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MYCETOPHILIDAE (Bolitophilinae, Ditomyiinae, Diadocidiinae, Keroplatinae, Sciophilinae and Manotinae) DIPTERA, NEMATOCERA

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MYCETOPHILIDAE (Bolitophilinae, Ditomyiinae, Diadocidiinae, Keroplatinae, Sciophilinae and Manotinae) DIPTERA, NEMATOCERA Royal Entomological Society HANDBOOKS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF BRITISH INSECTS To purchase current handbooks and to download out-of-print parts visit: http://www.royensoc.co.uk/publications/index.htm This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License. Copyright © Royal Entomological Society 2013 Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects Vol. IX, Part 3 MYCETOPHILIDAE (Bolitophilinae, Ditomyiinae, Diadocidiinae, Keroplatinae, Sciophilinae and Manotinae) DIPTERA, NEMATOCERA A. M. Hutson, D. M. Ackland and L. N. Kidd §IF ROYAL ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON Handbooks for the Vol. IX, Part 3 Identification of British Insects Editor: M. G. Fitton MYCETOPHILIDAE (Bolitophilinae, Ditomyiinae, Diadocidiinae, Keroplatinae, Sciophilinae and Manotinae) DiPTERA, NEMATOCERA By A. M. Hutson Department of Entomology British Museum (Natural History) London SW7 5BD D. M. Ackland Coniston House New Street Deddington OxonOX54SP and L. N . Kidd 8 Central A venue Green field Oldham OL3 7DH 1980 ROYAL ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON The aim of the Handbooks is to provide illustrated identification keys to the insects of Britain, together with concise morphological, biological and distributional information. The series also includes a Check list of British insects. Each handbook should serve both as an introduction to a particular group of insects and as an identification manual. Details of handbooks currently available, and an order form, can be obtained from the Royal Entomological Society, 41 Queen's Gate, London SW7 5HU. World List abbreviation: Handbk /dent. Br. Insects © Royal Entomological Society of London, 1980 First published 1980 by the Royal Entomological Society of London, 41 Queen's Gate, London SW7 5HU. Printed by G. Donald & Company Limited, Osiers Road, London SW18 1NL Contents Page Introduction 5 ltdationships with other families 5 Immature stages . 6 General behaviour and habitats 7 Associations with fungi 8 Lists of fungi and other habitats with associated Mycetophilidae 10 Parasites and disease 14 The fossil record . 14 Collecting and preserving 15 Rearing Diptera from fungi 15 Preparation of specimens 15 Morphology 16 otes on the keys . 20 Acknowledgements 21 Oleck list 21 Key to subfamilies 25 Subfamily Bolitophilinae 26 Subfamily Ditomyiinae . 28 Subfamily Diadocidiinae 28 Subfamily Keroplatinae 29 Subfamily Sciophilinae . 40 Subfamily Manotinae 69 References 70 Figures. 73 Index . 107 3 Introduction The Fungus-gnats (Mycetophilidae) are a large family of terrestrial Nematocera, usually with a compact hump-backed appearance (fig. 1), long coxae and well dc\'dopcd tibial spurs. Most species are rather small, but some may reach a length of about IOmm. They are generally some combination of brown, black and yellow, rardy sttikingly patterned, but sometimes brightly coloured like Hymenoptera. The bmily ranges throughout all the major land areas of the world (as well as on many oceanic islands) from northern Greenland in the north to Tierra del Fuego and the Crozel Wands in the south. The Mycetophilids of the tropics have been relatively poorly studied and although the fauna there may not be as representative of the wbolc family as in the temperate regions, it is certainly rich in species, most of which 5liii await description. About 3400 species have been described. The basic diagnostic characters of the family are as follows: usually three ocelli, median ocellus sometimes reduced or absent; antennae elongate and placed near the middle of the height of the eye with 11-17 (usually 16) generally distinctly separated sqmesus; thorax distinctly arched, with no suture dividing the mesonotum; coxae loll&; legs fairly long with tibial spurs usually well developed; other bristles on legs and thorax often strong; venation with Rs usually simple, sometimes forked very dose to the base forming a "small cell" over ther-m cross-vein, sometimes forked nearer the tip of the wing; median and posterior forks usually present, one or more of branch veins sometimes incomplete or absent; discal cell absent; anterior veins 115Wllly more strongly developed than posterior (post-radial) veins. About 450 species in seven subfamilies are recorded from Britain. About half of these species belong to the single subfamily Mycetophilinae and are not included in this work, which gives keys to species and figures of male genitalia for the other 204 species (mcluded in the subfamilies Bolitophilinae, Ditomyiinae, Diadocidiinae, Keroplatinae, Sciophilinae and Manotinae). Relationships with other families The Sciaridae, formerly ·considered a subfamily of the Mycetophilidae, but currently given separate family status, have a similar appearance and agree in most of the above listed characters. The British Mycetophilidae and Sciaridae are most closely related to the Scatopsidae and Cecidomyiidae. The Scatopsidae (and its related families Synneuridae and Canthyloscelidae) have large eyes that meet or almost meet above the antennae, tibial spurs usually reduced or absent and uniform pubescence on the thorax (no distinct rows of bristles). They are mostly small stout black flies, sometimes with some yellow. Most of the Cecidomyiidae are small fragile species with an eye-bridge and no ocelli, wing venation reduced to two postradial veins reaching the wing margin, very short first tarsal segment, no tibial spurs. Some Cecidomyiidae (in the subfamily Lestremiinae) have ocelli, wing venation similar to Sciaridae and a long first tarsal segment. The Sciaridae are readily separable from the Mycetophilidae in having the eyes produced over the antennae form~ng an eye-bridge and in having shorter coxae. The included species are rather uniform in general appearance with characteristic wing venation, generally dark colouration and usually a lack of strong bristles. A few paler species, e.g. Phytosciaraflavipes Meigen, may be mistaken for Mycetophilidae on superficial examination. The females of some species are wingless and with degeneration of the wings there may be modifications of the thoracic structure and reduction of eyes (including loss of the eye-bridge). Even the halteres may be lost. No apterous Mycetophilidae are known, but . the known females of two genera 5 (Baeopterogyna Vockeroth and Morinio/a Matile) and the female of one Macrocera species from the south Indian Ocean, are brachypterous. The apterous and brachypterous forms may be confusing, but associated males and larvae will leave no doubfas to the correct family placement. British Sciaridae have been little studied, but recent systematic studies by Tuomikoski (1966a) and Steffan (e.g. 1966) might facilitate a better classification of our own fauna. While there may be sufficient grounds for giving the Sciaridae separate family status, many of the groups here treated as subfamilies of the Mycetophilidae are equally well defined and discrete enough for some authors .to consider them too as separate families. Whether or not it is fully justified to give the Sciaridae special separate status, it is convenient and practical to do so until we have greater knowledge of their morphology and biology. Immature stages Eggs (fig. 2) are usually oval, white and opalescent, the opalescence due to the chorion being raised into longitudinal rows of tubercles. The larva emerges with the aid of a small chitinous egg-burster. Larvae (fig. 3) are usually slender, white and with a distinct dark head capsule. The head capsule is complete and non-retractile, with the mandibles opposed and in a horizontal plane. It is light coloured in a few species, such as the cave-dwelling Speolepta leptogaster Winnertz and the polymycetophagous Mycetophi/a fungorum Degeer. The epicranial plates meet below the head in Keroplatinae, Sciophilinae and Mycetophilinae. Antennae are generally very reduced and obscure, but are well developed in Bolitophilinae. The abdomen is of at least 8 segments, has no tergal plates, no prolegs and no anal lobes (although small anal papillae are present in Keroplatinae and the posterior spiracles of Ditomyiinae are on small spine-, like processes). Most larvae that live internally in fungi (especially Mycetophilinae) have some development of locomotory aids in the form of creeping welts, but these are poorly developed in Bolitophilinae and absent in the web-spinning Sciophilinae and Keroplatinae. The Keroplatinae also tend to be relatively large and vermiform, while Phronia (Mycetophilinae) are hemiovoid and either covered with slime or with a protective limpet-like shield made up of local debris. Epicypta (Mycetophilinae) has a similar protective case. The larvae of Keroplatinae are apneustic, the rest are varieties of hemipneustic and may vary from instar to instar, e.g. in Bolitophila and Brachypeza the first instar is metapneustic, 2nd and 3rd are propneustic and the 4th (last) instar is peripneustic. While usually white, some larvae may be coloured from dull yellow to bright green. The evaluation of characters to establish a satisfactory style of description of larvae was presented by Lastovka (1971) and this has been largely followed by Trifourkis (1977). The pupa (fig. 4) is obtect adecticous and with sufficient of the adult characters apparent for identification with the family. The web-spinners tend to pupate in or by the web, with or without a cocoon. Those developing in soft fungi leave the fungus and pupate in nearby soil or under bark, etc., sometimes with a loose cocoon. Others may pupate in situ in hard fungi or non-fungus
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