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New Refrigerants for Vapour Compression Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems

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New Refrigerants for Vapour Compression Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems New refrigerants for vapour compression refrigeration and heat pump systems Evaluation in a context of the requirements set by the F-gas Regulation and the Paris Agreement goals. PAVEL MAKHNATCH Doctoral Thesis, 2019 KTH Royal Institute of Technology School of Industrial Engineering and Management Department of Energy Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden TRITA-ITM-AVL 2019:25 ISBN: 978-91-7873-296-8 © Pavel Makhnatch, Stockholm 2019 Tryck: US-AB, Stockholm Akademisk avhandling som med tillstånd av KTH i Stockholm framlägges till offentlig granskning för avläggande av teknisk doktorsexamen tisdagen den 24 September 2019 klockan 13:00 i sal F3, KTH, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, Sweden. To my mentors Abstract Given the global commitment to reduce the impact of fluorinated gases on climate and the regulations controlling their use in the European Union (EU), this thesis investigates new refrigerants that have been recently proposed to meet the demands of the refrigeration industry in the EU, which must satisfy the legislative requirements of the F-gas Regulation and facilitate meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement. The legislative requirements of the EU have intensified refrigerant development with reduced GWP. New refrigerants have been identified in the form of six new substances and 40 new refrigerant mixtures that have been added to the ANSI/ASHRAE 34 standard during a period following the proposal for the F-gas Regulation. New refrigerants have been theoretically analysed in comparison with the commonly used fluorinated refrigerants R134a, R404A and R410A. While new refrigerants provide a variation in operating parameters when used in a refrigeration, air conditioning or heat pump (RACHP) system, none of the new refrigerants can be considered being fully design compatible with R134a, R404A or R410A. Several commercially available refrigerants have been further evaluated in experimental studies to analyse their suitability for replacing R134a and R404A in existing systems with regards to their thermal properties, requirements for component safety and energy efficiency. R450A and R513A have been analysed as alternatives to R134a in a small capacity refrigeration system, and an R449A was studied in a retrofit of an R404A supermarket indirect system. It was shown that the analysed refrigerants can replace baseline HFCs in the analysed systems, but the variation in energetic performance and main operation parameters should be taken into account when considering such replacement. LCCP metric has been used to analyse the overall climate impact of a heat pump system using refrigerants with various GWP values. It was shown that most climate impact from an RACHP system is due to indirect emissions relating to energy use. Thus, addressing the overall climate impact of RACHP systems is necessary to facilitate meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement. It is possible to facilitate a comparative LCCP analysis by addressing the uncertainties of the input data. i Sammanfattning Med tanke på det globala åtagandet att minska effekterna av fluorerade gaser på klimatet och regler som styr deras användning i Europeiska unionen (EU), undersöker denna avhandling nya köldmedier som nyligen har föreslagits för att möta kraven från kylindustrin i EU, och som måste uppfylla lagstiftningskraven i F-gas förordningen och underlätta att Parisavtalets mål uppfylls. Lagkraven i EU har intensifierat utvecklingen av köldmedier med reducerad GWP. Nya köldmedier har identifierats i form av sex nya ämnen och 40 nya köldmedieblandningar som har lagts till ANSI/ASHRAE 34- standarden efter det att förslaget till F-gasförordningen publicerats. Nya köldmedier har analyserats i teoretisk jämförelse med de ofta använda fluorerade köldmedierna R134a, R404A och R410A. Medan nya köldmedier ger en variation i driftsparametrar när de används i ett kyl-, luftkonditionerings- eller värmepumpssystem, kan inget av de nya köldmedierna anses vara helt designkompatibelt med R134a, R404A eller R410A. Flera kommersiellt tillgängliga köldmedier har utvärderats vidare i experimentella studier för att analysera deras lämplighet för att ersätta R134a och R404A i befintliga system med avseende på deras termiska egenskaper, krav på komponenternas säkerhet och energieffektivitet. R450A och R513A har analyserats som alternativ till R134a i ett kylsystem med liten kapacitet, och R449A studerades i en retrofit av ett indirekt R404A system i en livsmedelsbutik. Det visades att de analyserade köldmedierna kan ersätta befintliga HFC:er i de analyserade systemen, men variationen i energiprestanda och huvuddriftparametrar bör beaktas när man överväger en sådan ersättning. LCCP-analys har använts för att analysera den totala klimatpåverkan av ett värmepumpsystem med köldmedier med olika GWP-värden. Det visades att den största klimatpåverkan från ett RACHP-system beror på indirekta utsläpp relaterade till energianvändning. Således är det nödvändigt att redovisa och ta hänsyn till den totala klimatpåverkan av RACHP-system för att uppfylla målen i Parisavtalet. Det är möjligt att underlätta en jämförande LCCP-analys genom att ta itu med osäkerheterna i inmatningsdata. iii Preface This doctoral thesis was conducted at the Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Division of the Department of Energy Technology (EGI), KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. The research was completed under the supervision of Professor Dr. Rahmatollah Khodabandeh and Professor Dr. Björn Palm. The thesis focuses on new refrigerants for vapour compression refrigeration systems. The discussion is given in the context of the requirements set by the F-gas Regulation and the goals of the Paris Agreement. Newly proposed refrigerants have been identified and investigated in a set of numerical and experimental studies. The lifecycle CO2 equivalent emissions of several refrigerants have been assessed in an LCCP study, for which a new uncertainty incorporation approach has been proposed. As a compilation thesis, the present work comprises a summary of six research papers, including introduction and background, state of the art, methodology and main key findings. This work was financially supported by the Effsys+, Effsys Expand and Termo research programs funded by the Swedish Energy Agency and in collaboration with several industrial partners: Ahlsell Sverige AB, Svensk Energi & Kylanalys AB, Svenska Kyl & Värmepumpföreningen, Thermia Värmepumpar AB, Danfoss Värmepumpar AB; Kylbranschens Samarbetsstiftelse, Svenska Kyltekniska Föreningen, Nibe AB, Bosch Thermoteknik AB, Nowab. v Acknowledgements I would like to thank Prof. Rahmatollah Khodabandeh, the main supervisor of my PhD studies, for all the freedom, support, and encouragement he gave me over the course of my studies. I would also like to thank Prof. Björn Palm for giving me the opportunity to pursue this work and supporting me with expertise and encouragement along this long journey. I also acknowledge the help and support received from Jörgen Rogstam who has introduced me to the exciting world of refrigeration and heat pump technology and helped to navigate in this world during past years. My sincere thanks go to Adrián Mota-Babiloni for his unlimited support and expertise he has shared with me over the years. You have really helped me a lot to reach this milestone. Muchas gracias! My gratitude goes to my colleagues and friends, both in KTH and beyond, for all the time we spend sharing the moments of life, no matter what. My availability was limited at times and the work-life balance was often unbalanced, but you were always providing support and motivation. I also acknowledge the financial support granted by the Swedish Energy Agency and partner organisations (Svensk Energi & Kylanalys AB, Thermia Värmepumpar AB, Danfoss Värmepumpar AB; Kylbranschens Samarbetsstiftelse; Svenska Kyltekniska Föreningen, Svenska Kyl & Värmepumpföreningen, Nibe AB, Bosch Thermoteknik AB, Nowab, Ahlsell Sverige AB) through the research programs Effsys+, Effsys Expand and Termo. Finally, my deepest gratitude goes to my family: to my brother Vadim, who encouraged me towards this journey, and my beloved parents, Valentina and Anatoli, for their immense unconditional support and love. Thank you! Table of contents Abstract ........................................................................................................... i Sammanfattning ........................................................................................... iii Preface............................................................................................................. v Acknowledgements ...................................................................................... vi 1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aim ....................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Thesis organisation ............................................................................. 3 1.4 Statement of contributions ................................................................10 1.5 Limitations ......................................................................................... 11 1.6 Contribution of this thesis to knowledge .......................................... 12 2 Background ...............................................................................................
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