 196 women’s access to teaching and facilities: Building Societies, local:: 54 laboratories:: 102, 175, 185; lectures:: 88, 90, Bulley family:: 41 93, 143, 175, 185; libraries:: 175, 185 Bulley, Amy:: 98, 106 women’s degrees and membership: debates, Bulley, Ella:: 91 Syndicates and votes, (1897):: 138–40, 141, Burbidge, Thomas:: 48, 116 142, 143–4,(1918–21):: 170–7, 178–9, 180–5; Burley, New Forest; Clough homes:: 135 democracy of movement for:: 95–6; full Burley Hill:: 135, 154–6, 165, 189, 191, 195, 210; membership granted (1947):: 207; sale:: 196–7 Newcastle Memorial and (1880):: 107–8; Castle Top:: 135, 196–7 Girton attempt to reopen question (1887):: Burton, Gwen:: 198, 199, 202, 203, 205, 213–14 123; separate university proposed:: 139, 171, Buss, Frances Mary:: 74 172; Statutory Commission on teaching Butler, Elsie:: 158, 165, 209 appointments (1924):: 184–5; third college Butler, George:: 78, 80 proposed:: 173; titular degrees:: 176–7, 181, Butler, Josephine:: 78, 79, 80, 81 185; undergraduate opinion:: 140, 142, Byerley, Maria and Frances; Avonbank school:: 178–9, 180–1; see also Girton College, 73 Cambridge; Newnham College, Cambridge Calder, Margaret:: 79–80, 94, 130 Cameron, Julia Margaret:: 61 Cambridge Campbell, Dr, of Charleston:: 34 Ada Sharpley’s preparatory school:: 163 Carlyle, Thomas:: 68, 133 BAC rents garden for smoking:: 189 Carter, Alice Bonham:: xiii, 110 Evelyn Nursing Home:: 200 and AJC:: 72, 73, 79, 125, 130 The Pightle:: 97 and Newnham:: 95–6, 103, 105 Red Cross Hospital:: 165 Carter, Elinor Bonham (Mrs Dicey):: xiii, 72, 73, Sidgwick Avenue:: 119, 122, 137 82–3, 95, 101 women students’ houses: Bateman Street:: 94; Castle Top, Burley, New Forest:: 135, 196–7 Merton Hall:: 92–4, 112; 74 Regent Street:: Catholic Emancipation:: 23 90–2 census YMCA, 1 Alexandra Street:: 95 UK (1861):: 56 Cambridge Local Examination Syndicate:: 74, US Federal (1830):: 9 78, 81, 88 Chalmers, Robert, Baron Chalmers:: 175 Higher Locals:: 81–2, 100, 107, 108, 112–13, 117 Chamberlain, Joseph:: 151 Cambridge University Champneys, Basil:: 95, 131, 144 Apostles:: 112 chaperonage:: 93, 113, 186–9 colleges:: 93–4; Caius:: 142; Christ’s:: 93; Charleston, South Carolina:: 1, 6–20, 34, 38 Corpus Christi:: 119; King’s:: 93, 129;St AJC’s description:: 6–7, 69–70 John’s:: 94, 96, 102, 105, 144; Selwyn:: 119; Circulating Library:: 14 Trinity:: 87, 94, 110, 112, 168–9; see also Cloughs’ houses: East Bay:: 8; Legare´ Street:: Girton College, Cambridge; Newnham 14 College, Cambridge East Battery:: 13 cycling:: 211 George Clough’s death and burial:: 1, 34–5 examinations: compulsory Greek:: 107, 123, Maria Lance’s school:: 224n60 171; Previous or ‘Little-Go’:: 107, 108, 123, St Michael’s Episcopalian Church:: 1, 15, 34 171 Sullivan’s Island:: 10, 11 see also Cambridge Local Examination Charter and Statutes:: 162–3, 168–9 Syndicate; Tripos examinations Chartist movement:: 44

Index 251

Chatham House; Royal Institute of education:: 10, 11, 14, 15, 31, 39, 46, International Affairs:: 195, 205 (self-education):: 24–5, 41, 98, 211 Cheltenham Ladies’ College:: 74 educational reform work:: 1, 2, 72–83, 210–11; Chester; Mr Pepper’s preparatory school:: breadth of vision:: 102, 126; ‘Hints on the 10, 12 organization of Girls’ Schools’:: 75–7;on‘a Churchill, Sir Winston:: 204 room of one’s own’:: 97–8, 212; and civil service posts University Extension:: 4, 94–5, 210; visiting AHC’s:: 2, 53–4, 58–9, 61, 62 lecturer scheme:: 76, 78–81 AHC Jr’s:: 2, 134, 135 faith:: 15, 26, 27–8, 64, 128–9, 213 Kitty Duff’s:: 195, 205 ﬁnances:: 35, 58, 59, 101, 212; donations to Civil War, American:: 11, 16–17 Newnham:: 97, 101, 103 Clarendon Commission:: 74–5 friends:: 14, 72, 82–3; see also Bacot, Maria class, and access to education:: 4, 83, 94–5, 210 Lance; Migault, Augusta Claude family:: 41, 55, 66 generosity:: 97, 101, 103 Claude, Jane:: 41, 56 gradualist approach:: 79, 81, 83, 127, 211 Claude, Mary:: 41, 130 and Henry Sidgwick:: 82, 87–8, 91–2 Clough family:: 7 on ‘the Higher Education’ for women:: 126, family tree:: xi 128, 210–11 in North Wales:: 7, 10, 12, 21, 26, 27, 72 homely style:: 27, 29, 75, 97, 113, 126, 211 papers:: 207 journal:: 26–9, 32, 39, 54, 114 religious background:: 15, 26, 41–2 life: birth:: 8; childhood in Charleston:: 1, Clough, Rev. Alfred:: xi, 12, 14–15, 41–2 6–20, 69–70; in Liverpool:: 21–54; school Clough, Anne (n´ee Perfect, AJC’s mother):: xi, in house:: 1, 30–2, 33–4, 35, 38, 40–1, 212; xii, 7, 8, 33, 34 European tour:: 38–9; teacher training:: 45, and AHC’s loss of faith:: 44 46–7, 49; considers move to London:: 47, AJC’s regrets over:: 116 48, 49–50; school with Augusta and AJC’s work:: 26, 41, 212 Wotherspoon:: 49; at Ambleside; Eller death:: 59 How school:: 55–9, 60, 66, 73–4, 211; and educates children:: 10, 11, 46 mother’s death:: 60; and AHC’s death:: family networks:: 1, 23–4 63–6; move to Combe Hurst:: 66, 67, 72–3, and family’s return to Liverpool:: 17, 19 82, 110; educational reform work to 1870:: holiday in Lake District:: 37–8 72–83; in charge of Regent Street house for nursing of husband:: 12 women students:: 90–2, 132; and building reading:: 9, 10 of Newnham Hall:: 94–8, 211; as Principal social life:: 17, 23–4 of Newnham:: 1, 100–1, 102, 108–9, 113, 120, strokes:: 54, 58–9 125, 126–7, 211; and expansion of college:: temperament:: 10, 17 103, 118, 211; illness and death:: 128–9; will:: 55 burial:: 129, 130; will:: 130–1 Clough, Anne Jemima (Annie):: xi, xii Memoir of Anne Jemima Clough by BAC:: and AHC:: 24, 25, 37–8, 44, 131–2, 210;in 131–4, 210, 211 childhood:: 12, 18, 20, 21, 218n10; holidays Newnham pig named after:: 211, 213 together:: 37–8, 38–9; periods of and North of England Council for Promoting constraint:: 28, 38, 47–8, 48–9, 50–4, 70, the Higher Education of Women:: 80, 131–2, 211; writes material for memoir:: 68, 82–3, 90, 94, 211 69–70, 72 and parents:: 33–4, 35–6, 40, 41, 58, 116, 212 appearance:: 57, 58, 113, 120, 133–4 pastoral care for students:: 113, 125 and BAC:: 116–17, 118, 122–3, 127–9, 130, poetry:: 29 136–7, 201, 210; BAC’s memoir of:: 131–4; portraits:: 57, 126, 133–4 teaches as child:: 66, 72, 110 reading:: 9, 11, 14–15, 17, 19, 24, 41, 211 and Blanche Clough:: 66, 68, 72, 73, 110, 128, and research work:: 145 130, 131 schools:: see under life above charitable work:: 25–6, 29, 32, 38, 41, 49 and slavery:: 15–16, 19, 34 and Emily Davies:: 74, 81, 82 social life in youth:: 19, 24, 27, 29, 41 and duty:: 4, 40, 41, 213 and suffrage movement:: 126–7

252 Index

Clough, Anne Jemima (cont.) Clough, Arthur Hugh Jr (AJC’s nephew):: xi, and Taunton Commission:: 75–7, 78 xiii teaching methods:: 31, 56–8, 66 AJC’s executor:: 130 temperament:: 132–3, 208–9, 210; humour:: and BAC:: 111, 137, 148, 201 14, 133, 210; interest in life:: 4, 18–19, 39, bankruptcy:: 3, 195–9 122–3, 128, 132, 133, 208–9; laughs off depressive tendency:: 134–5, 209 sentimentality:: 128, 129, 210; life: childhood:: 60, 72, 209; education:: 110, magnanimity:: 92, 132; modesty and 112; civil service post:: 2, 134; engagement practicality:: 81, 83, 75, 97, 118, 132–3, 211; and marriage:: 134, 135; at Castle Top, openness and optimism:: 4, 12, 14, 20, Burley:: 135, 136, 155, 195–9; death:: 206 208–9; over-involvement:: 122–3, 128; Clough, Blanche Athena:: xi, xiii, 120, 157 self-discipline:: 15, 24–5, 28–9, 208–9, 211; administrative ability:: 1–2, 3, 158, 163, 199, willpower:: 118, 211 209, 211 travel:: 18–19, 37–8, 38–9, 49, 72, 122, 125, and AHC’s memory:: 131–2, 154, 209, 127 210 Clough, Arthur Hugh (AJC’s brother):: xi, xii, 53 and AHC Jr, brother:: 111, 137, 148, 201 and AJC:: see under Clough, Anne Jemima and AJC:: see under Clough, Anne Jemima and Arnolds:: 32, 37, 42, 200 black books:: 118, 122, 123, 130, 131, 136, 201; BAC’s discovery of:: 131–2, 154, 209, 210 considers destroying:: 206; help control coaching:: 30, 32, 36, 37, 93 depression:: 114–15, 116, 150, 209; on world depression:: 4, 28, 43, 48, 115 tour:: 148, 150 and duty:: 4, 42, 51 and Blanche Clough (mother):: 131, 148; faith:: 1, 3, 38, 41–4, 48, 69, 85–7, 213 distance:: 111–12, 133, 135–6, 201, 209, 212 fastidiousness:: 10, 131–2, 154 conversational skills:: 158, 209 ﬁnances:: 30, 32, 37, 212 and countryside and landscape:: 111, 121, 155, and Florence Nightingale:: 60–1 210; bird-watching:: 189, 194, 198 journal:: 114, 115 cycling:: 206 life: birth:: 8; childhood:: 1, 9, 10–11, 70, 209, depression and self-doubt:: 4, 111–12, 113–16, 218n10; Rugby School:: 12, 14, 21, 23, 32, 42, 123, 134, 136, 209; management of:: 114–15, 70; reunion with family:: 18, 20, 21;at 116, 147, 150, 153, 167, 209 Balliol College, Oxford:: 23, 26, 28, 29–30, diplomatic and political skills:: 163, 199, 209, 42–3; Fellow of Oriel College:: 2, 32, 36, 37; 211 European tour with AJC:: 38–9; loss of driving:: 206 faith, end of academic career:: 41–4, 45, 48; and duty:: 136–7, 138, 159–60, 213–14 Wardenship of University Hall, London:: expresses strong opinions when older:: 48, 49, 52; in France and Italy:: 48, 50, 52; 199–200 courtship and marriage:: 52–3, 54, 58–9; faith, absence of:: 4, 128–9, 213 post in Education Department of Privy Florence Nightingale on:: 135 Council Ofﬁce:: 2, 53–4, 58–9, 61, 62; friendships:: 113–14, 155, 200–3, 209; see also illness and death:: 60–5 Duff, Lily Katharine; Sharpley, Edith; marriage:: see Clough, Blanche Mary Stephen, Barbara; Stephen, Sir Harry; posthumous reputation:: 67–72, 82, 209 Stephen, Katharine; Strachey, Pernel; Sidgwick inspired by:: 84, 85–7 Strachey, Pippa social work:: 42 and gardens:: 121, 122, 137, 155, 189 travels:: 37–8, 38–9, 48, 50, 52, 61–3 and Henry Sidgwick:: 111, 152–3 and women:: 50, 51 houses:: see Burley (Burley Hill); Folly Hill writings:: 1, 62, 67, 84, 115–16; Ambarvalia:: humour:: 133, 210 48, 67; Amours de Voyage:: 1, 4, 50–2, 67, 84, journal:: see black books above 85; The Bothie of Tober-na-Vuolich:: 48, 67, at Jubilee Garden Party:: 178, 178 68; ‘The Close of the Eighteenth Century’:: life: childhood:: 61, 66, 71, 72, 110–11, 137; 14; Dipsychus:: 68, 70; Easter Day:: 68, 70; student at Newnham:: 112–18; AJC’s Jacob:: 36–7; Letters and Remains of Arthur Secretary:: 118, 121–3, 127–9; and AJC’s Hugh Clough:: 69–70; Mari Magno:: 67, 68, death:: 130; writes Memoir of Anne Jemima 84; The Poems and Prose Remains of Arthur Clough:: 54–5, 131–4; administrative role in Hugh Clough:: 70, 72 Newnham:: 134, 136–8; Assistant Treasurer

Index 253

and Assistant Secretary:: 137; Vice- and Jowett:: 85 Principal:: 137–8, 139–40, 147, 209; world and Newnham:: 96, 136 tour:: 147–52, 210; return to Newnham:: and Sidgwick:: 84–5, 86–7 152–3; acquires Burley Hill and wardship of Symonds on ‘thick-sighted’ nature:: 72 Kitty Duff:: 154–6, 210; administrative role Unitarian upbringing:: 112 in Newnham develops:: 156–60, 211;in will:: 154, 195 World War I:: 165, 166–8; Vice-Principal of Clough, Rev. Charles:: xi, 12, 30, 42 Newnham:: 169; as Principal:: 169–70, 176, Clough, Charles Butler (AJC’s brother):: xi, xii 180–1, 181–2, 187–8, 192, 197; on Asquith birth:: 8 Commission:: 4, 170, 172–7, 181, 182–3, 189, education:: 10, 12 211; retires from Principalship:: 189–90, 192; in Charleston and Liverpool:: 17, 21, 30, 32, in retirement:: 191, 194–207; financial 35, 36, 38 problems:: 3, 195–9; move to Folly Hill:: marriage and European tour:: 38–9, 49–50 198–9, 200; work in London and at in North Wales:: 49–50, 72 Newnham:: 199–200, 213; eightieth AJC’s bequest to descendants:: 130 birthday:: 202–3; in World War II:: 203–6; Clough (née Freshfield), Eleanor:: xi, xiii, 134, last years in nursing home:: 207; death:: 135, 148, 155, 206 194, 207 Clough, Florence (AJC’s niece):: xi, xiii, 116, 148 and London Society for Women’s childhood:: 60, 110, 111 Suffrage/London and National Society for education:: 112 Women’s Service:: 165, 199–200, 213 at Burley Hill:: 135, 136 on moments of intense feeling:: 167 death:: 153 and Newnham:: 159–60, 161, 162, 192, 200, Clough, George Augustus (AJC’s brother):: xi, 213; as Associate:: 137, 138, 162; and xii gardens:: 121, 122, 137; and institutional childhood and education:: 8, 10, 11, 12, 23 structure:: 156, 158, 162, 169, 211;Old in Charleston:: 29, 30, 32 Students’ Club committee member:: 121, death and burial:: 1, 34–5, 36 137, 162; see also posts under life above Clough, James Butler (AJC’s father):: xi, xii, 1, 2 Newnham Memorial Meeting for:: 213–14 and AJC’s teaching career:: 33–4, 35–6, 212 and people: interest and ability to influence:: ancestry:: 7 149, 167, 202, 211, 214; own recognition of:: financial support from family:: 1, 9 153, 159, 209–10 life: businessman in Liverpool:: 7–8;moveto and politics:: 117, 204 Charleston:: 1, 8; first bankruptcy:: 1, 9; portraits:: 192, 193 travels:: 9, 10, 12, 17, 18–19; steamboat public persona:: 135, 178, 178, 209 project fails:: 11; yellow fever:: 11–12;moves smoking:: 123, 150, 189 family back to England:: 1, 17–18, 19–20, The Times obituary:: 206 23; second bankruptcy:: 1, 30–1, 32, 33–4; travels:: 122, 125, 130, 135, 155, 189, 191; world and George’s death:: 34–5; illness and tour:: 147–52, 210 death:: 36–7 ward:: see Duff, Lily Katharine and slaves:: 9, 15–16 will:: 198–9 temperament:: 9, 11, 12, 14, 33–4 and Wordsworth’s The Excursion:: 213–14 Clough, James Henry:: 217n8 Clough (née Smith), Blanche Mary:: xi, xiii, 65 Clough, John Henry:: 217n8 and AHC:: 61, 154; courtship and marriage:: Clough, Lily Frances Katharine (Mrs Duff):: xi, 52–3, 54, 58–9; birth of children:: 60, 61, 62; 153–4, 195 and AHC’s illness and death:: 61, 62, 63–4, Clough, Margaret Marshall Butler (AJC’s 65, 66; and publication of AHC’s poetry cousin):: 24, 26, 27, 72, 130 and memoirs:: 67–72, 82, 209,(Letters and marriage and European tour:: 38–9, 49–50 Remains of Arthur Hugh Clough, 1865):: Clough, Mason & Co.:: 7 69–70,(The Poems and Prose Remains of Clough, Sir Richard:: 7 Arthur Hugh Clough, 1869):: 70, 72 Clough, Rev. Roger (AJC’s grandfather):: xi, 7–8 and AJC:: 66, 68, 72, 73, 110, 128, 130, 131 Clough, Rev. Roger (AJC’s uncle):: 42 and BAC:: 131, 148; distance:: 111–12, 133, Clover, Mary:: 173 135–6, 201, 209, 212 Cohen, Hannah Floretta:: 191 at Burley Hill:: 135, 136, 153–4 Collier, Agnes:: 120, 170, 181

254 Index

Coltman (née Smith), Bertha Elizabeth:: xiii, 111 childhood:: 155–6, 163 Coltman, Tommy:: xiii, 148, 195 and Clough family papers:: 207 Combe Hurst, Surrey:: 61, 66, 67, 72, 110 education:: 163, 167–8, 191, 194–5, 212 Congreve, Richard:: 67 employment at Chatham House:: 195, 205, Conway, Agnes:: 171 212 Conway, Sir Martin, MP:: 171 finances:: 195, 196, 198, 212 Cooper, Emma:: 201 on life at Embley:: 110–11 Cornford, Francis Macdonald:: 140 meets half-sister, Frances:: 198, 201–2 Corrie, Sara:: 31 Duff, Patrick:: 207 Corrie, Thomas:: 21 Dunn, Henry:: 45 Cotta, Alix von:: 126 duty:: 4–5 Cotton family (AHC’s friends):: 39, 40 AHC and:: 4, 42, 51 cotton trade:: 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 20, 33–4, 218n24 AJC’s sense of:: 4, 40, 41, 213 Coventry; Misses Franklin’s girls’ school:: 24 Anne Clough’s sense of:: 10 Creak, Edith:: 91, 92 BAC and:: 136–7, 138, 159–60, 213–14 Crimean War:: 60 women’s considering work as:: 40, 41 Crofton, Louisa:: 58, 60, 72, 103 Crofts, Ellen (Mrs Darwin):: 105, 133 education Crowder family:: 8, 9, 12 AJC’s own:: 10, 11, 14, 15, 31, 39, 46, Crowder, Clough & Co.:: 8, 9, 217n8 (self-education):: 24–5, 41, 98, 211 Crowder, Eliza (Mrs John Perfect):: xii, 8 AJC’s reform work:: 1, 2, 72–83, 97–8, 210–11; Crowder (née Perfect), Eliza:: xii, 8 breadth of vision:: 102, 126; ‘Hints on the Crowder, Thomas:: xii, 8, 9 Organization of Girls’ Schools’:: 75–7;on‘a Crowder, Thomas Jr:: xii, 30 room of one’s own’:: 97–8, 212; and Cumming, Lucy (Mrs Smith):: 64, 75 University Extension:: 4, 94–5, 210; visiting cycling:: 206, 211 lecturer scheme:: 76, 78–81 boys’, development of formal:: 10, 74 dancing:: 14, 186 widening of access:: 4, 83, 94–5, 210 Darwin, Charles; On the Origin of Species:: 87 see also examinations; schools; teachers, Darwin (née Crofts), Ellen:: 105, 133 women school-; universities; women Darwin, Frank:: 133 (education); and individual institutions Davies, Emily:: 73, 78, 79, 90, 123, 138 Edward, Prince of Wales:: 118–19 and examinations:: 74, 82, 88, 107 Eliot, George (pseud. of Marian Evans):: 4, 24, insists on identical educational provision for 214 both sexes:: 74, 81, 88, 98, 107 Eller How, Ambleside:: 54, 84 and Newcastle Memorial:: 107 school:: 55–9, 60, 66, 73–4, 195, 211 and Taunton Commission:: 75 Elles, Gertrude:: 163, 165 Defoe, Daniel:: 21 Ellis, Clough Williams:: 197 Dicey, A. V.:: xiii, 95, 103, 130 Elmy, Elizabeth Wolstenholme:: 79 Dicey (née Bonham Carter), Elinor:: xiii, 72, 73, Embley Park, Hants:: 110–11, 137 82–3, 95, 101 Emerson, Ralph Waldo:: 68 Dickens, Charles:: 19 employment, women’s:: 25, 73, 139–40, 173, 174, Dissenters:: 28 212 district visiting:: 26, 29, 41 Endowed Schools Statutory Commission:: Doyle, Jane:: 25, 31 184 drama, student:: 188 English Woman’s Journal:: 73 Draper (BAC’s cook-housekeeper):: 203 Essays and Reviews:: 61 Duff, Frances:: 154, 198, 201–2 Eton College:: 74, 110 Duff, Hester:: 206 evacuees, World War II:: 203, 205 Duff, John:: xi, 154, 155, 195 Evangelicalism:: 15, 26–7, 42, 114 Duff (née Clough), Lily Frances Katharine Evans, Marian:: see Eliot, George (AJC’s niece):: xi, 153–4, 195 Ewart, Mary:: 95, 97, 101, 121 Duff, Lily Katharine (Kitty, BAC’s ward):: xi examinations and BAC:: 154–6, 160, 194–5, 198–9, 209, 210; Newnham entrance:: 121 correspondence:: 167–8, 204, 205 Previous or ‘Little-Go’:: 107, 108, 123, 171

Index 255

for women’s admission to Cambridge Fox How, near Ambleside:: 37, 55 lectures:: 90 Franklin, Mary and Rebecca; girls’ school, see also Cambridge Local Examination Coventry:: 24 Syndicate; Tripos examinations Fraser, Caroline:: 14 Frederick, Empress (Victoria Adelaide Mary faith Louise, Princess Royal of Great Britain):: AHC and:: 1, 3, 38, 41–4, 48, 69, 85–7, 213 126 AJC’s:: 15, 26, 27–8, 64, 128–9, 213 Freshfield, Douglas:: 134, 148–9 BAC’s lack of:: 4, 128–9, 213 Freshfield, Eleanor:: see Clough, Eleanor Clough family background:: 15, 26, 41–2 Freshwater, Isle of Wight:: 61 crisis of 19th century:: 1, 3–4, 27–8, 42–3 friendships denominational segregation in Liverpool:: 23 problems of between men and women of the Froude’s loss:: 67 same class:: 51–2 Newnham non-denominational:: 4, 92–3, 96, role and nature of same-sex:: 200–3 130–1 Froebel, Friedrich Wilhelm August:: 47 in Oxford University:: 42–3, 67, 87, 175–6 Froude, James Anthony:: 67, 68, 133 revivalism:: 15 Froude, Richard Hurrell:: 42 separation of morality and theology:: 44, 86, 213 Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand:: 200 Sidgwick and:: 3–4, 85–7 gardens see also Anglican Church; Evangelicalism; BAC and:: 121, 122, 137, 155, 189 Unitarianism; universities (religious tests) see also under Newnham College, Cambridge family networks:: 3 Gardiner, Margaret Isabella:: 163 Clough:: 1, 8, 9, 23–4, 30, 148 Gardner, Alice:: 120, 145, 165, 177 Stephen:: 148 Garrett, Newson:: 125 family responsibilities, women academics’:: 137, Garrod, Dorothy:: 164 153 Gascoigne, General W. R.:: 151 Farnham, Wilts; Museum Hospital:: 153 Gaskell (née Stevenson), Elizabeth:: 73 Fawcett, Henry:: 88, 125, 152 gentility:: 2, 25, 212 Fawcett, Millicent Garrett:: 88, 89, 90, 117, 125 Germany Fawcett, Philippa:: 113, 124, 125 AJC visits:: 49, 72, 122 London County Council post:: 155 higher education for women in:: 126 Mathematics Tripos triumph:: 123, 125 Girls’ Public Day School Company:: 102, 125 sets up educational system in Transvaal:: 153, Girton College, Cambridge 155 Amy Bulley moves to Newnham from:: 98 staff lecturer at Newnham:: 148 and Asquith Commission:: 181 world tour:: 147–52, 153, 210 beginnings at Hitchin:: 90 Field, Michael (pseud. of Katharine Harris and examinations:: 107, 108, 171 Bradley and Emma Cooper):: 201 fiftieth birthday garden party:: 171 finance and Newcastle Memorial:: 107 funding of women’s colleges:: 173, 174, 175–6, numbers of students:: 109 182–3 opposition to gradualist approach:: 107, 134 see also under individual members of Clough symbolic importance:: 109 family and Newnham College, Cambridge and Syndicates on admission of women:: Firth, Catherine:: 165 138–9, 140, 171, 176 Fisher, H. A. L.:: 171, 172, 183, 184 see also Davies, Emily Fisher (née Ilbert), Lettice:: 172 Gladstone, Helen:: 119–20, 120, 125, 137 Fitch, J. G.:: 80 Gladstone, William Ewart:: 87 Fleming (née Healey), Selina:: 56, 60, 66, 195 Glasgow, University of; Queen Margaret Florence, Italy:: 62–3, 116–17 College:: 169 Folly Hill, Hale Purlieu:: 198–9, 200, 202, Gow, Edith Annette:: 149 203–4, 207 gradualist approach:: 79, 81, 83, 127, 211 Forestry Commission:: 197 Girton opposition to:: 107, 134 Fort Sumter, South Carolina:: 11 Sidgwick and:: 123, 134, 138 Fowle, Miss (missionary):: 148 Graham, Will, MP:: 183

256 Index

Grantchester churchyard, AJC buried in:: see also under Clough, Anne Jemima; Clough, 129 Arthur Hugh (AJC’s brother); Clough, Grasmere:: 37–8 Blanche Athena Great Lakes:: 18, 19, 152 Jowett, Benjamin:: 61, 67, 68, 78, 82, 85 Greek AJC’s learning of:: 24 Kanchenjunga:: 148–9, 150 compulsory, for Cambridge entrance:: 107, Keble, John:: 42 123, 171 Kennedy, Benjamin Hall:: 106 Grier, Lynda:: 165, 169–70 Kennedy, Julia:: 121, 130 Kennedy, Marion:: 103, 105, 121, 130, 134, 152 Hall, Radclyffe; The Well of Loneliness:: 201 Kennedy, Mary:: 91, 98, 99 Harrison, Jane Ellen:: 145–6, 146, 165, 172, 191, Kenny, Courtney Stanhope:: 178 192 Keynes, Neville and Florence:: 121 and election of Principal:: 170 King, Grace:: 126 favouritism:: 158, 202 King William’s College, Isle of Man:: 23 and institutional structure of Newnham:: 156, 158, 162, 211 laboratories, women’s access to:: 102, 175, 185 Harvard University:: 126, 152 Ladies’ Institute, 19 Langham Place, Hawkins, Edward:: 43 Kensington:: 73 Hawthorne, Nathaniel:: 21, 23, 24, 25–6 Ladies’ National Association:: 79 Healey, Selina:: see Fleming, Selina Lake District:: 37–8 Hendon; Highﬁeld boarding school:: 112 see also Ambleside Herbert, Sidney:: 60–1 Lalla (servant in India):: 149 Herringham, Christiana:: 145 Lance, Maria Snr:: 17, 224n60 Highﬁeld boarding school, Hendon:: 112 Lance, Maria (Mrs Bacot):: 14, 20, 24, 32, 116 Himalayas:: 148–9, 150 Lange, Helena:: 126 Hitchin, university college for women at:: 90 Langham Place set:: 73 see also Girton College, Cambridge Lawrence, Penelope:: 105 Holden, Ruth:: 165 Lea Hurst, Derbyshire:: 60, 62 Holland:: 125 lectures Hollond, H. A.:: 189 AJC and North of England Council scheme:: Home and Colonial School Society:: 47, 56 76, 78–81 homosociality women’s access in Cambridge:: 88, 90, 93, 143, female friendships:: 200–1 175, 185 male middle-class worlds:: 51–2 Lee, Jane:: 120, 120, 137 Hong Kong:: 151 Leeds Horner, Joanna:: 63 North of England Council:: 79–80 Horner, Leonard:: 62, 63 University of:: 165, 169 Horner, Susan:: 63, 64 lesbianism:: 201 Housman, A. E.:: 188 Levett, Ada:: 190 libraries India:: 147–50 circulating:: 14, 80 Inglis, Elsie:: 164 lending, Liverpool:: 41 Ireland:: 23, 117, 127 women’s access to Cambridge:: 175, 185 Isle of Man; King William’s College:: 23 ‘Little-Go’ or Previous Examination:: 107, 108, Italy:: 48, 50, 62–3, 191 123, 171 Ito, Marquess:: 151 Liveing, George Downing:: 97 Liverpool:: 22 Japan:: 151–2 AJC in:: 21–54, 78–9 Jex-Blake, Henrietta:: 112 Clough family houses:: 21, 23, 30–1, 38, 44, 54 Jex-Blake, Katharine:: 112, 139, 140, 173, 181, economy:: 21, 23 183 ethnic and sectarian tensions:: 23 journals Finch House, West Derby:: 12 Evangelical self-examination:: 26–7, 114 Hawthorne on:: 21, 23, 24, 25–6

Index 257

James Clough moves to:: 7 Martineau, Harriet:: 38, 54, 55, 66 lecture scheme:: 78–9, 79–80 Martineau, Jane:: 77 lending library:: 41 Martineau, Rachael:: 112 and North of England Council:: 79–80 Mathematics Tripos, women’s success in:: 107, St David’s Church:: 26 123, 125 St James’ Cemetery:: 36 Matthews, Miss (BAC’s housekeeper):: 204 schools:: 31, 112; AJC’s:: 1, 30–2, 33–4, 35, 38, Maurice, Frederick Denison:: 74 40–1, 212; AJC and Augusta Melville, Frances:: 169–70, 190 Wotherspoon’s:: 49; Welsh Girls’ Day:: 25, Melville, Herman; Redburn:: 220n2 41; Welsh Sunday:: 25, 41 Merrifield, Margaret:: 105 Lizzy (slave):: 16, 34 Merton Hall, Cambridge:: 92–4, 112 London Metcalfe, Fanny, and sister, of Highfield School, AJC’s teacher training in:: 45, 46–7 Hendon:: 112 BAC in:: 198, 199–200, 205–6, 207, 212, 213 middle class, changes affecting:: 2, 23–4, 212–13 Bedford College:: 77–8, 95, 170 Mid-Winterslow, Wiltshire:: 197 Bishopsgate, plan for girls’ school in:: 90 Migault, Annie Gabrielle:: 49, 91 British and Foreign School Society’s Normal Migault (née Wotherspoon), Augusta:: 31, 33, 41, School, Borough Road:: 46–7 49, 72, 122 Campden Hill Road, AHC’s house:: 66, 72–3 Mill, John Stuart:: 74, 88 Clapham girls’ day school:: 125 Mill-Taylor scholarship:: 90, 91 North London Collegiate School:: 74 Milne, A. A.; Belinda:: 188 Queen’s College, Harley Street:: 74, 77 Mirrlees, Hope:: 202 Rosary Gardens, Kensington:: 199 missionaries:: 148, 149 Royal Holloway College:: 155 Montmorency, Falls of:: 19 University, and women:: 78, 107 Moore, George; Esther Waters:: 128 University College:: 194–5 morality:: 4–5, 16, 17 University Hall:: 48, 49, 52 faith as distinct from:: 44, 86, 213 Working Women’s College, Fitzroy Street:: see also duty 121 Morell, Rev. John Daniel:: 45–6 London Association of Schoolmistresses:: 79, 112 mortgages:: 54, 97, 154, 195 London County Council:: 155 Mosley family:: xii, 217n8 London and National Society for Women’s Munby, A. J.:: 51 Service (formerly London Society for Murat, Prince Lucien:: 14 Women’s Suffrage):: 165, 199–200, 212, 213 Murray, Gilbert:: 172 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth; daughters:: 100, Muspratt, Mrs (BAC’s housekeeper):: 204 126 Myers, Eveleen; photograph of AJC:: 57, 133–4 Lowry, H. F.:: 200 Myers, Frederic William Henry:: 4, 80, 85–6, 96 Lucknow:: 149 Lushington, Godfrey:: xiii, 84, 95 Napoleonic Wars:: 7 National Association for the Promotion of Social McConnon, Margaret:: 31 Science:: 74 Mackworth Praed family:: 197 National Society:: 46 Macmillan’s Magazine; AJC’s ‘Hints on the Nellie (BAC’s maid):: 203 Organization of Girls’ Schools’:: 75–7 New Forest:: 111, 123, 135 McNair, Arnold Duncan:: 178, 180, 185 see also Burley; Folly Hill Malvern water cure:: 61 Newcastle:: 80, 107 Manchester:: 79–80 Memorial on admission of women to Markby, Thomas:: 80, 82, 88 Cambridge:: 107–8 Marshall, Alfred:: 98, 105, 106, 126–7, 139 Newman, John Henry:: 42, 189 Marshall, Ann:: 8–9, 12, 15, 18 Newnham College, Cambridge:: 84–109 Marshall, Frances (Mrs Partridge):: 186, 188, 191 Aikin Fund:: 101 Marshall, Mary Paley:: see Paley, Mary antecedents: women students’ houses:: 90–2, Marshall, Sarah (Mrs Toynbee):: 195 92–4, 112 Martin, Mary:: 105 Arthur Hugh Clough Scholarship:: 136

258 Index

Newnham College, Cambridge (cont.) selection of students:: 100, 121 Associates:: 137, 138, 139, 145, 162, 171 self-government:: 158, 162–3 Association for the Higher Education of Sidgwick Avenue:: 119, 122, 137 Women:: 93, 98, 103 Sidgwick memorials:: 156, 177, 178 Book of Benefactors:: 177 staff committee:: 147, 162 buildings:: 156; Champneys’ designs:: 95, 131, staff in 1890:: 120 144; Clough Hall:: 118–19, 121–2, 167, student involvement in College government:: (dining hall):: 119, 126; Clough Memorial 187 Gates:: 131, 142, 144, 179, 180–1; gymnasium teachers educated at:: 100–2, 109; reduced and lawn tennis court:: 102; Kennedy fees:: 91, 100–1, 105 Building:: 144; kitchen:: 156; laboratories:: teaching staff’s conditions:: 105, 144, 145, 102; Library:: 144; Old Hall (formerly 146–7, 162 Newnham Hall and South Hall):: 94–8, and Tripos examinations:: 100, 106, 117, 123, 106, 119; Peile Hall:: 156; Pfeiffer Building:: 125, 151 144; Principal’s accommodation:: 97, 144; vandalism after 1921 vote against degrees for Sidgwick Hall (formerly North Hall):: women:: 179, 180–1 103–6, 119 in World War I:: 163–6, 177, 211, 213 chaperonage:: 93, 113, 186–9 see also Cambridge University (women’s Charter and Statutes:: 162–3, 168–9 access; women’s degrees and membership) Clough family papers:: 207 Nicholson, William:: 192 committee organisation:: 121 Nightingale, Florence:: xiii, 60–1, 73, 85, 135, 167 Council:: 136, 176, 178, 181; power:: 168–9 Nightingale, William Shore (formerly Smith):: cycling proﬁciency tests:: 211 xiii, 60, 110, 135, 137 dramatic performance:: 188 Nightingale, William Edward (‘Uncle Night’):: election of Principal:: 169–70, 190 xiii, 60, 62, 110 ﬁnances:: 106, 144, 145, 161, 165–6; AJC’s non-resident members’ voting rights generosity:: 97, 101, 103; Jubilee appeal:: Cambridge:: 142, 171, 177, 181, 184 177; Newnham Hall Company:: 94, 96–7; Oxford abolishes:: 171 Nora Sidgwick and:: 103, 105, 137, 161 North London Collegiate School:: 74 founders:: 95–6, 161, 211 North of England Council for Promoting the freehold of land:: 144 Higher Education of Women:: 80–3, 90, gardens:: 121, 122, 137, 177, 178, 211 94, 211 and Girton College:: 107, 138–9, 140, 171 Norton, Charles Eliot:: 54, 134, 152 Governing Body:: 168–9, 171, 190 and AHC’s poetry:: 50–1, 52, 67, 68, 69 history by Alice Gardner:: 177 Norton, Sally:: 134 institutional structures:: 119–21, 144–7, 156, nursing:: 60, 164–5 158, 211 Jubilee:: 177–8, 178 obituaries lecturers:: 105, 144, 145, 146–7 BAC writes for Newnham Roll Letter:: 206–7 library:: 94, 102–3, 120–1, 144 The Times draft of BAC’s:: 206 men’s involvement important to:: 108, 168, Ogilby, William, British Consul in Charleston:: 178 17, 218n29 Newnham Hall Company:: 94–8, 103 Owens College, Manchester:: 80 non-denominational foundation:: 4, 92–3, 96, Oxford University 130–1 Balliol networks:: 53–4, 58, 85 numbers of students:: 109 Chatham House evacuated to:: 205 Old Students’ Club:: 121, 126, 162, 164, Clough family papers:: 207 192 coaching:: 30, 32, 36, 37, 93 overseas contacts:: 100, 126 non-resident members’ voting rights pigs in wartime:: 211, 213 abolished:: 171 political debates:: 117, 126–7 religious issues:: 42–3, 67, 87 research fellowships:: 145–6, 152–3, 162 visiting lecturer scheme:: 78 Roll Letter:: 206–7, 211 women:: 78, 126, 138, 139; admission:: 170–1, rules:: 92, 93, 106, 113, 186–9 173, 181; Asquith Commission and:: 173, schoolmistresses’ conference:: 102 174, 175–6; Lady Margaret Hall:: 170,

Index 259

175–6; St Hugh’s College:: 175–6; Portmeirion:: 197 Somerville College:: 126 Pritchett, V. S.:: 52 see also under Clough, Arthur Hugh (AJC’s Privy Council brother) Education Department:: 2, 53–4, 58–9, 61, 62, Oxford Movement:: 42 134, 135 Newnham petitions for Charter and Statutes:: Paley, Mary (Mrs Marshall) 162–3, 168–9 AJC’s bequest to:: 130 professions:: 2–3, 171, 212–13 death:: 206–7 prostitution:: 79 at Newnham:: 91, 98, 99, 105, 106, 107 Pusey, Edward Bouverie:: 42 marriage:: 105, 126, 139 Paley, Rev. Thomas:: 107 Queen’s College, Harley Street:: 74, 77 Palgrave, Francis Turner:: 67, 69, 70 Quillinan family of Ambleside:: 66 Pall Mall Gazette:: 125 Palmer, Miss:: 46 R.D. (possible suitor for AJC):: 19, 27 Pankhurst, Christabel:: 199 Radcliffe College:: 126, 152 Paris:: 48, 191, 201 radio:: 204 Parkes, Bessie Rayner:: 73 Ramsay, Agnata:: 123 Parliament, Acts of Ramsey, Michael:: 163 Bankruptcy (1825):: 9 Ratcliffe (née Wilkinson), Jane:: 56, 60 Companies (1862–7):: 103 rationing, wartime:: 165, 204, 206 Contagious Diseases:: 79 Rayleigh, Lady (Evelyn Georgiana Mary Strutt, Endowed Schools (1869):: 102 née Balfour):: 108 Pensions (1946):: 207 Red Cross Hospital, Cambridge:: 165 Reform (1832):: 15, 42 Reid, Elizabeth Jesser:: 77 Representation of the People (1918):: 170 Reyner, George:: 96 Sex Discrimination (Removal) (1919):: 171, Rhoda (BAC’s cook-housekeeper):: 203 178 Richards, Audrey:: 187–8 Parry, Dr:: 169, 185 Richmond, William Blake; portrait of AJC:: 126 Parry, Miss (Liverpool school proprietor):: 31 Rickett, Mary Ellen:: 120, 125, 137 Partridge (née Marshall), Frances:: 186, 188, 191 Riley, Edith:: 166 Pattison, Mark:: 78 riot over 1921 vote against admission of women:: Peile, Annette:: 121 179, 180 Peile, John:: 95, 121, 139, 143 Ritchie, Anne Thackeray:: 117 Penrose, Emily:: 172, 173 Ritchie family of Bhagalpur:: 149 People’s Charter:: 44 Roman Republic:: 48, 50 Pepper, Mr (Chester school proprietor):: 10, 12 Ross, Jane:: 35, 38 Perfect family:: 8 Rothenstein, William; drawing of BAC:: 192, Cloughs’ visits to:: 10, 12, 21, 32–3 193 family tree:: xii Royal Commissions:: see Asquith Commission; support Cloughs and Crowders financially:: 8, Clarendon Commission; Taunton 9, 30 Commission Perfect, Eliza (Mrs Crowder):: xii, 8 Royal Holloway College:: 155 Perfect (née Crowder), Eliza:: xii, 8 Royal Institute of International Affairs, Perfect, Henry Thomas:: xii, 9 Chatham House:: 195, 205 Perfect, John Mosley:: xii, 8, 9 Rugby School Perfect, William:: xii, 58 AHC at:: 14, 21, 23, 42, 70 Perfect, William Mosley:: xii, 30 Arnold’s reshaping:: 15, 28, 42, 70 Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich:: 47 Sidgwick at:: 84 Pfeiffer, Emily:: 144 Russell, Bertrand:: 158 Pickering, G.; Liverpool from Toxteth Park, 1834:: Russia, Newnham support to wartime hospital 22 units in:: 164–5 pigs, Newnham:: 211, 213 Pilcher family:: 31 sabbatical leave, paid:: 146–7 Poe, Edgar Allan; The Gold-Bug:: 10 St Lawrence River:: 19

260 Index

Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne Cecil, Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy:: 3rd Marquis of:: 119 87 Saunders, Rebecca:: 120 and lectures for women:: 88 Schiller, Friedrich von:: 43 and Newcastle Memorial:: 107, 108 scholarships for women in Cambridge:: 90 and Newnham: beginnings:: 88, 90, 91–2, Arthur Hugh Clough:: 136 92–3; establishment of Hall:: 95–6, 96–7; Mill-Taylor:: 90, 91 expansion:: 103, 106, 118, 119; memorials:: schools 156, 177, 178; pig named after:: 211, 213; boys’: boarding:: 10, 11; middle-class day:: 74; residence in:: 105–6 public:: 74–5,(see also Eton College; Rugby as politician:: 87–8, 123, 152–3 School) portrait by J. J. Shannon:: 121 elementary:: 25–6, 41, 73 and Sidgwick Avenue:: 119 girls’:: 1, 73–4, 101–2, 190, 212; AJC’s plans for and teaching reform:: 94 networks of intellectually ambitious:: 45–7, Sidgwick (née Balfour), Eleanor (Nora):: 103, 210; boarding:: 73, 74, 112, 163; Boards of 104, 105 Governors:: 95; charitable and Sunday:: and Asquith Commission:: 173 25–6, 41; Endowed Schools Act (1869) and:: and degrees for women:: 138, 143 102; large institutional day-:: 74, 102, 125; donations to Newnham:: 161 private day-:: 24, 31, 163, 224n60, (AJC’s in gradualist approach:: 134 Liverpool):: 1, 30–2, 33–4, 35, 38, 40–1, 49, at Jubilee Garden Party:: 178, 178 212, (Eller How):: 1, 55–9, 60, 66, 73–4, 195, mathematics teaching:: 103 211; proprietary or limited company offices at Newnham: Bursar:: 161; Principal:: model:: 66 137, 159; Treasurer:: 103, 105, 137, 161; Sunday:: 25, 41 Vice-Principal in charge of North Hall:: see also teachers, women school- 105–6 Scott, Charlotte:: 107 pig named after:: 211, 213 Scottish Women’s Federation of Suffrage portrait by J. J. Shannon:: 121 Societies:: 164 and self-government:: 169 Scottish Women’s Hospitals group:: 164–5 and Sidgwick Avenue:: 119 Sedgwick, Adam:: 143 and Three Graces:: 108 Seebohm, Winnie:: 113, 117 Silcox, Lucy:: 113, 115, 163, 205 Shaen, Roscoe and Massey, solicitors:: 95 Simplon pass:: 39 Shaen, William:: 95, 103 skating on fens:: 166 Shairp, John Campbell:: 52 Slater, Jessie:: 181–2 Shannon, James Jebusa:: 121, 126, 134 slavery:: 9, 15–17, 19, 34 Sharpley, Ada:: 163 Smith, Beatrice Anne (Mrs Lushington):: xiii, Sharpley, Edith:: 120, 124 72 and BAC:: 113, 115–16, 117, 128, 189 Smith, Bertha Elizabeth (Mrs Coltman):: xiii, and Book of Benefactors:: 177 111 death:: 206 Smith, Blanche Mary Shore:: see Clough, and Kitty Duff:: 163, 167 Blanche Mary resident lecturer:: 113, 117, 158 Smith, Henry Babington:: 135, 148 retirement:: 189 Smith, Julia:: 73 Sheffield:: 79–80 Smith (née Cumming), Lucy:: 64, 75 shipping, transatlantic:: 12, 17 Smith (née Shore), Mary (Mai):: xiii, 52, 135 Sidgwick, Henry:: 84–8, 86 and AJC:: 66, 73 AJC’s collaboration with:: 82, 87–8, 91–2 and Clough children:: 110–11 and BAC as a child:: 111 and Florence Nightingale:: 60, 61 BAC’s assessment of:: 152–3 Smith, Samuel:: xiii, 52, 53, 58–9, 60, 61, 66, and Blanche Clough:: 84–5, 86–7 110–11 death:: 152–3 AJC taken into family house:: 66, 67, 72–3, and degrees for women:: 123, 138, 139 74, 82, 110 and examinations for women:: 81–2, 100, 106, Smith, William Shore (later Nightingale):: xiii, 107, 108 60, 110, 135, 137 faith:: 3–4, 85–7, 93 Snowden (née Annakin), Ethel, Viscountess gradualist approach:: 123, 134, 138 Snowden:: 199

Index 261

Social Science Association:: 74 university education for:: 77, 87–8, 100–2, South Africa, Philippa Fawcett in:: 153, 155 105, 109, 174; financial assistance:: 91, Southwold; St Felix school:: 163, 167–8, 191 100–1, 105, 109 Spectator, The:: 87–8 voluntary:: 25–6, 41 Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn:: 75 telegrams, commercial code used in:: 151 Statutory Commission:: 184–5 Tennyson, Alfred, Baron Tennyson, and family:: Stawell, Melian:: 167 61, 62, 67 steamboat, James Butler Clough and:: 11 Tennyson, Lionel and Mrs:: 117 Stephen (née Smith), Barbara, Lady Stephen:: Thackeray, William Makepeace; Vanity Fair:: 73 xiii, 163, 198, 199, 206, 207, 209 theology:: see faith Stephen, Sir Harry:: xiii, 155, 163, 198, 199, 203, Thersites (student magazine):: 166 207, 209 Thompson (née Smith), Elizabeth Yates:: 144 Stephen, Herbert:: 151 Thompson, Henry Yates:: 144 Stephen, J. K. (Jem):: 122, 128, 161 Thomson, Henry Byerley:: 2, 4 Stephen, Katharine:: 120, 120–1, 122, 128 Times, The; draft obituary of BAC:: 206 and Asquith Commission:: 173 Tipper (née Elam), Constance:: 164 and BAC:: 113, 155, 209 Toynbee, Arnold:: 195 and chaperonage rules:: 188–9 Toynbee, Jocelyn:: 195, 205 character:: 161–2 Toynbee, Margaret:: 205 and cycling proficiency tests:: 211 Toynbee (née Marshall), Sarah:: 195 death:: 199 Tractarians:: 42 family:: 148, 161–2 Trevelyan, George Macaulay:: 175 and Kitty Duff:: 163 Tripos examinations, women and:: 99, 100, Principal of Newnham:: 159–60, 161–2, 106–8, 190 169 care for candidates:: 125, 151 Stephen, Rosamond:: 203 certification:: 106–8, 138, 139–40 Stocks, C. L.:: 172–3 Classical:: 123 Stoney, Edith:: 165 Mathematics:: 107, 123, 125 Strachey, Lytton:: 155–6, 191 Moral Sciences:: 106 Strachey, Pernel:: 171, 188, 207 optional at Newnham:: 100, 117 and BAC:: 113, 155–6, 190–1, 200, 202, 204, Three Graces on:: 106, 108, 138 209; in BAC’s will:: 199; drafts obituary:: Trollope, Anthony 206; and purchase of Folly Hill:: 198, 200 The Bertrams, on professions:: 2, 212 at Jubilee Garden Party:: 178, 178 The Eustace Diamonds:: 51–2 and Kitty Duff:: 155–6, 163 Trotter, Coutts:: 95 Principal of Newnham:: 190 Tuke, Margaret (Meta):: 120, 170 Strachey, Philippa (Pippa):: 165, 190, 199–200, Twining (née Arnold), Mary:: 47 205, 209 Stuart, James:: 79, 94 Unitarianism:: 38, 52, 77, 112, 144 suffrage, women’s:: 73, 126–7, 165, 170, United States of America 199 AJC in:: 6–20 Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina:: 10, 11 BAC visits:: 152, 155 Swain, Lorna:: 165, 181–2 Kitty Duff visits:: 198 Sydney, University of:: 52, 126 universities:: 126, 152 Symonds, John Addington:: 72, 84 universities religious tests:: 42, 67, 85; abolished:: 87, 147 Tabor, Margaret:: 148, 149, 150 separate women’s proposed:: 139, 171, 172 Taunton Commission:: 74–5 teaching system:: 93, 147, 184–5 AJC’s submission:: 75–7, 78 widening of access:: 4, 94–5, 210 Taylor, Helen:: 90 women admitted to lectures:: 80, 90, 93, 143, Taylor, Sedley:: 106 175, 185 teachers, women school- women granted degrees:: 107, 139; see also associations:: 79, 112 under Cambridge University; Oxford first national conference:: 102 University respectability:: 25, 212 see also individual universities training:: 44–7, 49 University Extension Movement:: 4, 94–5, 210

262 Index

Vaughan, Halford:: 196 46, 73, (challenged):: 76–7, 83, 97–8;in Venn, John:: 106 elementary schools:: 73; see also schools Verrall (n´ee Merriﬁeld), Margaret:: 117, 138, 145 (girls’); teachers, women school-; and under on AJC:: 208–9 Cambridge University; Oxford University; and BAC:: 113, 115, 137–8, 209 universities Victoria Adelaide Mary Louise, Princess Royal of employment:: 25, 73, 139–40, 173, 174, 212 Great Britain, Empress Frederick of family responsibilities:: 3, 58, 137, 153 Germany:: 126 industrial work:: 165 opportunities for middle class:: 23–4, 25, 40, Wales, Prince and Princess of:: 118–19 41, 111, 212–13 war work:: 164–5, 177 in professions:: 2–3, 171, 212–13 Ward, Mrs Humphry (Mary Arnold):: 56, voluntary work:: 25–6, 29, 32, 38, 41, 49, 126 199–200 Ward, William George:: 42–3 war work:: 164–5, 177 Welsh schools in Liverpool:: 25–6, 41 Women Welders, Society of:: 165 Westminster Review:: 84 Women’s Penny Paper:: 125 White, Joseph Blanco:: 38 Woolf, Virginia:: 161, 212 Wilberforce, William:: 26, 27 A Room of One’s Own:: 98, 212 Wilkes and Clough:: 7, 217n8 Three Guineas:: 212 Wilkinson, Jane (Mrs Ratcliffe):: 56, 60 Wordsworth, William; The Excursion:: 213–14 William, brig:: 12, 17 working class education:: 73 Wilson, Dr, of Florence:: 63, 66 University Extension Movement:: 4, 94–5, Winkworth, Mrs:: 144 210 Wolstenholme Elmy, Elizabeth:: 79 World War I:: 163–8, 177, 195, 211, 213 women World War II:: 203–6 campaign for rights:: 73,(see also suffrage, Wotherspoon, Augusta:: see Migault, Augusta women’s) Wotherspoon family in Charleston:: 34 education: AJC and campaign for:: 1, 2, Wright, Robert Alderson:: 178 72–83, 97–8, 210–11; BAC and development:: 1–2; domestic model:: 10, 11, Young, Sir Mackworth:: 149