International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Ocean Literacy and Surfing: Understanding How Interactions in Coastal Ecosystems Inform Blue Space User’s Awareness of the Ocean Natalie Fox 1, Jamie Marshall 2 and Dorothy Jane Dankel 3,* 1 Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK;
[email protected] 2 School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, 9 Sighthill Court, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK;
[email protected] 3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway * Correspondence:
[email protected] Abstract: Intergovernmental policy is targeting public ocean literacy to help achieve the societal changes needed to reach a sustainable ocean agenda within a 10-year timeframe. To create a culture of care for the ocean, which is under threat from Anthropocentric pressures, informed ocean citizens are central to upholding meaningful actions and best practices. This research focuses on recreational ocean users, specifically surfers and how their blue space activities may inform understanding of ocean processes and human-ocean interconnections. The Ocean Literacy Principles were used to assess ocean awareness through surfing interactions. An online survey questionnaire was completed by 249 participants and reduced to a smaller sample focus group. Qualitative and quantitative data were triangulated to develop further understanding of surfer experiences, using the social-ecological Citation: Fox, N.; Marshall, J.; systems framework to model surfing outcomes. The results found that surfers indeed receive ocean Dankel, D.J. Ocean Literacy and literacy benefits, specifically three out of the seven Ocean Literacy Principles and that ocean literacy Surfing: Understanding How is a direct benefit many surfers in the sample group receive.