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Water Quality Risk, Local Ecological Knowledge, and Decision Making in Maine and New Hampshire’S Surfing Population

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Water Quality Risk, Local Ecological Knowledge, and Decision Making in Maine and New Hampshire’S Surfing Population AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Sophia Quilliam Scott for the degree of Master of Environmental Science and Policy presented on May 10th, 2016. Knowledge into action: Water quality risk, local ecological knowledge, and decision making in Maine and New Hampshire’s surfing population Abstract approved ___________________________________________ Dr. Shannon H. Rogers Water quality impairments and the subsequent beach advisories are significant problems in the Gulf of Maine. These advisories arise when water quality is below the accepted threshold for human health and safety. Surfers represent a culturally and economically important subpopulation of beachgoers who are subject to higher risks associated impaired water quality. This increased risk is related to the amount of time surfers spend in the water, the higher incidence of water ingestion, and the propensity for surfers to surf around storm events when water quality is the lowest. In our research we surveyed 291 surfers and conducted 20 interviews with key informants in the surfing community. Though we approached our research from the angle of water quality risk and decision-making the major theme that emerged from our interviews through the process of latent content analysis is that surfers Maine and New Hampshire hold a wealth of local ecological knowledge (LEK) especially around issues of water quality. LEK has been heralded as an important knowledge source in the realm of sustainability science and has proven to be useful in coastal management. In addition to the finding that Maine and New Hampshire surfers provide valuable insight on issues of water quality. We find that surfers indicate that water quality and pollution can impact an individual’s decision to surf. Given this, surfers should have equal access to water quality information at their local surf spots. With this research we hope to show that surfer's knowledge of their environment can prove useful to researchers and help drive policy changes related to water quality management. ©Copyright by Sophia Quilliam Scott May 10th, 2016 All Rights Reserved Knowledge into action: Water quality risk, local ecological knowledge, and decision making in Maine and New Hampshire’s surfing population By Sophia Quilliam Scott A THESIS Submitted to Plymouth State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Environmental Science and Policy Defended May 10, 2016 Degree Conferred June 2016 Master of Environmental Science and Policy thesis of Sophia Q. Scott presented on May 10, 2016 APPROVED: ____________________________________________________________________ Dr. Shannon H. Rogers, Thesis Advisor, Assistant Professor of Environmental Science and Policy, Ecological Economist, Center for the Environment, Plymouth State University ____________________________________________________________________ Mr. Douglas Earick, Center for the Environment, Plymouth State University, Education Consultant, New Hampshire Department of Education ____________________________________________________________________ Dr. Bridie McGreavy, Assistant Professor of Environmental Communication, Department of Communication and Journalism, University of Maine I understand that my thesis will become part of the permanent collection of Plymouth State University, Lamson Library. My signature below authorizes release of my thesis to any reader upon request ____________________________________________________________________ Sophia Quilliam Scott, Author i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is the result of a fruitful collaboration between researchers at Plymouth State University and the New England Sustainability Consortium’s Safe Beaches and Shellfish Project. Funding for this research was provided by NH EPSCoR and the National Science Foundation award #1330641. There are many people to acknowledge who have played a significant role in supporting me throughout my thesis research. First and foremost, I’d like to thank my advisor Dr. Shannon Rogers. Shannon is not only a brilliant scientist, researcher, and interdisciplinary scholar, she is an incredible mentor, teacher, and advisor to all of her students. I have learned a tremendous amount from her and am looking forward to building upon the relationship that we have formed while working together on this project. I’d also like to thank my thesis committee, Douglas Earick and Dr. Bridie McGreavy for all of their valuable insight, knowledge, and support they provided throughout this process. Thank you to all of the NEST researchers who gave me unlimited wisdom, support, and encouragement. Of the NEST folks I’d especially like to recognize Dr. Laura Lindenfeld and Dr. Kathleen Bell who consistently greeted me with kindness and enthusiasm and helped make me feel like an integral part of this expansive transdisciplinary project. I’d like to thank my entire Scott-Mucklestone family, particularly my mom and dad, for always believing in me and continuously supporting me throughout my academic career. Special shout out to the Rogers’ Research Group, Chelsea, Jonathon, and Carrie, for helping me navigate grad school life and always being there for whatever I needed. Big recognition also goes out to my writing group, Carly, for always keeping me sane, accountable, motivated, and providing all the puppy therapy needed! All the Rad Grads, as well as the entire PSU and CFE community, I’ve learned so much from all of you. Thank you for sharing your knowledge and guidance. Thank you to Morgan, Andrea, and Kaitlin for being my support system over the past two years, I couldn’t have done it without you. Lastly, this work couldn’t have been possible without the surfing community in Maine and New Hampshire. I have endless gratitude to all the surfers who participated in this our study, your contribution helped make this research happen. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter One: General introduction…………………………………………………….… 1 1. Background……………………………………………………………….……. 1 1.1 Intro to sustainability science………………………………….…… 1 1.2 The New England Sustainability Consortium………………..……. 2 2. Study rational: Impaired water quality and surfers in the Gulf of Maine…. 2 2.1 Beach advisories and closures in the Gulf of Maine…………..… 2 2.2 Vulnerability of surfers to water quality and beach advisories.… 3 2.3 Surfers are important stakeholders in coastal ecosystems….…. 4 3. Research questions…………………………………………………….…….. 4 4. Thesis roadmap………………………………………………………….……. 5 Chapter Two: Manuscript one…………………………………………………….……… 6 Chapter Three: Manuscript two…………………………………………………………. 36 . Chapter Four: Summary statistics………………………………………………………. 53 Chapter Five: General Conclusion……………………………………………………… 55 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………….. 57 APPENDICES………………………………………………………………….………….. 65 APPENDIX A: IRB approval letter……………………………………….………… 66 APPENDIX B: Study area map...................................………………….……. 67 APPENDIX C: Intercept survey script and instrument………………….……. 68 APPENDIX D: Interview questions…………………………………….………. 69 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Figures in Chapter One 1. Representation of the triangulated multi and mixed method approach …............................................................ 10 2. Diagram representing iterative process of our methodology development………………..............…..………………… 11 3. Examples of interview questions………………….................………………… 12 4. Examples of interview questions………………….................………………… 13 5. Image depicting the coding process employed in our analysis of interview data…………………..………………... 14 6. Sunburst graph representing Major theme (center), subthemes (middle), and parent codes…………………….…………………. 17 7. Chart illustrating range of LEK..................................................................... 21 8. Process of building logit model...……………………………...................…… 24 Figures in Chapter Two 1. Diagram representing iterative process of our methodology development……………………………………………... 39 2. Examples of questions used in the survey…………..............…………….... 39 3. Histogram of Likert scale of risk......…………………………….……...……... 42 iv LIST OF TABLES Tables Page Tables in Chapter One 1. National Resource Defense Council Beach Action Value (BAV) exceedances for 2013 and number of issued beach advisories for 2015......................................... 10 2. Intercept survey sampling schedule.............................................................. 12 3. Overall interview sample characteristics (n=20)............................................. 15 4. Subthemes leading to the theory that surfers’ hold LEK................................. 16 5. Emergent themes from interview data........................................................... 18 6. Demographic information for counties and states where surveys were administered................................................. 21 7. Overall sample characteristics (n=291).......................................................... 22 8. Selective and open codes within the survey data......................................... 23 9. Cross tabulation and chi square test of independence................................. 24 10. Logit model of LEK and model predictability (Model 1)................................ 25 11. Second logit model of LEK and model predictability (Model 2).................... 25 12. Logistic regression of predictor analyzed singularly...................................... 26 Tables in Chapter Two 1. National Resource Defense Council Beach Action Value (BAV) exceedances for 2013 and number of issued beach
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