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Skewing of the Genetic Architecture at the ZMYM3 Human-Specific 5 Molecular Genetics and Genomics https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-018-1415-8 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Skewing of the genetic architecture at the ZMYM3 human-specific ′5 UTR short tandem repeat in schizophrenia F. Alizadeh1 · A. Bozorgmehr3 · J. Tavakkoly‑Bazzaz1 · M. Ohadi2 Received: 17 June 2017 / Accepted: 2 January 2018 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract Differential expansion of a number of human short tandem repeats (STRs) at the critical core promoter and 5′ untranslated region (UTR) support the hypothesis that at least some of these STRs may provide a selective advantage in human evolution. Following a genome-wide screen of all human protein-coding gene 5′ UTRs based on the Ensembl database (http://www. ensembl.org), we previously reported that the longest STR in this interval is a (GA)32, which belongs to the X-linked zinc finger MYM-type containing 3 (ZMYM3) gene. In the present study, we analyzed the evolutionary implication of this region across evolution and examined the allele and genotype distribution of the “exceptionally long” STR by direct sequencing of 486 Iranian unrelated male subjects consisting of 196 cases of schizophrenia (SCZ) and 290 controls. We found that the ZMYM3 transcript containing the STR is human-specific (ENST00000373998.5). A significant allele variance difference was observed between the cases and controls (Levene’s test for equality of variances F = 4.00, p < 0.03). In addition, six alleles were observed in the SCZ patients that were not detected in the control group (“disease-only” alleles) (mid p exact < 0.0003). Those alleles were at the extreme short and long ends of the allele distribution curve and composed 4% of the genotypes in the SCZ group. In conclusion, we found skewing of the genetic architecture at the ZMYM3 STR in SCZ. Further, we found a bell-shaped distribution of alleles and selection against alleles at the extreme ends of this STR. The ZMYM3 STR sets a prototype, the evolutionary course of which determines the range of alleles in a particular species. Extreme “disease-only” alleles and genotypes may change our perspective of adaptive evolution and complex disorders. The ZMYM3 gene “excep- tionally long” STR should be sequenced in SCZ and other human-specific phenotypes/characteristics. Keywords ZMYM3 · Short tandem repeat · Schizophrenia · Exceptionally long · Disease-only Abbreviations Introduction SCZ Schizophrenia STR Short tandem repeat While single nucleotide substitutions play an important TF Transcription factor role in intra- and inter-species variations, short tandem TSS Transcription start site repeats (STRs) may be a more efficient source of variation. UTR​ Untranslated region The above notion is based on the rationale that STRs span ZMYM3 Zinc finger MYM-type containing 3 longer stretches of DNA and, therefore, can potentially recruit larger numbers of regulatory factors, e.g., transcrip- tion factors (TFs). Furthermore, the unique ability of STRs Communicated by S. Hohmann. to expand or contract makes them an ideal source of evo- lutionary adaptation (Ohadi et al. 2012, 2015; King 2012). * M. Ohadi [email protected]; [email protected] An increasing wealth of evidence on the importance and relevance of STRs to various phenotypes and characteris- 1 Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, tics (Bagshaw 2017; Carrat et al. 2017; Press et al. 2014; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hammock and Young 2005) indicates that this understudied 2 Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social category of genetic variation should no longer be ignored as Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran junk DNA. 3 Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Certain STRs that reach exceptional length, particu- Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical larly those in gene regulatory regions, may be of selective Sciences, Tehran, Iran Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 Molecular Genetics and Genomics advantage with respect to speciation and adaptive evolution. and liver disease) and a history of substance or alcohol use Focusing on the critical core promoter interval of protein- or addiction within 1 year prior to the study. Healthy sub- coding genes has unraveled STRs that are directionally jects were selected from the same areas in Tehran, and were expanded in humans (Nikkhah et al. 2016; Rezazadeh et al. excluded from the study if they or their first-degree relatives 2015; Mohammadparast et al. 2014). The zinc finger MYM- had a lifetime history of any psychiatric or non-psychiatric type containing three (ZMYM3) gene contains the longest disorders interfering with brain function. STR identified in the 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) of a The subjects’ consent was obtained (from their guardians protein-coding gene in humans (Namdar-Aligoodarzi et al. where necessary), and their identities remained confiden- 2015). This stretch of GA-repeats spans the core promoter tial throughout the study. The research was approved by the and 5′ UTR. ZMYM3 is located on the X chromosome and responsible ethics committee of Tehran University of Medi- is subject to X inactivation (van der Maarel et al. 1996). The cal Sciences and adhered to the principles outlined in an encoded protein is a component of the histone deacetylase- internationally recognized standard for the ethical conduct containing multiprotein complex that functions by modify- of human research. ing chromatin structures to silence genes. There is evidence for relatively specific effects of X-linked genes on social Allele and genotype analysis of the ZMYM3 gene cognition and emotional regulation (van Rijn et al. 2006). In GA‑repeat line with this finding, a chromosomal translocation (X;13) involving ZMYM3 is associated with X-linked cognitive dis- Genomic DNA was obtained from peripheral blood using a ability (van der Maarel et al. 1996). standard precipitation method. The following primers were Mutations/Dysregulatory mechanisms in a number of used to amplify the region containing the ZMYM3 5′ UTR X-linked genes co-occur with SCZ (Piton et al. 2011; Add- STR, which resulted in a PCR fragment of 260 bp: ington et al. 2011; Feng et al. 2009). Because of the criti- Forward: 5′ CG CAC GAG AAG CAG AGAGG 3′. cal location of the ZMYM3 STR and its exceptional length Reverse: 5′ TTC TCC CTG AGT CTT CCT GC 3′. in humans, as well as the evidence of functionality of pro- PCR was carried out in a thermocycler instrument moter GA-repeats (Mu and Burt 1999; Heidari et al. 2012; (Applied Biosystems, GeneAmp 2720, Singapore) under the Valipour et al. 2013; Kumar and Bhatia 2016; Emamali- following conditions: 94 °C for 4 min, followed by 40 cycles zadeh et al. 2017), we hypothesized that the GA-STR in including denaturing at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing for 30 s at the ZMYM3 gene may be involved in processes that have 63 °C and extension at 72 °C for 30 s. A final extension was caused the divergence of humans from other species, such conducted at 72 °C for 5 min. All of the samples included in as the higher order brain function in humans. We studied this study were sequenced for the ZMYM3 GA-repeat using schizophrenia (SCZ) as a human-specific disease in which an ABI PRISM 377 DNA sequencer. human-specific brain functions are severely compromised. The allele and genotype distribution of the ZMYM3 5′UTR In silico evolutionary analysis of the 5′ UTR STR GA-repeat was examined in a group of patients with SCZ of the ZMYM3 gene and the TFs binding to different and controls. lengths of this STR In reference to the location of the human ZMYM3 (GA)32, Materials and methods the ZMYM3 5′ UTR from + 1 to + 100 bp and the transcript containing the STR were screened in all the species whose Subjects sequences were annotated for this gene in the Ensembl database. A total of 486 unrelated Iranian males were recruited for The ConSite link http://consite.genereg.net was used this study, including patients with SCZ (n = 196) and con- to predict TFs binding to different repeat numbers of the trols (n = 290). All patients were diagnosed based on the ZMYM3 GA-repeat. For example, the pattern of TFs binding Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to the “disease-only” alleles at either extreme of the GA- (DSM-V) diagnostic criteria. Patients were selected from the repeat was compared to the alleles detected at the extremes Roozbeh Hospital-Tehran University of Medical Sciences, in the control range. Razi Hospital-University of Social Welfare and Rehabilita- Chi-squared test was used to compare the frequency of tion Sciences, and Iran Hospital-Iran University of Medi- each allele between the case and control groups. Statistical cal Sciences. All patients were clinically assessed by two analysis for calculating the mid p value of the “disease-only” expert psychiatrists and clinical psychologists. Patients were genotypes was performed using the two by two table at Ope- excluded if they were mentally retarded or had a history of nEpi. Levene’s test of Variance was used to calculate the p a severe head injury, serious disorders (e.g., thyroid, heart value for the significance of variances. 1 3 Molecular Genetics and Genomics Results Extreme “Disease‑Only” alleles/genotypes at (GA)n4 of the ZMYM3 gene in SCZ patients vs. controls In silico evolutionary analysis of the 5′ UTR STR of the ZMYM3 gene Six alleles were detected at (GA)n4 in the SCZ group and not in the controls (mid p exact < 0.0003) (Fig. 3a, b). These The transcript containing the ZMYM3 5′ UTR STR so-called “disease-only” alleles/genotypes had 17 (n = 3), (ENST00000373998.5) was found to be human-specific. 20 (n = 1), 38 (n = 1), 40 (n = 1), 43 (n = 1), and 45 repeats This transcript and the immediate core promoter are (n = 1), where “n” stands for the number of patients hav- enriched by a complex of consecutive GA-STRs (n1, n2, n3, ing these alleles/genotypes (Figs.
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