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Dinosaurios Durante Más De Un Siglo Los Dinosaurios Han Fascinado Tanto a Los Científicos Como Al Público En General, a Jóvenes Y Viejos

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Dinosaurios Durante Más De Un Siglo Los Dinosaurios Han Fascinado Tanto a Los Científicos Como Al Público En General, a Jóvenes Y Viejos 2 Dinosaurios Durante más de un siglo los dinosaurios han fascinado tanto a los científicos como al público en general, a jóvenes y viejos. La palabra dinosaurio significa ‘lagarto terrible’ y sintetiza la impresión que nos producen. Si bien algunos fueron los animales más grandes que nunca han pisado nuestro planeta, otros muchos eran pequeños y ágiles. Los dinosaurios eran reptiles pero, al contrario que los reptiles actuales, tenían las patas situadas en posición vertical por debajo del cuerpo, como los mamíferos, y no hacia los costados, como la mayor parte de los reptiles. Los primeros dinosaurios fueron originariamente pequeños animales bípedos, aunque muchas especies posteriores adquirieron una postura cuadrúpeda y aumentaron enormemente su tamaño. Durante los últimos años se han acumulado pruebas científicas muy contundentes de que pequeños dinosaurios carnívoros dieron origen a las aves durante el período Jurásico. De ahí que, actualmente, las aves estén clasificadas dentro del grupo de los dinosaurios. Se confunde frecuentemente a los dinosaurios con otros tipos de reptiles antiguos, como los alados pterosaurios, y los reptiles acuáticos ictiosaurios, plesiosaurios y mosasaurios, que también aparecen en este libro, aunque ninguno de éstos era realmente un dinosaurio. DOS GRANDES GRUPOS Los dinosaurios vivieron durante la era Mesozoica, que abarca Los dinosaurios se clasifican en dos grandes grupos, según la posición de más de 160 millones de años, desde el período Triásico medio, hace los huesos de su cadera. Los Saurischia o ‘cadera de reptil’ agrupan a 230 millones de años, hasta el final del período Cretácico, hace todos los carnívoros y a los dinosaurios de cuello largo o saurópodos y sus 65 millones de años, cuando un gran asteroide colisionó con la Tierra antepasados los prosaurópodos. Los Saurischia presentan el hueso púbico (rojo) hacia adelante y el hueso isquion (azul) hacia atrás. Los Ornithischia o y destruyó una tercera parte de toda la vida del planeta, incluyendo ‘cadera de ave’ agrupan a todos los herbívoros ornitopódos, tireóforos y los pterosaurios, los reptiles marinos y todos los dinosaurios, marginocéfalos; éstos presentan el hueso púbico (rojo) y el isquion (azul) exceptuando las aves. hacia atrás. 3 CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS DINOSAURIOS Todos los dinosaurios evolucionaron a partir de un antecesor común y no tardaron en divergir en dos líneas evolutivas: los Ornithischia y los Saurischia. Éstas, a su vez, se subdividieron en muchas familias. Edmontosaurini Aves Centrosaurinae Lambeosaurinae Therizinosauria Ornithomimosauria Deinonychosauria Compsognathidae Tyrannosauroidea Chasmosaurini Oviraptosauria Ankylosaurinae Polacanthidae Hypsilophodontidae Nodosauridae Titanosauria Euhelopodidae Macronaria Cetiosauridae Iguanodontidae Allosauridae Protoceratopsidae Dicraeosauridae Stegosauria Vulcanodontidae Diplodocidae Spinosauria Pachycephalosauria Saurópodos Scelidosauridae (herbívoros Coelophysoidea de cuello largo) Abelisauria Ornitópodos Melanorosauridae (herbívoros bípedos) Anchisauridae Tireoforos Plateosauridae Pisanosauridae (herbívoros acorazados y con púas) Marginocéfalos (herbívoros con cuernos y escudo en el cráneo) Prosaurópodos Terópodos (herbívoros primitivos (carnívoros bípedos) de cuello largo) SAURISCHIA DINOSAURIOS ORNITHISCHIA 4 1 2 3 4 LIAOXIORNIS EPIDEXIPtERYX COMPSOGNAtHUS EPIDENDROSAURUS (Pájaro DE Liaoning) (Abanico DE PLUMAS) (MANDíbula HERMOSA) (REPtIL DE LOS áRbOLES) DE 0-1 La más pequeña de todas Dinosaurio carnívoro, terópodo. Vivió hace Pequeño dinosaurio carnívoro, Pequeño dinosaurio carnívoro, las aves primitivas conocidas. 140 millones de años en lo que hoy es terópodo, que vivió hace terópodo, que vivía en los MEtROS Se le conoce por un esqueleto China. Epidexipteryx tiene dientes 150 millones de años en lo que árboles aunque no era capaz de completo encontrado en China que solamente en la parte frontal de las hoy es Europa. Los volar. El epidendrosaurio vivió data de hace 130 millones mandíbulas; éstos son inusualmente paleontólogos han encontrado hace 150 millones de años en lo de años. Algunos científicos largos y proyectados hacia adelante. dos fósiles bien preservados de que hoy es China. El tercer dedo piensan que el esqueleto Se desconoce su utilidad. En la cola tenía Composgnathus. Incluso los de Epidendrosaurus es muy encontrado pertenece a un polluelo. unas plumas largas que utilizaba restos de pequeños lagartos, se largo y es probable que lo Liaoxiornis era un ave que se exclusivamente como reclamo durante la preservan en utilizara para extraer larvas de alimentaba de insectos, era un época de apareamiento, como hace hoy los vientres de ambos insectos de los huecos volador activo. en día el pavo real. especímenes. de los árboles. LONGItUD: 8 centímetros LONGItUD: 30 centímetros LONGItUD: 55 centímetros LONGItUD: 15 centímetros Línea temporal tRIáSICO jURáSICO 5 5 6 7 8 9 ARCHAEOCERAtOPS ANCHIORNIS MICROPACHYCEPHALOSAURUS PISANOSAURUS ARCHAEOPtERYX (CARA con CUERNOS ANtigua) (CASI AvE) (PEqUEñO REPtIL DE CAbEzA GRUESA) (REPtIL DE PISANO) (Ala ANtigua) Dinosaurio herbívoro Dinosaurio carnívoro, terópodo, que Dinosaurio herbívoro marginocéfalo El dinosaurio herbívoro Una de las aves más marginocéfalo cornudo, aunque vivió a finales del período Jurásico, de cabeza gruesa. Es el dinosaurio ornitópodo más primitivo. Vivió primitivas que se conocen. Archaeoceratops es tan primitivo hace 155 millones de años, en lo que con el nombre más largo. Vivió hace a finales del período Triásico, Vivió hace 150 millones de que aún no había desarrollado hoy es China. Debido a la exquisita 70 millones de años en China. hace 220 millones de años, en años en Europa. Sus tales estructuras defensivas. Su preservación de uno de los fósiles Tiene la parte trasera del cráneo lo que hoy es Sudamérica. Fue características permiten principal defensa era una rápida de estos animales, Anchiornis se engrosada formando una cúpula presa de dinosaurios convertirlo en el modelo más carrera, pues podía desplazarse convirtió en el primer dinosaurio baja; ésta es muy dura y le servía para carnívoros; éstos habían claro para estudiar la de forma bípeda o cuadrúpeda. del cual se determinó su entera competir con otros machos aparecido 10 millones de años transición entre dinosaurios y Vivió hace 130 millones de años en coloración en vida, que era blanca, de su especie por el liderazgo de antes, también en aves. No se sabe con certeza China. negra y con una cresta roja. la manada. Sudamérica. si podía batir las alas con LONGItUD: 70 centímetros LONGItUD: 40 centímetros LONGItUD: 50 centímetros LONGItUD: 90 centímetros fuerza y realizar un vuelo completo, o sólo un planeo. LONGItUD: 45 centímetros Millones CREtáCICO de años 6 1 2 3 4 DILONG FULGUROtHERIUM bEIPIAOSAURUS vELOCIRAPtOR (Dragón EMPERADOR) (bEStIA DEL rayo) (REPtIL DE Beipiao) (CAzADOR vELOz) DE 1 a 3 Dinosaurio carnívoro, terópodo, Dinosaurio herbívoro ornitópodo ágil Dinosaurio omnívoro Vivió en lo que hoy es encontrado en China. Vivió perteneciente al grupo de los llamados perteneciente al grupo de los Mongolia, hace 70 millones MEtROS hace 135 millones de años. Está ‘dinosaurios gacela’ o terópodos. Vivió en lo que de años. Es un pequeño estrechamente emparentado Hypsilifodontidos. Vivió hace hoy es China hace cazador terópodo provisto de con el Tyrannosaurus, aunque 134 millones de años en lo que hoy es 130 millones de años. una garra curvada en el es mucho más primitivo y Australia. En un principio se pensó que Beipiaosaurus tiene un pico tercer dedo de cada pie que pequeño. Dilong presentaba un se trataba de un terópodo carnívoro. desdentado. Las impresiones utilizaba para apuñalar a sus plumaje que no le permitía Vivía en manadas y tenía un pico de la piel indican que su presas. Cazaba en grupos. volar; seguramente su función córneo para desgajar hojas. cuerpo estaba cubierto por Una característica notable del era la de conservar el calor LONGItUD: 1,2 metros fibras similares a plumas velociraptor es que estaba corporal. suaves. cubierto de plumas, aunque LONGItUD: 1,6 metros LONGItUD: 2 metros nunca pudo volar. LONGItUD: 1,8 metros Línea temporal tRIáSICO jURáSICO 7 5 6 7 8 9 ANCHISAURUS bAGACERAtOPS COELOPHYSIS MINMI CAUDIPtERYX (REPtIL cercano) (CARA DE PEqUEñOS CUERNOS) (FORMA HUECA) (DE MINMI, UN acantilado (Cola emplumada) Vivió hace 200 millones de años Vivió en lo que hoy es China Dinosaurio carnívoro, terópodo, muy AUStRALIANO) Un extraño dinosaurio en lo que hoy es Norteamérica y hace 80 millones de años. primitivo que vivió en lo que hoy son Vivió en lo que hoy es Australia omnívoro perteneciente al posiblemente en otros lugares del Pertenece al grupo de los los Estados Unidos de América hace hace 130 millones de años. grupo de los terópodos que mundo. Anchisaurus era un dinosaurios marginocéfalos con 215 millones de años. Durante mucho Minmi es uno de los vivió en lo que hoy es China herbívoro primitivo de cuello largo cuernos. Es bastante primitivo y tiempo se pensó que el Coelophysis era dinosaurios tireóforos hace 125 millones de años. o prosaurópodo que caminaba a no tenía ningún cuerno pero sí caníbal, ya que se habían encontrado acorazados más pequeños. La cola del Caudipteryx se dos o a cuatro patas una pequeña prominencia especímenes juveniles “dentro” de las Existen evidencias directas desplegaba actuando alimentándose de la vegetación en el hocico. cavidades abdominales de algunos sobre la alimentación de como estabilizador cuando que arrancaba ayudándose de su LONGItUD: 1 metro adultos, pero más tarde se
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