The Project Gutenberg EBook of Cambridge, by Mildred Anna Rosalie Tuker This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: Cambridge Author: Mildred Anna Rosalie Tuker Illustrator: William Matthison Release Date: October 2, 2014 [EBook #47019] Language: English *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAMBRIDGE *** Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images available at The Internet Archive) CAMBRIDGE AGENTS AMERICA THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64 & 66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK AUSTRALASIA THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 205 FLINDERS LANE, MELBOURNE CANADA THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA, LTD. ST. MARTIN'S HOUSE, 70 BOND STREET, TORONTO INDIA MACMILLAN & COMPANY, LTD. MACMILLAN BUILDING, BOMBAY 309 BOW BAZAAR STREET, CALCUTTA [Illustration] [Illustration: THE BRIDGE OF SIGHS, ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE This Bridge joins the Third Court with the Fourth or New Court. The building on the right, seen through the bridge, is the Library, and dates back to 1624.] CAMBRIDGE BY M. A. R. TUKER AUTHOR OF PARTS II. AND III. AND JOINT-AUTHOR OF PARTS I. AND IV. OF THE HANDBOOK TO CHRISTIAN AND ECCLESIASTICAL ROME, AND JOINT-AUTHOR OF 'ROME' IN THIS SERIES PAINTED BY WILLIAM MATTHISON [Illustration] LONDON ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK 1907 _Published May 1907_ Preface "Of making many books there is no end." When I set about writing this book I was ready to believe that the University had not its fair share of the literary output. Cambridge indeed does not appear to suggest, does not lend itself to, the numberless little brochures or hymns of praise which accompany the honoured years of the sister university; in weighty tomes and valuable _collectanea_ of MSS., however, it possesses works (such as Cooper's Annals, the Cole and Baker MSS., and Willis and Clark's Architectural History) not possessed by Oxford and unrivalled, perhaps, by any English town. In the middle of last century the invaluable Fuller was the most readily accessible authority, but the last thirty years have seen the publication of the monumental work of Messieurs Willis and Clark, and of the History of the University by Mr. J. Bass Mullinger, while at the same time the slighter literature of the subject has not been neglected. Nevertheless there is room, I hope, for a short book on the present lines. It is, I believe, the first time that a chapter on the women's colleges has anywhere appeared, and certainly the first time that such a chapter forms part of an account of the University. I have taken pains to authenticate the description here given, for events which occurred thirty--even twenty--years back are now fading out of remembrance and some of those who took part in them are no longer with us. A first and last chapter on the origin of universities and on the sister universities have been omitted for the purposes of this volume. The pleasantest part of my task still remains to be performed--to thank all those, both in and out of Cambridge, who have kindly afforded me facilities, have obtained information on innumerable points, or lightened my labours by lending books. In addition to this welcome assistance my thanks are specially due to Mr. J. Willis Clark, late fellow of Trinity, and Registrary of the University, for sparing time to read the proof sheets of Chapters I. and II.--for sparing time and not sparing trouble; to the Master of Peterhouse and to Dr. A. W. Verrall (fellow and late tutor of Trinity) for reading the proof sheets of portions of Chapter II. and portions of Chapter III.; to Mr. C. W. Moule fellow and librarian of Corpus Christi, Mr. Ellis H. Minns assistant-librarian, and late fellow, of Pembroke, to Miss M. G. Kennedy, and to the Mistress of Girton; to the Assistant Keeper of MSS. at the British Museum, and the Librarian at Lambeth; to Lord Francis Hervey and Sir Ernest Clarke who kindly supplied some annotated references to the school at Bury from the Curteys Register, and last but not least to the Rev. H. F. Stewart (chaplain of Trinity) and Mrs. Stewart, the former of whom has been good enough to read portions of the proof sheets of Chapter IV. For any opinions expressed I am, of course, alone responsible. M. A. R. T. _February 1907._ Contents CHAPTER I THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The northern schools--legends--the town--the river--the fen monasteries--the school of glomery--the religious orders--the jurisdiction of Ely--the clerk and the religious. School and university--Stourbridge fair--the university in the xiii century--foundation of endowed scholars--hostels.....1-51 CHAPTER II THE COLLEGES The university and the colleges--the collegiate system--eras of college building--Peterhouse--Michaelhouse--_collegium_ and _aula_--Clare--college statutes--architectural scheme of a college--Pembroke--founders of colleges--Gonville--Trinity Hall--Corpus Christi--Cambridge in 1353--Chaucer at Cambridge--the schools, library, the university printers and the Pitt Press, the senate house--King's--King's College chapel--Cambridge college chapels--Queens'--English sovereigns at Cambridge--S. Catherine's--Jesus--Christ's--Lady Margaret and Bishop Fisher--S. John's--Magdalene--King's Hall and Trinity College--college libraries--gateways--Caius--monks in Cambridge--Emmanuel--Sidney Sussex--Downing--public hostels--nationality of founders and general scope of their foundations--university and college revenues.....52-156 CHAPTER III THE UNIVERSITY AS A DEGREE-GIVING BODY Meaning of a degree--the kinds of degrees--the bachelor--the ancient exercises of the schools called acts, opponencies, and responsions--the sophister--questionist--determiner--master--regent master--the degree of _M.A._--introduction of written examinations--the tripos. The subjects of study and examination: the _trivium_ and _quadrivium_--grammar--Aristotle's logic--rhetoric--the three learned faculties--the doctorate--development in university studies--the development of the mathematical tripos--the senior wrangler--the classical tripos--Greek at Cambridge--the moral sciences tripos--philosophy at Cambridge--the natural sciences tripos--science at Cambridge--the language triposes--lists of the triposes--changing value of the examination tests--the double tripos--present conditions for the _B.A._ degree--modern changes in the examinations--standard of the ordinary and honour degree, examples. Method of tuition at Cambridge--the lecture--the class--the weekly paper--the professorial chairs--readerships--lectureships--Lambeth degrees--degrees by royal mandate--honorary degrees--the "modern subjects"--and the idea of a university.....157-201 CHAPTER IV COLLEGIATE AND SOCIAL LIFE AT THE UNIVERSITY University and college officers:--chancellor and vice-chancellor--the senate--graces--proctors--bedells--the master of a college--the vice-master or president--the fellows--unmarried and married fellows--the combination room--dons' clubs--'Hobson's choice'--the dons of last century--classes of students:--scholar--pensioner--fellow-commoner--sizar--age of scholars--privileges of peers--position of the sizar--college quarters and expenses--'non-colls'--early discipline--jurisdiction of the university in the town--present discipline:--the proctors--fines--'halls'--'chapels'--town lodgings--expulsion--rustication--'gates'--the tutor--academical dress--cap and gown--the undergraduates' day--the gyp--the college kitchen--'hall'--'wines'--teas--the May term--idleness--rioting--modern studies and tripos entries--athletics--the Union Society--Sunday at Cambridge--scarlet days--academic terms and the long vacation--multiplication of scholarships--class from which the academic population has been drawn and careers of university men:--the Church--the rise of an opulent middle class--the aristocratic era--English conception of the benefits of a university--examples of the classes from which the men have come--recruiting grounds of the university--popularity of colleges--numbers in the colleges--religion at Cambridge--Cambridge politics--university settlement at Camberwell--married dons and future changes.....202-249 CHAPTER V UNIVERSITY MEN AND NATIONAL MOVEMENTS Men who owe nothing to a university--40 great Englishmen--Cambridge men: the scientists, the poets, the dramatists, other literary men, the philosophers, the churchmen, lawyers, and physicians, the statesmen. National movements: King John and the barons--the peasants' revolt--York and Lancaster--the new world--Charles and the Parliament--James II. and the University--the Declaration of Indulgence--the Nonjurors--William and Mary and Cambridge whiggery--Jacobitism and Toryism at Cambridge in the reign of Anne--George I. and Cambridge--modern political movements. Religious movements: Lollards, the early reformers, the question of the divorce, Lutheranism at Cambridge, later reformers and the Reformation, the English bible, and service books, the Cambridge martyrs, the Puritans, the Presbyterians, the Independents, the Latitudinarians, the Deists, the evangelical movement, the Tractarian movement, anti-calvinism. Intellectual movements: the New Learning and the age of Elizabeth--the Royal Society--the