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Tides Foundation 2017 Form
OMB No. 1545-0047 Form 990 Return of Organization Exempt From Income Tax 2017 Under section 501(c), 527, or 4947(a)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code (except private foundations) G Do not enter social security numbers on this form as it may be made public. Open to Public Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service G Go to www.irs.gov/Form990 for instructions and the latest information. Inspection A For the 2017 calendar year, or tax year beginning , 2017, and ending , B Check if applicable: C D Employer identification number Address change Tides Foundation 51-0198509 Name change P.O. Box 29903 E Telephone number Initial return San Francisco, CA 94129-0903 415-561-6400 Final return/terminated X Amended return G Gross receipts $ 439,417,675. Application pending F Name and address of principal officer: Kriss Deiglmeier H(a) Is this a group return for subordinates? Yes X No H(b) Are all subordinates included? Yes No Same As C Above If 'No,' attach a list. (see instructions) I Tax-exempt status X 501(c)(3) 501(c) ( )H (insert no.) 4947(a)(1) or 527 J Website: G www.tides.org H(c) Group exemption number G K Form of organization: X Corporation Trust Association OtherG L Year of formation: 1976 M State of legal domicile: CA Part I Summary 1 Briefly describe the organization's mission or most significant activities:Tides Foundation's primary exempt purpose is grantmaking. We empower individuals and institutions to move money efficiently and effectively towards positive social change. 2 Check this box G if the organization discontinued its operations or disposed of more than 25% of its net assets. -
Climatology Climatic Zone
Climatology Climatic Zone 1320. At about what geographical latitude as average is assumed for the zone of prevailing westerlies? A) 10° N. B) 50° N. C) 80° N. D) 30° N. 1321. What is the type, intensity and seasonal variation of precipitation in the equatorial region? A) Rain showers, hail showers and thunderstorms occur the whole year, but frequency is highest during two periods: April-May and October- November. B) Precipitation is generally in the form of showers but continuous rain occurs also. The greatest intensity is in July. C) Warm fronts are common with continuous rain. The frequency is the same throughout the year D) Showers of rain or hail occur throughout the year; the frequency is highest in January. 1324. The reason for the fact, that the Icelandic low is normally deeper in winter than in summer is that: A) the strong winds of the north Atlantic in winter are favourable for the development of lows. B) the low pressure activity of the sea east of Canada is higher in winter. C) the temperature contrasts between arctic and equatorial areas are much greater in winter. D) converging air currents are of greater intensity in winter. 1328. The lowest relative humidity will be found: A) at the south pole. B) between latitudes 30 deg and 40 deg N in July. C) in equatorial regions. D) around 30 deg S in January. Tropical Climatology: 1329. Flying from Dakar to Rio de Janeiro in winter where would you cross the ITCZ? A) 7 to 120N. B) 0 to 70N. C) 7 to 120S. -
Use of Spatial Technologies to Study the Winds' Directions in Rub' Al
Journal of Earth Science and Engineering 5 (2015) 372-381 doi: 10.17265/2159-581X/2015.06.005 D DAVID PUBLISHING Use of Spatial Technologies to Study the Winds’ Directions in Rub’ Al-Khali Desert, Saudi Arabia Ali Madan Al-Ali Albab for Environmental and Geo-Informatics Studies, P. O. Box 899, Saihat 31972, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia Abstract: Studying environmental phenomenon in Rub’ Al-Khali (Arabic name of “Empty Quarter”), as one of the largest deserts in the world, requires adopting some advanced spatial technologies in conjunction with the data recorded in the field in order to device better understanding. The paper utilizes the technologies of GIS (geographical information systems) and RS (remote sensing) in order to study large amount of weather data recorded in the field from different sources related to oil and gas industry in Rub’ Al-Khali desert. The main objective is to identify the wind directions and its movement in Kidan areas and the areas south and east of Shaybah in Rub’ Al-Khali desert. The study used different sources of data mainly recorded by the seismic campaigns’ base camps and the drilling rig camps or the civil works camps. Wind Roses were created for all metrological weather stations in the study area. Also, the study tried to analyze the dune types using satellite imageries and identify the relation of its shapes to the wind direction. The final aim of the result of this study is to help in planning best locations to build facilities for new major oil and gas project. Key words: Wind, oil, directions, roses, GIS. -
Bad Weather in Baghdad: Al-Ṭurṭūshī and the “Eclipse” of 478/1085-1086 Mal Tiempo En Bagdad: Al-Ṭurṭūšī Y El “Eclipse” De 478/1085-1086
AL-QANTARA XL 1, enero-junio 2019 pp. 219-236 ISSN 0211-3589 https://doi.org/10.3989/alqantara.2019.007 Bad Weather in Baghdad: al-Ṭurṭūshī and the “Eclipse” of 478/1085-1086 Mal tiempo en Bagdad: al-Ṭurṭūšī y el “eclipse” de 478/1085-1086 David J. Wasserstein Vanderbilt University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0514-4199 The article discusses an autobiographical pas- El artículo analiza un pasaje autobiográfico de sage in the life of al-Ṭurṭūshī (ca. 451/1059- la vida de al-Ṭurṭūšī (c. 451/1059-520/1126, o 520/1126, or Jumādā I 525/April 1131) Ŷumādā al-awwal 525/abril de 1131) conte- contained in the Siyar A‘lām al-Nubalā’ of al- nido en el Siyar A‘lām al-Nubalā’ de al-Ḏa- Dhahabī (673/1274-748/1348). The text re- habī (673/1274-748/1348). El texto informa ports a remarkable set of meteorological sobre una notable serie de fenómenos meteo- phenomena during al-Ṭurṭūshī’s visit to Bagh- rológicos acaecidos durante la visita de al- dad in 478/1085-86. Fierro interpreted the Ṭurṭūšī a Bagdad en 478/1085-86. Fierro story as a description of an eclipse, and as interpretó la historia como la descripción de lying at the origin of al-Ṭurṭūshī’s turn to as- un eclipse y como el origen del cambio de al- ceticism, paralleling a similar story about the Ṭurṭūšī hacia el ascetismo, paralela a una his- earlier Muḥammad Iḅn Waḍḍāḥ. I show here, toria similar sobre el anterior Muḥammad Iḅn based on astronomical records, that there was Waḍḍāḥ. -
Dry Winds, Dust Storms, and Prevention of Damage To
NATURAL DISASTERS – Vol.II - Dry Winds, Dust Storms and Prevention of Damage To Agricultural Land- A.N. Zolotokrylin DRY WINDS, DUST STORMS AND PREVENTION OF DAMAGE TO AGRICULTURAL LAND A.N. Zolotokrylin Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Keywords: dry wind, drought, desertification, duststorm, sandstorm, wind erosion, airborne dust transport, land degradation. Contents 1. Dry winds 1.1. What is Dry Wind? 1.2. Criteria of Dry Winds 1.3. Distribution of Dry Winds 1.4. Dry Wind Control 2. Dust Storms 2.1. What is a Dust Storm? 2.2. Factors of Dust Storms 2.3. Classification of Dust Storms 2.4. Distribution of Dust Storms 2.4.1. Russia, the Ukraine, Kazakhstan 2.4.2. United States of America 2.4.3. Aral Region 2.4.4. Sahara 2.5. Large-scale Airborne Dust Transport 2.6. Prevention of Damage to Agricultural Lands Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Dry wind is a part of a greater natural phenomenon—drought. Typically dry winds occur in theUNESCO arid temperate regions. Hot wi–nds ofEOLSS arid tropical and subtropical areas, with different local names, are similar to dry winds. The criterion of dry wind is a combination of air temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity. Dry winds cause damage to agriculture in arid areas. If soil humidity is sufficient, dry winds do damage only when they SAMPLEoccur within the meteorologi callyCHAPTERS sensitive phases of plant growth. Dust storms are an intermittent component of the global process of wind erosion. Arid and semi-arid areas are important sources of aerosol, which reach the atmosphere during dust storms. -
Shamals and Climate Variability in the Northern Arabian/Persian Gulf from 1973 to 2012
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY Int. J. Climatol. (2015) Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/joc.4302 Shamals and climate variability in the Northern Arabian/Persian Gulf from 1973 to 2012 Fahad Al Senafi and Ayal *Anis Marine Sciences & Oceanography, Texas A&M University, Galveston, USA ABSTRACT: This paper presents key results from analysis of surface meteorological observations collected in the Northern Arabian/Persian Gulf (N Gulf; Kuwait, Bahrain, and NE Saudi Arabia), which spans a 40-years period (1973–2012). The first part of this study analyzes climate variability in the N Gulf, and relates them to teleconnection patterns (NorthAtlantic Oscillation, El Nino Southern Oscillation, and Indian Ocean Dipole). Results of the analysis indicate that during the study period the climate in the region experienced a general trend of increase in temperature (0.8∘C), decrease in barometric pressure (1 mbar), reduction in humidity (6%), and decrease in visibility (9%). Significant correlations were found between the three teleconnection patterns and the meteorological conditions suggesting that seasonal variabilities in air temperature, barometric pressure, and precipitation are closely related to the teleconnection patterns. The second part of this study examines the 40-year variability of Shamal events (strong NW winds that commonly generate significant dust storms). The data suggests that on average Shamal events occur at a rate of 10 events year–1 with 85% of the events occurring during the summer and winter. The number of these events has increased in the past 14 years of the study period. These events resulted in abrupt changes in meteorological conditions: an increase in wind speed of 2.7 m s–1, a decrease in visibility of 1.7 km, and reduction in humidity of 4.3%. -
Economic Impact and Risk Assessment of Sand and Dust Storms (SDS) on the Oil and Gas Industry in Kuwait
sustainability Article Economic Impact and Risk Assessment of Sand and Dust Storms (SDS) on the Oil and Gas Industry in Kuwait Ali Al-Hemoud 1,*, Ali Al-Dousari 1, Raafat Misak 1, Mane Al-Sudairawi 1, Adil Naseeb 2, Hassan Al-Dashti 3 and Noor Al-Dousari 1 1 Crisis and Decision Support Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait; [email protected] (A.A.-D.); [email protected] (R.M.); [email protected] (M.A.-S.); [email protected] (N.A.-D.) 2 Techno-Economics Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat 13109, Kuwait; [email protected] 3 Meteorology Department, Directorate General of Civil Aviation, P.O. Box 35, Hawalli 32001, Kuwait; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 12 December 2018; Accepted: 27 December 2018; Published: 3 January 2019 Abstract: There is a lack of published research on the economic effect and the risk associated with sand and dust storms (SDS) worldwide. The objectives of this study are to estimate the economic impact of SDS on the oil and gas industry in Kuwait, to estimate a risk index for each loss, and to recommend a sustainable system for the mitigation of the damaging effects and economic losses of infrastructures. Hot spots of wind erosion, wind corridors, and dust frequency and severity formed the basis to locate the most susceptible oil and gas fields and operations. Ten sectors with potential loss vulnerabilities were evaluated: exploration, drilling, production, gas, marine, soil remediation, project management, water handling, maintenance, and research and development. -
Noaa Technical Memorandum Nwswr-240 Downslope
NOAA TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM NWSWR-240 DOWNSLOPE WINDS OF SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA ) Gary Ryan . NEXRAD Weather Service Forecast Office Oxnard, California July 1996 ) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF National Oceanic and National Weather COMMERCE I Abnospherie Administration I Service WdNams, Jr., May 1972. (COM 72 10701) 78 Monttly~ OWts of the BehiMor of Fog and l.Qw Slratus at I.DI Angeles International Airport Donald M. Gales, July 1972. (COM 72 11140) • n A Study of Radar Echo Distribution in Arilona During July and Augull John E. Halel, Jr., July 1972. (COM 7211136) 78 Forecaoting Precipitation at BakeBiield, California, Uling Pressure Gredient Vectors. Earl T. Rlddiough, July 1972. (COM 7211148) 79 Climate of Stockton, Cafdornia. Robert C. Nelson, July 1972. (COM 72 10920) NOAA TECHNICAL MEMORANDA 60 Estimation of Number of Days Abow or Below Selected Temperotures. Clarence M. Sakamoto, October 1972. (COM 72 10021) National Weather Service, Western Region Subseries 81 An Aid to< Forecasting Summer Maximum Temperaturn at Seattle, Washington. Edgar G. Johnson, Ncwwmber 1972. (COM 7310150) The Nolicnol S.fllice (NWS) Westem Region (WR) SUbseries pnMdes an inlonnal medium to< 82 Flash Flood Forecasting and Warning Program in the Weslem Region. Philip Winiams. Jr., the documentationw- and quick dissemination of results not appropriate, or not yet ready, tor lonnal O..WL Glem, and Roland L Raetz, December 1972. (Revised March 1978). (COM 73 10251) publication. The series is used to report on wot1t in progress, to describe technical ptocedures and 63 A~ of Manual and Semiautomatic Methods ol Digitiling Analog Wind Records. G lenn proclices, or to relote progress to a limited audience. -
Peasants, Pastoralists, and Climate Crises in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1840-1890
BEYOND “THE DESERT AND THE SOWN”: PEASANTS, PASTORALISTS, AND CLIMATE CRISES IN OTTOMAN DIYARBEKIR, 1840-1890 by Zozan Pehlivan A thesis submitted to the Department of History In conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada February, 2016 Copyright ©Zozan Pehlivan, 2016 Abstract This dissertation refocuses attention from a ‘clash of cultures’ to a ‘clash of environmental economies’ within the eastern regions of the nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire, particularly the province of Diyarbekir. An account of changing patterns of climate provides an alternative vantage point on the origins of inter-social relationships within this region. In the aftermath of intermittent climate-induced environmental crises, peasants and pastoralists confronted different challenges. Overall, crop-based economies could recover more quickly than herding-based economies. Given enough water and seed, and normal weather conditions, farmers could replant and expect good harvests the following season. However, pastoralists, who either lost or sold most of their animals as a result of lack of food and water needed many seasons of abundant grass and water to rebuild their herds to their former size. Examining episodes of severe climate in the Ottoman east in the 1840s and 1880s, this study presents evidence that the different timetables for recovery following episodes of environmental crisis were consequential for understanding changing relationships between people, land, and animals as well as relations between communities. ii Acknowledgements The history of this dissertation began on a September morning in 2011 in the Asian and African Studies Reading Room, located on the third floor of the British Library. -
Meteorological Glossary
FOR LOAN Met. O. 985 METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE Meteorological Glossary Sixth edition LONDON: HMSO UDC 551.6(02): 551.501.1 3 8078 0001 4455 2 ) Crown copyright 1991 Applications for reproduction should be made to HMSO First published 1916 Sixth edition 1991 ISBN 0 11 400363 7 HMSO publications are available from: HMSO Publications Centre (Mail and telephone orders only) PO Box 276, London, SW8 5DT Telephone orders 071-873 9090 General enquiries 071-873 0011 (queuing system in operation for both numbers) HMSO Bookshops 49 High Holborn, London, WC1V 6HB 071-873 0011 (Counter service only) 258 Broad Street, Birmingham, Bl 2HE 021-643 3740 Southey House, 33 Wine Street, Bristol, BS1 2BQ (0272) 264306 9-21 Princess Street, Manchester, M60 8AS 061-834 7201 80 Chichester Street, Belfast, BT1 4JY (0232) 238451 71 Lothian Road, Edinburgh, EH3 9AZ 031-228 4181 HMSO's Accredited Agents (see Yellow Pages) and through good booksellers FOREWORD In preparing this new addition I have attempted to correct all the misprints and other minor errors in the last printing of the fifth edition, to revise entries in the light of recent advances where this seemed appropriate, and to include the new terms introduced since the last edition that a meteorologist might encounter in the scientific and technical meteorological and climatological literature, apart from those used only by a handful of expert specialists. In the execution of this task I am glad to acknowledge the generous help of many of my former colleagues at Bracknell and the outstations who have provided critical comments on the entries in the old edition and suggested many new items for inclusion (often supplied with suitable wording). -
Easterly Wind Storms Over Israel
Theor. Appl. Climatol. 59, 61±77 (1998) 1 Department of Geography, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel 2 Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel Easterly Wind Storms over Israel H. Saaroni1, B. Ziv2, A. Bitan1, and P. Alpert2 With 12 Figures Received September 9, 1996 Revised March 6, 1997 Summary property and life; coastal ¯ooding, potential air pollution, intensifying of forest ®res and occasionally dust and sand Continental wind storms are common along the Mediterra- storms. nean coast. Along the northern coast they are mostly cold, similar to the Bora or the Mistral, and along the southern coast they are mostly warm, e.g., the Ghibli or the Shirocco. At the eastern Mediterranean basin and the Levant region, 1. Introduction these storms are intermittently warm and cold during the same season and often even during the same event. Quasi- Easterly wind-storm episodes occurring in Israel stationary systems, as well as moving disturbances, are the during recent years and their extensive environ- cause of such wind storms. Accordingly, the resulting mental implications are the cause for this study. weather conditions may be extremely converse due to the characteristics of the advected airmass. Speci®c regions in The major in¯uence of easterly wind storms is Israel, sensitive to easterly storms, are in¯uenced by these on agriculture. Hot and dry wind storms are wind storms for about 10% of the year (e.g., the westerly increasing the evaporation rates, which is an slopes of the mountains and valleys with west-east acute problem in a region suffering from water orientation). -
Atlas of the World's Deserta
ATLAS OF THE WORLD’S DESERTS ATLAS OF THE WORLD’S DESERTS Nathaniel Harris Fitzroy Dearborn An Imprint of the Taylor and Francis Group New York • London © 2003 The Brown Reference Group plc All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form Published by Fitzroy Dearborn An imprint of the Taylor and Francis Group 29 West 35th Street New York, NY 10001–2299 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. and Fitzroy Dearborn An imprint of the Taylor and Francis Group 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE British Library and Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data are available ISBN 0-203-49166-1 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-59323-5 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 1-57958-310-5 (Print Edition) For The Brown Reference Group plc Editors: Robert Anderson, Shona Grimbley, Sally McFall, Ben Morgan, Henry Russell Designer: Lynne Ross Cartographer: Darren Awuah Picture Research: Becky Cox Additional Text: Steve Parker Production Manager: Matt Weyland Production Director: Alastair Gourlay Managing Editor: Tim Cooke Indexer: Kay Ollerenshaw Editorial Director: Lindsey Lowe This edition first published by Fitzroy Dearborn, an Imprint of the Taylor and Francis Group 2003 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.