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Type of Gardens That Reduce the Intensity of an Urban Heat Island

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Type of Gardens That Reduce the Intensity of an Urban Heat Island European Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 1450-2267 Vol. 56 No 3 April-May, 2018, pp.297-310 http://www.europeanjournalofsocialsciences.com/ Type of Gardens that Reduce the Intensity of an Urban Heat Island Ilham S. M. Elsayed College of Engineering, King Faisal University P. O. Box 8967, Alahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +966-50782-5505 Abstract This study investigates type of gardens that ameliorate air temperature and reduce the intensity of the urban heat island of Kuala Lumpur the capital city of Malaysia. Previous studies show that, there is an increase in the intensity of the urban heat island of the city. In 2004, the increase was 1.5oC, which is a recognized increase whenever human health and comfort are the concern. This research examines four main gardens and parks within the city. For the purposes of the study, the selected parks were Main Lake Gardens, KLCC Park, Titiwangsa Lake Gardens, and National Zoo Park. The research uses data collected at the four sites.The study finds that, more mature and large areas gardens have lower temperatures. The study concludes that, the intensity of the urban heat island is directly affected by area and creation date of the garden not by the location or the distance of the garden from the nucleus of the urban heat island of the city. Keywords: Type of Gardens, Intensity of Urban Heat Island, Kuala Lumpur City. 1. Introduction Malaysia has 14 metropolitan regions with populations over 75,000 people. Kuala Lumpur (KL) is recognized as the largest metropolitan area within Malaysia with a population of 1504300 in 2004 and is expected to reach 1475337 by 2020 (Elsayed, 2007). Although many executive and judicial branches of the federal government have moved to Putrajaya, Kuala Lumpur is the seat of the Parliament of Malaysia and is thus the country's legislative capital. Kuala Lumpur is also the economic and business center of the country and rated as a global city, making it the only global city in Malaysia. Urbanization is affecting climate and changes the physical surface of the land. Urban activities produce a significant amount of heat, which contributes to the increased intensity of the urban heat island. The expansion of cities has been reducing the size of surrounding rural communities. In Asian cities, many rural communities have recently been integrated into cities in the interest of urban expansion. Urbanization in 30 urban centers in Malaysia, including Kuala Lumpur, has a quite significant role in changing the urban air temperature pattern (Shaharuddin and Mohamed, 2005; Elsayed, 2006). Environmental deterioration has been remarkably noticeable following the rapid urban growth and industrial expansion of Kuala Lumpur and the concomitant Klang Valley conurbation (Malaysia 2000). Land used for open spaces and recreational areas, termed “open space”, including parks, playgrounds, golf courses, race courses, sports clubs and all other areas used for open air recreation and scenic purposes, has been reduced by 2.2%(Malaysia, 2000).Within the city of KL, many open areas are covered with blocks of marble, granite or tile. Although these materials store less 297 European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 56, Issue 3 April (2018) heat than black tarmac, they still absorb large amounts of heat from direct sunlight and release the heat during late afternoons, evenings and early nights(Elsayed, 2006). Urban material surfaces act as a transition point for energy distribution and transmit to the sub-surface for storage. Non-porous materials, such as concrete, store large amounts of heat energy compared to porous materials. Previous studies (Eliasson, 1993; Shashua- Bar and Hoffman, 2000; Sham, 1987; 1990/1991; Elsayed, 2006; 2009) proved that green areas moderate urban temperatures. Moreover, Elsayed (2006) showed that increasing the number of parks in a city improves this situation and significantly reduces the intensity of the UHI, as was measured in December 2004. Areas with fewer plants always have higher temperatures, while central business district areas have the highest temperatures. Elsayed (2009) proved that with more open spaces, recreational and agricultural/ fishery/ forest lands, the intensity of the urban heat island for the city of Kuala Lumpur is reduced. Green areas have a positive effect on the temperature of the city. The following factors increase production of anthropogenic heat and UHI intensity: Replacing grass, soil and trees with asphalt, concrete and glass; replacing the rounded, soft shapes of trees and bushes with blocky, angular buildings and towers; artificial heat from buildings, air conditioners, industry and automobiles; efficient disposal of precipitation in drains, sewers and gutters, preventing surface infiltration; and emitting contaminants from a wide range of sources, which can cause chemical reactions that create an unpleasant urban atmosphere (Bridgman, Warner and Dodson, 1995).Sailor (1994) found that a low evaporative heat flux in cities is the most significant factor in the development of an UHI. When vegetation is placed on urban surfaces, thermal balances can shift to new conditions that are closer to the cooler conditions of rural areas. This study focuses on gardens and parks that ameliorate air temperature and reduce the intensity of the urban heat island of Kuala Lumpur. For this study, four parks were selected; Main Lake Gardens (MLG), Kuala Lumpur City Center Park (KLCC), Titiwangsa Lake Gardens (TLG), and National Zoo Park (NZ). This study compares the four gardens and determines the types of parks that contribute most towards reducing the intensity of the urban heat island of the city. 2. Literature Review Kuala Lumpur the capital city of Malaysia is located in Peninsular Malaysia. It is situated between latitudes 3 o 08 ′ North and 3 o 11 ′ North, about two hundred miles from the equator. It is specifically located in the Klang Valley between latitude 3 o 08 ′ North and longitude 101 o 44 ′ East. It has low variations of temperature throughout the year. Kuala Lumpur experiences a wet tropical climate, in which the months of April-May and October-November can be considered as wettest months, whilst December-March and June-September are the driest. The small variation of mean monthly temperature range is recorded in Kuala Lumpur. The annual temperature range is only around 1.5 o C but a much higher daily temperature range is experienced in Kuala Lumpur, i.e., between 6º C and 10º C. During the day, the temperature is around 29 - 32 o C, while a temperature of about 22 - 24ºC is recorded at night (Shaharuddin, 1995). For the purposes of the study four main gardens were selected. 2.1 Gardens and Parks The gardens selected wereMain Lake Gardens (Taman TasikPerdana), Kuala Lumpur City Center Park (Taman Tasik Permaisuri), Titiwangsa Lake Gardens (Taman TasikTitiwangsa) and National Zoo Park (Zoo Negara). Main Lake Gardens, Titiwangsa Lake Gardens and Kuala Lumpur City Center Park are located within the city of Kuala Lumpur, while National Zoo Park is located outside KL in the northeastern fringes of KL. MLG is located in the west periphery of the city center of KL, while TLG is located outside and adjacent to the city center of KL. Although both MLG and KLCCP are located within the city center of KL, KLCCP is located within the core of the city center of KL. Conversely, National Zoo Park is located outside KL in the northeastern fringes of KL. 298 European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 56, Issue 3 April (2018) 2.1.1 Main Lake Gardens MLG is Kuala Lumpur's first large-scale recreational park. During the time period when Main Lake Gardens was built, Kuala Lumpur lacked open space for recreation, and the largest open area was Main Lake Gardens, which is different from other gardens in terms of its type and age of plants (Malaysia, 2000). This garden is located in the heart of the city and was established in 1888.This garden includes sprawling green parkland with a lake and is the city's most popular park. Built around an artificial lake, the garden encompasses 91.6 hectares of undulating greenery interspersed with flowering shrubs, shady trees, exceptional botanical gardens, and other notable features, such as a spacious children's playground, jogging tracks, exercise stations, and a large mosque. Among the notable gardens and places within this garden are the orchid garden, the hibiscus garden, Kuala Lumpur bird park, the Malaysian national monument, deer park, Carcosa Seri Negara, and the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM).The Orchid Garden contains over 800 species of orchids, while the hibiscus garden is a small terraced garden with a variety of hibiscus plants. The Butterfly Park houses approximately 6,000 butterflies from over 120 species. This park is an imitation of the butterfly's natural habitat. The park includes more than 15,000 plants from 100 species that have been used to recreate a Malaysian rainforest atmosphere. There is a nursery and breeding area for the butterflies. Moreover, the Kuala Lumpur bird park is the largest bird park in South-East Asia. The bird park contains thousands of birds, representing nearly every major bird species from this part of the world. Malaysian National Monument is one of the world's largest freestanding bronze sculptures. The Monument commemorates those who died in Malaysia's struggle against the Communist insurgency in the 1950s. Besides the National Monument, this park contains the ASEAN Gardens and the Memorial TunRazak, which houses memorabilia of Malaysia's second Prime Minister, the late Tun Abdul Razak Hussein. Deer Park is located in the undulating slopes and sprawling valley of the Lake Gardens. Close to the bubbling stream at the edge of the valley are several mouse deer. The mouse deer is the smallest hoofed animal and is a popular figure in local folklore, due to its legendary humor.
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