DOCSLIB.ORG

Cockroaches and Mantids Order Dictyoptera

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cockroaches and Mantids Order Dictyoptera COCKROACHES AND Common Cockroach or Black Beetle MANTIDS Walla "rimlatis ORDER DICTYOPTERA Females are squat, blackish, about 25mm long, with greatly reduced wings. Males are Cockroaches are broad, flattened, robust similar in size, but are browner, with longer insects, with long antennae. The broad pro• wings, although they are still flightless. The notum covers the thorax and most of the egg-case is white, darkening to black, and head. Hindwings leathery, usually shorter in the female carries it for the first few days. the female than the male. The mantids are Nocturnal. closely related, but look rather different, Habitat Native to tropical Asia or Africa, with slender bodies, a long neck, and but now widespread in houses, bakeries, enlarged front legs. They are highly preda• and anywhere warm but dirty. tory, and females often eat the males dur• Status and distribution Common in ing copulation. The eggs are laid in frothy suitable places throughout. masses which harden, and may often be Season At any time, depending on the Australian Cockroach found when the adults are no longer visible. warmth of the habitat. Similar species Cockroaches German Cockroach Blatella germanica is Suborder Blattodea paler and more slender, fully winged and able to fly, though rarely does so. Similar Several tropical species have become well habitats and distribution. established in N Europe in houses and other buildings, as pests. There are also Tawny Cockroach several native species, which have no asso• J-:cI,,/Jilis fil111idlls ciation with man. One of the native cockroaches, which are much smaller than the introduced species. Australian Cockroach This species reaches IOmm in length, is Peri/Jlallcla alislralasil1c fully winged in both of the sexes, and can A large, highly active insect, up to 40mm fly in warm weather. It is basically pale long, with long antennae. Brown, with yel• brown, with the pronotal disc edged with low markings on the wings, and a distinct yellow. yellow margin to the pronotum. Nocturnal Habitat In rough grassland, woods and in habits, fleeing rapidly from light. heaths. Habitat Usually confined to warm build• Status and distribution Widespread, ings, occasionally outside. local and more southern in the UK, and Status and distribution Widespread in throughout the Continent. suitable places throughout. Probably origi• Season 4-10. nally native to Africa, despite its name. Similar species Season Variable, depending on tempera• Dusky Cockroach E. lapponicus. The fe• ture regime. males are flightless, and both sexes are Similar species more slender. In similar habitats. American Cockroach P. americana is lesser Cockroach E. panzeri is smaller usually slightly larger, up to 45mm. The yel• (less than 9mm long) and variable in colour low markings on pronotum and wings are but usually speckled. Males can fly, and barely visible. Probably also African in ori• have narrow forewings; females are flight• gin, but now very widespread in similar less, squat, almost bug-like. Local and places to the Australian Cockroach. mainly coastal in the UK. 82 DICTYOPTERA Mantids EARWIGS Subarder Mantodea ORDER DERMAPTERA A southern, warmth-loving group of Slender, flattened cylindrical insects, with insects, of which only one representative pincer-like cerci, usually markedly curved I reaches N Europe. in males. Some species are wholly wingless, others have much-reduced forewings and * Praying Mantis very thin hindwings. The winged species r Mall/is rel(f;i()sa can fly, but rarely do. Generally nocturnal. A predominantly green species (rarely There are over 30 species in Europe. ...•... ".'f'! bmwn), long and slender - up to 60mm long excluding antennae - yet surprisingly Common Earwig " inconspicuous. Both sexes are winged and (()rficula auricularia can fly, but the male is more slender. The only earwig that is commonly seen. It Habitat Prefers rough grassy places and is 10-13mm long, shiny brown, with scrub. reduced forewings (elytra), and hindwings Status and distribution Throughout that project fmm below the elytra. The southern Europe, reaching northwards to male pincers are broad and flat at their the latitude of N France. base. Young are like miniature adults, and Season 7-1 I. The frothy egg-cases may the female guards them until they disperse. persist over winter, and indicate where Habitat In many habitats, wherever adults may be found. there is sufficient food, and some humid hiding places. Status and distribution Very common STICK INSECTS throughout. ORDER PHASMIDA Season Mainly summer, but may be seen A predominantly tropical group, number• in almost any month as the adults hibernate. ing thousands of species, but only just reaching into S Europe. One species, described below, is frequently kept in homes and laboratories, and occasionally naturalizes. These are well-camouflaged, slender insects, with stick-like bodies and tJf short to medium-length antennae. pincers of lesser Earwig laboratory Sticl<Insect pincers of Common Earwig CLlralfs;lls nlorOSliS A characteristic and well-known stick insect, almost always seen as the female, Similar species which can reproduce parthenogenetically lesser Earwig Labia minar is much (without the eggs being fertilized). Green smaller, about 6-7mm long, with gradually or brown, up to about 10cm long. curved tails. Common in rough places such Habitat Usually in laboratories, but may as nettle patches, especially near houses. e<;(~pe into gardens and waste ground, Nocturnal, occasionally coming to lights. though rarely lasting long. Originally native Apterygida media is intermediate in size; the to SE Asia. hindwings are completely reduced, and not Status and distribution Unpredictable. visible. Widespread throughout, most Season All year indoors, surviving out• commonly seen in flowers or under side only in warm weather. stones. 84 DICTYQPTERA· PHASM!DA DERMAPTERA PSOCIDS OR BOOK-LICE they usually only consist of a few segments ORDER PSOCOPTERA which are clearly visible. Ther'e are gener• ally 2 pairs of wings, with the forewings Tiny soft-bodied insects (not true lice), modified by hardening to a greater or lesser which live on plants or dried cellulose• degr'ce, though some species are wingless. based materials, Some are wingless, others The Hemipter-a are divided into two winged; these hold their wings over- the major- groups on the basis of their wing body in a mof-like structure, resembling characteristics, and some authors give each aphids, but distinguishable fmm them by the status of a separate order. The Het• their longer antennae, Numerous species eropteran Bugs have the forewings occur, with more yet to be descr-ibed, Only clearly divided into two separate areas - a the book-louse is at all familiar, through the tough, leathery basal ar'ea, and a membra• damage it causes. nous tip. The hindwings are always mem• branous, and both pairs are folded flat over Book-louse the body at rest. The heteropterans also TnJp)lflll!ni!sd!(Jrilt1ll have their rostrum arising from the front One of several similar species that occur in of the head, and the antennae never have books, stored paper, and food. They are more than 5 segments. The scutellum, wingless, about 2mm long, with antennae which is part of the thorax, is often pro• almost as long as the body. They eat the longed backwards as a triangle, occasion• paste from the binding of books, eventually ally covering the whole body. causing considerable damage. Habitat Old books, paper, stored food, insect collections and so on. Status and distribution Very common wherever there are Hawthorn Shield bug suitable conditions, throughout. SHIELD BUGS The following bugs on Season All year Heteropteran Bugs indoors. Suborder Heteroptera pages 87-91, from several families, are known collectively as shieldbugs because of Heteropteran bug Homopteran bug their shield-like shape, Most hibernate as Common Flat-bug adults, llradus defJressus Homopteran Bugs have forewings A small flat bug, about 6-8mm long, with a Hawthorn Shieldbug that are of the same texture throughout, Acallthosoma haemorrhoidale very narrow 'neck' just behind the head, whether membranous or leathery, and Book-louse Thorax dark brown, abdomen reddish. A large bug, about 15-17 mm long when they are commonly held roof-wise over adult, typically triangular in shape, Essen• the body rather than flat. The antennae The body shape is adapted for feeding under tree bark, living mainly on fungi. tially green in colou~cEut with a broad tri• have at least 4 segments, sometimes many TRUE BUGS Habitat Under bark of deciduous trees, angle of red on the back~ ORDER HEMIPTERA more. All homopterans are vegetarian, and Habitat Most common on the leaves and on stumps, and among leaf litter. many are slow-moving, passive species; in Status and distribution Widespread fruits of Hawthorn, though also on other A huge family of insects, covering a wide contrast, some heteropterans are animal deciduous trees. and frequent in the south, absent from fur• range of forms, but generally having the feeders, and may be highly mobile. ther north, Status and distribution A southern shared characteristic of mouthparts modi• All bugs pass through nymphal stages, Season Adults visible all year. species, common in England and over most fied into a beak (rostrum), with which they and there is no pupal stage. The young may Similar species of the Continent, but absent further to the suck their food from plants or animals. This resemble the adults, though in many cases Pine Flat-bug A. cinnamomeus is more north. is usually held horizontally under the body they are quite unlike them, Season Adult most of the year, most fre• when not in use. The antennae vary fmm There are about 1,700 species in Britain, orange-coloured, with narrow forewings. Occurs mainly under the bark of conifers. quently seen in spring and autumn. short to quite long, but even when long, and 4,000 or more in N Europe.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Moths Count Newsletter 2011
    16 Moths Count Newsletter 2011 Half Price Membership Offer Why not become a member of Butterfly Conservation for one Moths Count year at half the usual price? Offer available online from 16 th to 3 1st July 2 011 Ne wsl etter 2011 Membership subscriptions are essential to enable us to The NMRS: Pu tting continue all the important work we do to save threatened moths . By taking advantage of this special half price offer you will not Moths on the Map only get yourself a bargain but will also directly contribute to In the early days of the Moths Count project the the survival of these amazing creatures. Moths Count establishment of a National Moth Recording Scheme (NMRS) Contacts was extremely ambitious, particularly as many vice-counties As a member of Butterfly Conservation didn’t have a computerised dataset; records were stored you will receive the following benefits: General enquiries on a card-index or in some cases even on scraps of paper info @butterfly-conservation.org 01929 400209 in cardboard boxes! Furthermore, 34 vice-counties didn’t I New member welcome pack Richard Fox have an active County Moth Recorder. Fortunately, due to I Our exclusive full-colour magazine Butterfly , three times a year Surveys Manager the enthusiasm and willingness of many individuals these I Membership of your local Butterfly Conservation Branch rfox @butterfly-conservation.org 01626 368385 hurdles were overcome. The moth recording community I Opportunities to take part in monitoring and recording schemes Les Hill rose to the challenge of either volunteering themselves for I Regional newsletters and local events Database Manager the vital role of County Moth Recorder or in assisting in lhill @butterfly-conservation.org 01929 406008 the computerisation of hundreds of thousands of paper To take advantage of this special half price offer join online at Zoë Randle records enabling County Recorders to concentrate on the www.butterfly-conservation.org between 16th and 3 1st July Surveys Officer verification of records.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Surveys at Hunsbury Hill Country Park 2018
    FRIENDS OF WEST HUNSBURY PARKS BIOLOGICAL SURVEYS AT HUNSBURY HILL COUNTRY PARK 2018 Ryan Clark Northamptonshire Biodiversity Records Centre April 2019 Northamptonshire Biodiversity Records Centre Introduction Biological records tell us which species are present on sites and are essential in informing the conservation and management of wildlife. In 2018, the Northamptonshire Biodiversity Records Centre ran a number of events to encourage biological recording at Hunsbury Hill Fort as part of the Friends of West Hunsbury Park’s project, which is supported by the National Lottery Heritage Fund. Hunsbury Hill Country Park is designated as a Local Wildlife Site (LWS). There are approximately 700 Local Wildlife Sites in Northamptonshire. Local Wildlife Sites create a network of areas, which are important as refuges for wildlife or wildlife corridors. Hunsbury Hill Country Park was designated as a LWS in 1992 for its woodland flora and the variety of habitats that the site possesses. The site also has a Local Geological Site (LGS) which highlights the importance of this site for its geology as well as biodiversity. This will be surveyed by the local geological group in due course. Hunsbury Hill Country Park Local Wildlife Site Boundary 1 Northamptonshire Biodiversity Records Centre (NBRC) supports the recording, curation and sharing of quality verified environmental information for sound decision-making. We hold nearly a million biological records covering a variety of different species groups. Before the start of this project, we looked to see which species had been recorded at the site. We were surprised to find that the only records we have for the site have come from Local Wildlife Site Surveys, which assess the quality of the site and focus on vascular plants, with some casual observations of other species noted too.
    [Show full text]
  • Bugs & Beasties of the Western Rhodopes
    Bugs and Beasties of the Western Rhodopes (a photoguide to some lesser-known species) by Chris Gibson and Judith Poyser [email protected] Yagodina At Honeyguide, we aim to help you experience the full range of wildlife in the places we visit. Generally we start with birds, flowers and butterflies, but we don’t ignore 'other invertebrates'. In the western Rhodopes they are just so abundant and diverse that they are one of the abiding features of the area. While simply experiencing this diversity is sufficient for some, as naturalists many of us want to know more, and in particular to be able to give names to what we see. Therein lies the problem: especially in eastern Europe, there are few books covering the invertebrates in any comprehensive way. Hence this photoguide – while in no way can this be considered an ‘eastern Chinery’, it at least provides a taster of the rich invertebrate fauna you may encounter, based on a couple of Honeyguide holidays we have led in the western Rhodopes during June. We stayed most of the time in a tight area around Yagodina, and almost anything we saw could reasonably be expected to be seen almost anywhere around there in the right habitat. Most of the photos were taken in 2014, with a few additional ones from 2012. While these creatures have found their way into the lists of the holiday reports, relatively few have been accompanied by photos. We have attempted to name the species depicted, using the available books and the vast resources of the internet, but in many cases it has not been possible to be definitive and the identifications should be treated as a ‘best fit’.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve
    Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve Arthropods are characterized by having jointed limbs and exoskeletons. They include a diverse assortment of creatures: Insects, spiders, crustaceans (crayfish, crabs, pill bugs), centipedes and millipedes among others. Column Headings Scientific Name: The phenomenal diversity of arthropods, creates numerous difficulties in the determination of species. Positive identification is often achieved only by specialists using obscure monographs to ‘key out’ a species by examining microscopic differences in anatomy. For our purposes in this survey of the fauna, classification at a lower level of resolution still yields valuable information. For instance, knowing that ant lions belong to the Family, Myrmeleontidae, allows us to quickly look them up on the Internet and be confident we are not being fooled by a common name that may also apply to some other, unrelated something. With the Family name firmly in hand, we may explore the natural history of ant lions without needing to know exactly which species we are viewing. In some instances identification is only readily available at an even higher ranking such as Class. Millipedes are in the Class Diplopoda. There are many Orders (O) of millipedes and they are not easily differentiated so this entry is best left at the rank of Class. A great deal of taxonomic reorganization has been occurring lately with advances in DNA analysis pointing out underlying connections and differences that were previously unrealized. For this reason, all other rankings aside from Family, Genus and Species have been omitted from the interior of the tables since many of these ranks are in a state of flux.
    [Show full text]
  • The Control of Turkestan Cockroach Blatta Lateralis (Dictyoptera: Blattidae)
    Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 7(2): 375-380, 2020 https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.725807 TÜRK TURKISH TARIM ve DOĞA BİLİMLERİ JOURNAL of AGRICULTURAL DERGİSİ and NATURAL SCIENCES www.dergipark.gov.tr/turkjans Research Article The Control of Turkestan Cockroach Blatta lateralis (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) by The Entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HBH (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) Using Hydrophilic Fabric Trap Yavuz Selim ŞAHİN, İsmail Alper SUSURLUK* Bursa Uludağ University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, 16059, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey *Corresponding author: [email protected] Receieved: 09.09.2019 Revised in Received: 18.02.2020 Accepted: 19.02.2020 Abstract Chemical insecticides used against cockroaches, which are an important urban pest and considered public health, are harmful to human health and cause insects to gain resistance. The entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HBH, were used in place of chemical insecticides within the scope of biological control against the Turkestan cockroaches Blatta lateralis in this study. The hydrophilic fabric traps were set to provide the moist environment needed by the EPNs on aboveground. The fabrics inoculated with the nematodes at 50, 100 and 150 IJs/cm2 were used throughout the 37-day experiment. The first treatment was performed by adding 10 adult cockroaches immediately after the establishment of the traps. In the same way, the second treatment was applied after 15 days and the third treatment after 30 days. The mortality rates of cockroaches after 4 and 7 days of exposure to EPNs were determined for all treatments. Although Turkestan cockroaches were exposed to HBH 30 days after the setting of the traps, infection occurred.
    [Show full text]
  • RESEARCH ARTICLE a New Species of Cockroach, Periplaneta
    Tropical Biomedicine 38(2): 48-52 (2021) https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.38.2.036 RESEARCH ARTICLE A new species of cockroach, Periplaneta gajajimana sp. nov., collected in Gajajima, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan Komatsu, N.1, Iio, H.2, Ooi, H.K.3* 1Civil International Corporation, 10–14 Kitaueno 1, Taito–ku, Tokyo, 110–0014, Japan 2Foundation for the Protection of Deer in Nara, 160-1 Kasugano-cho, Nara-City, Nara, 630-8212, Japan 3Laboratory of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-710 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201 Japan *Corresponding author: [email protected] ARTICLE HISTORY ABSTRACT Received: 25 January 2021 We described a new species of cockroach, Periplaneta gajajimana sp. nov., which was collected Revised: 2 February 2021 in Gajajima, Kagoshima-gun Toshimamura, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, on November 2012. Accepted: 2 February 2021 The new species is characterized by its reddish brown to blackish brown body, smooth Published: 30 April 2021 surface pronotum, well developed compound eyes, dark brown head apex, dark reddish brown front face and small white ocelli connected to the antennal sockets. In male, the tegmen tip reach the abdomen end or are slightly shorter, while in the female, it does not reach the abdominal end and exposes the abdomen beyond the 7th abdominal plate. We confirmed the validity of this new species by breeding the specimens in our laboratory to demonstrate that the features of the progeny were maintained for several generations. For comparison and easy identification of this new species, the key to species identification of the genus Periplaneta that had been reported in Japan to date are also presented.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phylogeny of Termites
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48 (2008) 615–627 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev The phylogeny of termites (Dictyoptera: Isoptera) based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers: Implications for the evolution of the worker and pseudergate castes, and foraging behaviors Frédéric Legendre a,*, Michael F. Whiting b, Christian Bordereau c, Eliana M. Cancello d, Theodore A. Evans e, Philippe Grandcolas a a Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Département Systématique et Évolution, UMR 5202, CNRS, CP 50 (Entomologie), 45 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France b Department of Integrative Biology, 693 Widtsoe Building, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA c UMR 5548, Développement—Communication chimique, Université de Bourgogne, 6, Bd Gabriel 21000 Dijon, France d Muzeu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Nazaré 481, 04263-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil e CSIRO Entomology, Ecosystem Management: Functional Biodiversity, Canberra, Australia article info abstract Article history: A phylogenetic hypothesis of termite relationships was inferred from DNA sequence data. Seven gene Received 31 October 2007 fragments (12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, cytochrome oxidase I, cytochrome oxidase II Revised 25 March 2008 and cytochrome b) were sequenced for 40 termite exemplars, representing all termite families and 14 Accepted 9 April 2008 outgroups. Termites were found to be monophyletic with Mastotermes darwiniensis (Mastotermitidae) Available online 27 May 2008 as sister group to the remainder of the termites. In this remainder, the family Kalotermitidae was sister group to other families. The families Kalotermitidae, Hodotermitidae and Termitidae were retrieved as Keywords: monophyletic whereas the Termopsidae and Rhinotermitidae appeared paraphyletic.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthoptera Recording Scheme for Britain and Ireland
    ORTHOPTERA RECORDING SCHEME FOR BRITAIN AND IRELAND Newsletter 25 - February 1999 Editor: John Widgery 2I FieldYiew Road Potters Bar Herts EN6 2NA Tel: 01707 642708 INTRODUCTION It seems incredible that another year has passed since the last newsletter (NL24). This current newsletter is inænded to update all readers of the most significant developments since then. Of course, those of you who take British Wildlife magazine may already be awarg tlrough my 'rWildlife Notes', of some of the information contained herein. The success ofthe scheme relies upon your endeavours and, once again, I am indebted to the many of you who have submitted records and also to Paul Pearce-Kelly, Rachel Jones and Bryan Pinchen for their contributions on rare species. SUMMARY OF HIGHLIGHTS In comparison with recent years, the summer of 1998 was disappointing, although parts of southern England did have some reÍlsonably warm and dry weather during August and early September which is probably the most important period for the breeding success of many species. It was, perhaps, not surprising that there were fewer records submitted during 1998 as compared with the previous yàr but, even so, there were still several thousand which involved a total of 349 new l0hn squares (including 68 post-1970 refinds). Of these, 195 (including 23 post-1970s) were for 1998, including first ever records for Roesel's Bush Cricket, Metrioptera roeselii, in the Channel Islands, Long-winged Conehead, Conocephalus discolor, in Cambridgeshire and Lesnets Earwig, Forfcula lesnei,in Worcestershire and also a national first for this latter species in lreland. Additionally, we had the most northerly yet records for Lesser Marsh Grasshopper, Chorthippus albomarginqtus.
    [Show full text]
  • Conspicuousness, Phylogenetic Structure, and Origins of Müllerian
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Conspicuousness, phylogenetic structure, and origins of Müllerian mimicry in 4000 lycid beetles from all zoogeographic regions Michal Motyka1, Dominik Kusy1, Michal Masek1, Matej Bocek1, Yun Li1, R. Bilkova1, Josef Kapitán2, Takashi Yagi3 & Ladislav Bocak1* Biologists have reported on the chemical defences and the phenetic similarity of net-winged beetles (Coleoptera: Lycidae) and their co-mimics. Nevertheless, our knowledge has remained fragmental, and the evolution of mimetic patterns has not been studied in the phylogenetic context. We illustrate the general appearance of ~ 600 lycid species and ~ 200 co-mimics and their distribution. Further, we assemble the phylogeny using the transcriptomic backbone and ~ 570 species. Using phylogenetic information, we closely scrutinise the relationships among aposematically coloured species, the worldwide diversity, and the distribution of aposematic patterns. The emitted visual signals difer in conspicuousness. The uniform coloured dorsum is ancestral and was followed by the evolution of bicoloured forms. The mottled patterns, i.e. fasciate, striate, punctate, and reticulate, originated later in the course of evolution. The highest number of sympatrically occurring patterns was recovered in New Guinea and the Andean mountain ecosystems (the areas of the highest abundance), and in continental South East Asia (an area of moderate abundance but high in phylogenetic diversity). Consequently, a large number of co-existing aposematic patterns in a single region and/or locality is the rule, in contrast with the theoretical prediction, and predators do not face a simple model-like choice but cope with complex mimetic communities. Lycids display an ancestral aposematic signal even though they sympatrically occur with diferently coloured unproftable relatives.
    [Show full text]
  • Research of the Biodiversity of Tovacov Lakes
    Research of the biodiversity of Tovacov lakes (Czech Republic) Main researcher: Jan Ševčík Research group: Vladislav Holec Ondřej Machač Jan Ševčík Bohumil Trávníček Filip Trnka March – September 2014 Abstract We performed biological surveys of different taxonomical groups of organisms in the area of Tovacov lakes. Many species were found: 554 plant species, 107 spider species, 27 dragonflies, 111 butterfly species, 282 beetle species, orthopterans 17 and 7 amphibian species. Especially humid and dry open habitats and coastal lake zones were inhabited by many rare species. These biotopes were found mainly at the places where mining residuals were deposited or at the places which were appropriately prepared for mining by removing the soil to the sandy gravel base (on conditions that the biotope was still in contact with water level and the biotope mosaic can be created at the slopes with low inclination and with different stages of ecological succession). Field study of biotope preferences of the individual species from different places created during mining was performed using phytosociological mapping and capture traps. Gained data were analyzed by using ordinate analyses (DCA, CCA). Results of these analyses were interpreted as follows: Technically recultivated sites are quickly getting species – homogenous. Sites created by ecological succession are species-richer during their development. Final ecological succession stage (forest) can be achieved in the same time during ecological succession as during technical recultivation. According to all our research results most biologically valuable places were selected. Appropriate management was suggested for these places in order to achieve not lowering of their biological diversity. To even improve their biological diversity some principles and particular procedures were formulated.
    [Show full text]
  • Shield Bugs and \Toodland Composition in Epping Forest
    Field Studies6 (1985),253-268 SHIELD BUGS AND \TOODLAND COMPOSITION IN EPPING FOREST PAUL H. DULSTICH* EppingForest Conseraation Centre ABsrRAcr The distribution of five speciesof shield bug was studied with different host plant species,structure, condition and age in Epping Forest, Essex. Stands of beech, birch and oak-hornbeam, as well as scrubland gorse and hawthorn, were sampled, each tree being characterisedb1 a variet.vofparameters including bole circumference, pollard- ing and defoliation class. Correlations between shield bug species and host plant character were expressedthtough chi-squared analysesof presencelabsencedata for the samples.Resuits suggesta high degreeofhost specificity amongst the phytophage species studied and probably a preference for earlv successionalplant stages.Prei- erential utilisation of mature and non-defoliated hosts is aiso apparenr. The resuits are discussedin terms ofthe requirements ofthe bugs and the nutritional vaiue ofthe host. Ir is conciuded that nitrogen availability within and between host plant species is likeiy to be highly influential in deterrnining the diet and distribution of shielcj bugs, and indeed other selecrive-feedingheteroptera. INrRonucrroN Epprxc Fonssr comprisesof 2430hectares of woodland and grasslandwith small pockets of scrub and heathland, extending from the Wanstead Flats in the London Borough of Redbridge, north for approximarely l9 krn, just beyond Epping in Essex.The principal trce speciesare treech(Fagus sylz;atica),birch (Betula pendula and B. pubescens))common oak (Qtte r ctrs r obur) and hornbeam (C arp inus be tulu s). Pollen data indicate the late survival of the lir-:.e(Tilia) until about AD600 as the dominant tree species)then giving way to the familiar woodland associationsseen today.
    [Show full text]
  • Entomologist's Gazette 61
    2010, Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 53–64 Hedgerow species richness influences the presence of Orthoptera and Dermaptera along green lanes in Essex, U.K. Tim Gardiner 2 Beech Road, Rivenhall,Witham, Essex CM8 3PF,U.K. [email protected] Synopsis a small-scale beating survey of the Orthoptera (bush-crickets) and dermaptera (earwigs) of green lane hedgerows was undertaken in essex. Hedgerow dating (Hooper’s rule) was used to ascertain whether insects were related to woody plant species richness. Orthopteroid abundance and species richness was significantly correlated with the number of woody plants in the hedgerows. Byways had particularly species-rich, ancient hedgerows (often over 500 years in age) favourable for bush-crickets such as Meconema thalassinum. Sunlit patches of Blackthorn Prunus spinosa and Bramble Rubus fruticosus hedgerow were especially important for orthopteroids in this survey. Keywords: earwig, bush-cricket, footpath, bridleway, byway, highways, Hooper’s rule, microclimate. Introduction Green lanes (double-hedged tracks) are important for insects, particularly butterflies, in areas of intensive agriculture (dover & Sparks, 2001). Hedgerows can also be valuable corridors for the dispersal of sedentary insects such as Lampyris noctiluca (Linnaeus) (Gardiner, 2008b), particularly along green lanes in epping Forest where the beetle has declined in the last 50 years (Gardiner, 2007c). Hedgerows provide sheltered conditions where reduced wind speed can create a warm microclimate suitable for insects (dover, Sparks & Greatorex-davies, 1997; Gardiner & dover, 2008). Green lanes often have public rights of way (PrOW) running down them, the most common are public footpaths (pedestrian use only), bridleways (use by pedestrians, cyclists and horse riders) and byways (open to all traffic: use by pedestrians, cyclists, horse riders, horse drawn and motorised vehicles).
    [Show full text]