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The Orontids of Armenia by Cyril Toumanoff
The Orontids of Armenia by Cyril Toumanoff This study appears as part III of Toumanoff's Studies in Christian Caucasian History (Georgetown, 1963), pp. 277-354. An earlier version appeared in the journal Le Muséon 72(1959), pp. 1-36 and 73(1960), pp. 73-106. The Orontids of Armenia Bibliography, pp. 501-523 Maps appear as an attachment to the present document. This material is presented solely for non-commercial educational/research purposes. I 1. The genesis of the Armenian nation has been examined in an earlier Study.1 Its nucleus, succeeding to the role of the Yannic nucleus ot Urartu, was the 'proto-Armenian,T Hayasa-Phrygian, people-state,2 which at first oc- cupied only a small section of the former Urartian, or subsequent Armenian, territory. And it was, precisely, of the expansion of this people-state over that territory, and of its blending with the remaining Urartians and other proto- Caucasians that the Armenian nation was born. That expansion proceeded from the earliest proto-Armenian settlement in the basin of the Arsanias (East- ern Euphrates) up the Euphrates, to the valley of the upper Tigris, and espe- cially to that of the Araxes, which is the central Armenian plain.3 This expand- ing proto-Armenian nucleus formed a separate satrapy in the Iranian empire, while the rest of the inhabitants of the Armenian Plateau, both the remaining Urartians and other proto-Caucasians, were included in several other satrapies.* Between Herodotus's day and the year 401, when the Ten Thousand passed through it, the land of the proto-Armenians had become so enlarged as to form, in addition to the Satrapy of Armenia, also the trans-Euphratensian vice-Sa- trapy of West Armenia.5 This division subsisted in the Hellenistic phase, as that between Greater Armenia and Lesser Armenia. -
Khachatur Abovian
KHACHATUR ABOVIAN ARMENIAN STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY KHACHATUR ABOVIAN ARMENIAN STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY KHACHATUR ABOVIAN ARMENIAN STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY Dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the foundation of the Pedagogical University “Mankavarzh” Publishing House Yerevan 2012 Concert of the Armenian State Chamber Orchestra at the diploma awarding ceremony at the Armenian Pedagogical University, graduation celebrations of 2011 À 283 Kh. Abovian Armenian State Pedagogical University. - Yerevan. Kh. Abovian ASPU, 2012, p. 108 Compiled by Aelita Dolukhanyan, Ara Yeremyan, Mher Karapetyan Editor of the original version (in Armenian) Artashes Martirosyan Translators and editors of the version in English Shushanik Yavuryan, Tigran Mikayelyan Artistic design and layout by Aram Urutyan The compilation comprises materials from the archives of the Museum of Kh. Abovian Armenian State Pedagogical University. ISBN 978-99941-69-31-3 © Kh. Abovian ASPU, 2012 CONTENTS President of the Republic of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan’s congratulation message on the 90th anniversary of the foundation of Khachatur Abovian Armenian State Pedagogical University . 6 Supreme Patriarch of the Armenian Apostolic Church, Catholicos H.H. Garegin II’s congratulation message on the 90th anniversary of the foundation of Khachatur Abovian Armenian State Pedagogical University . 9 Invention of the Armenian Alphabet. Foundation of Illustrious Schools and Monastic Universities in Armenia in Middle Ages . 13 Education from the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century in the Eastern and Western Parts of Armenia . 25 Foundation of the Pedagogical University and the early activities developed (1922 1940) . 31 Participation of the Pedagogical University in the Great Patriotic War (1941 1945) . 47 Pedagogical University between the postwar period and the declaration of Independence (1945 1990) . -
Armenia an Open Air Museum
TOURISM GUIDE ARMENIA AN OPEN AIR MUSEUM Gavar - 2018 A R M E N I A Armenia Brief Information Where is Armenia? Armenia is in South Caucasus. In north the country borders with Georgia, in south – with Iran, in east – with Azerbaijan, in west – with Turkey. The current territory of the Republic of Armenia is 29800 square km and is situated about 1800 m above sea level. The highest point is mount Aragats (4090 m), the lowest – canyon of the river Debet (400 m). Yerevan is the capital of the country. According to the 2003 census data population is 3, 2 million people, 1, 1 of which lives in Yerevan. When is the best time to visit Armenia? Armenia is equally wonderful in all the seasons of year. In comparatively small territory you can meet amazingly diverse nature and weather; spring, summer, autumn and winter are full and brightly expressed. Season of tours to Armenia starts in April and lasts until November, though nature gets the peak blossom in the end of May, but autumn is plentiful until the end of September. During the tourist season our guests can enjoy dishes, made of ecologically pure, natural and extremely tasty ingredients. July is the very full of tourist season. From December to the end of March doors of resort Tsakhkadzor are open to all the winter rest and winter sport fans. The best destination for the therapeutic recreation is hydropathical resort Jermuk, which you can visit any time of the year. How to get to Armenia? Armenia does not have outlet to sea. -
The Latin Principality of Antioch and Its Relationship with the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1188-1268 Samuel James Wilson
The Latin Principality of Antioch and Its Relationship with the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1188-1268 Samuel James Wilson A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Nottingham Trent University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2016 1 Copyright Statement This work is the intellectual property of the author. You may copy up to 5% of this work for private study, or personal, non-commercial research. Any re-use of the information contained within this document should be fully referenced, quoting the author, title, university, degree level and pagination. Queries or requests for any other use, or if a more substantial copy is required, should be directed to the owner of the Intellectual Property Rights. 2 Abstract The Latin principality of Antioch was founded during the First Crusade (1095-1099), and survived for 170 years until its destruction by the Mamluks in 1268. This thesis offers the first full assessment of the thirteenth century principality of Antioch since the publication of Claude Cahen’s La Syrie du nord à l’époque des croisades et la principauté franque d’Antioche in 1940. It examines the Latin principality from its devastation by Saladin in 1188 until the fall of Antioch eighty years later, with a particular focus on its relationship with the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia. This thesis shows how the fate of the two states was closely intertwined for much of this period. The failure of the principality to recover from the major territorial losses it suffered in 1188 can be partly explained by the threat posed by the Cilician Armenians in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. -
NIMRUD RISING How Virtual Reality Will Resurrect and Rebuild a Lost Masterpiece
NIMRUD RISING How Virtual Reality Will Resurrect and Rebuild a Lost Masterpiece The world’s shared cultural heritage is threatened across the globe. The causes are many--cultural racketeering; encroachment; and war, terrorism and cultural cleansing that seek to destroy the past of another people. The loss of objects and sites that form our links to history is strongly felt by all civilized people. In a world divided by borders, ideology and mutual misunderstanding, we recognize the unrivalled creations of our forebears as the expressions of our collective genius. In March, 2015, reports from the Iraqi Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities confirmed that agents of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) had attacked the ISIS video showing the willful dynamiting of the Northwest Palace, Nimrud ancient Assyrian capital city of Nimrud in northeastern Iraq, just eighteen miles southeast of Mosul. Then, on April 12, 2015, the terrorists of ISIS released a vid- eo documenting the willful demolition of the North- west Palace. After 3,300-years of history, the militants had wiped the most famous and culturally significant building at Nimrud from the face of the earth. To combat these losses, the Antiquities Coalition and Learning Sites, Inc. have created NIMRUD RISING. Offering an alternative to the dynamiting of the Northwest Palace, we are using innovative digital technology solutions to create an immersive virtual reality recreation of Nimrud, where anyone can visit the palaces, learn about that ancient culture, and Rendering showing a reconstruction of the throne room of the Northwest Palace; from the virtual reality model of the palace by Learning Sites, Inc. -
The Site of Tigranokerta: Status Quaestionis
Acta Ant. Hung. 56, 2016, 293–314 DOI: 10.1556/068.2016.56.3.2 MICHAŁ MARCIAK THE SITE OF TIGRANOKERTA: STATUS QUAESTIONIS Summary: This paper gives an overview of all major identifications of the site of Tigranokerta, the fa- mous foundation of the Armenian king, Tigranes II (the Great, ca. 95‒55 BCE). Firstly, the paper pre- sents ancient literary evidence; secondly, it discusses all major locations of Tigranokerta suggested to date (Siirt, Silvan, Arzan, Diyarbakιr, Tell Abad, and Kιzιltepe); and finally it reaches its own conclu- sions. It appears that in the current state of research, it is Arzan which is the most likely candidate for the site of Tigranes II’s new capital. The paper also engages with the latest archaeological excavations in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and takes issue with the identification of the site near Shahbulagh as the foundation of Tigranes the Great. Key words: Tigranokerta, Armenia, Parthia, Tigranes the Great, Mesopotamia, Arzan, Strabo, Tacitus INTRODUCTION As late as 1903, the eminent British historian Bernard W. Henderson called the iden- tification of Tigranokerta “the time-worn controversy”.1 However, since Henderson used those words, much has been written about the location of Tigranokerta, the famous foundation of perhaps the greatest Armenian king ever, Tigranes II (ca. 95–55 BCE), also known as Tigranes the Great.2 Many scholars have concluded that without proper This paper is part of my research project financed by the National Science Centre in Poland (UMO-2011/03/N/HS3/01159). The project (devoted to three regna minora of Northern Mesopotamia – So- phene, Gordyene and Adiabene) is being conducted at the University of Rzeszów under the supervision of Prof. -
Nineveh 2020-2
CULTURAL EDUCATIONAL SOCIAL Established 1964 Ancient Assyrian New Year Wish in Cuneiform “I write for your well-being on the occasion of the New Year –– May you be happy, May you remain in good health May the god who looks after you provide you with good things” Publication of the Assyrian Foundation of America Volume 45, Number 2, 2020 From the President Contents Dear Nineveh Magazine Readers and AFA members, 4 Gilgamesh Performance 23 Their Story Will Soon Drown: A Christian Professionals and Assyrian Children Family of Middle East Survivors For those of you who don’t know me, I am the new- Nuri Kino ly elected president of the Assyrian Foundation of America 7 Nineveh Magazine The Assyrian Foundation (AFA). Before I provide you with more information regard- 24 Dr. Emmanuel Ramsin ing my background, I would like to thank our previous In Memoriam president Jackie Yelda for the many years of hard work and 8 AKITU 1670 achievements that she provided to the AFA. I think I can Elizabeth Mickaily-Huber, Ph.D. speak for all of us when I say that we are sad to see her go. 25 Nineveh Donations Nevertheless, I look forward to taking on the torch and to June 2019 through November 2019 serving the AFA, as I have done previously in a variety of 10 ‘Extremely rare’ Assyrian functions. carvings discovered in Iraq 26 Ferdinand Badal Andrew Lawler In Memoriam I was born in Baghdad, Iraq at the Kamp Alghei- lani, also known as the Armenian Camp. I grew up in 12 For Iraq’s Christians, 30 AFA Fourth Quarter Member Meeting Habanniya and later lived in Baghdad. -
Medieval Georgian Poliorcetica
HISTORIA I ŚWIAT, nr 4 (2015) ISSN 2299-2464 Mamuka TSURTSUMIA (Tbilisi State University, Georgia) Medieval Georgian Poliorcetica Keywords: Georgian Warfare, Military History, Army, Middle Ages Poliorcetica is the art of siege warfare, more precisely that of capturing strongholds and their defense. Owing to the large number of castles, siege actions were highly characteristic of the Middle Ages.1 According to Philippe Contamine, “in its most usual form medieval warfare was made up of a succession of sieges accompanied by skirmishes and devastation, to which were added a few major battles...”2 Hence, the accompanying “siege mentality”.3 Indeed seizure castles held the most important place in the art of war of the period, sieges being much more frequent than field battles.4 This was natural, for in the Middle Ages war was carried on to master land, and land was controlled by castles.5 In the Middle Ages, when fighting took place at arms length, he who had the advantage of height and was protected behind walls enjoyed considerable superiority.6 Hence capturing a fortress was a difficult and laborious undertaking. It demanded the participation of many people (soldiers and various specialists) and diverse materials (wood, iron, hides, ropes for the camp and siege engines, stones for artillery). The besieger had to take into account numerous factors: correct place for the camp, ensuring food supplies, keeping to elementary sanitary norms to prevent an epidemy, putting an end to the garrison’s sorties, repulsing outside attacks. Apart from the difficulties generally attending military operations, conducting a siege required from the besieger to solve certain specific problems. -
Faist ANE Today August 2021.Docx
Neo-Assyrian Legal Practices – Law Without Lawyers By Betina Faist When dealing with the Neo-Assyrian empire, the focus often is on the mechanisms of power, which are characterized by terms such as military predominance, use of violence, and exploitation. It is true that this image is partly based on Assyrian self-representation in royal inscriptions and reliefs. However, the Assyrian success and the relative stability of its power system during ca. 300 years (934–612 BCE) cannot be properly explained on the bases of a well-functioning army alone. It also rested on an experienced administrative organisation, including the administration of justice. The main evidence for jurisprudence in the Neo-Assyrian period are documents in cuneiform script and Neo-Assyrian language written down in the context of settlement of private disputes. Most of the clay tablets come from the Assyrian heartland, i.e. from Ashur, Nineveh, Kalhu (Nimrud), and Imgur-Illil (Balawat), as well as from the Western provinces of the empire, especially from Durkatlimmu (Tell Sheikh Hamad) and Guzana (Tell Halaf). The texts go back to the 8th and 7th centuries BCE, when Assyria was at the peak of its power. Their main concern was to document the outcome of the judicial procedure rather than to give information about procedurally relevant aspects such as the cause of the dispute, the claims of the parties, the adjudicating court, the pieces of evidence, or the applied law. The professions of the parties, for example goldsmiths, professional transporters, scribes, chief musicians, palace stewards, and chariot fighters, clearly show that we are looking at litigations among the urban middle and upper classes. -
2018 Human Rights Report
2018 Human Rights Report Struggling to Breathe: the Systematic Repression of Assyrians ABOUT ASSYRIANS An estimated 3.5 million people globally comprise a distinct, indigenous ethnic group. Tracing their heritage to ancient Assyria, Assyrians speak an ancient language called Assyrian (sometimes referred to as Syriac, Aramaic, or Neo-Aramaic). The contiguous territory that forms the traditional Assyrian homeland includes parts of southern and south-eastern Turkey, north-western Iran, northern Iraq, and north-eastern Syria. This land has been known as Assyria for at least four thousand years. The Assyrian population in Iraq, estimated at approximately 200,000, constitutes the largest remaining concentration of the ethnic group in the Middle East. The majority of these reside in their ancestral homelands in the Nineveh Plain and within the so- called Kurdish Region of Iraq. Assyrians are predominantly Christian. Some ethnic Assyrians self-identify as Chaldeans or Syriacs, depending on church denomination. Assyrians have founded five Eastern Churches at different points during their long history: the Ancient Church of the East, the Assyrian Church of the East, the Chaldean Catholic Church, the Syriac Catholic Church, and the Syriac Orthodox Church. Many of these churches, as well as their various denominations, have a Patriarch at their head; this role functions, to various degrees, in a similar way to the role of the Pope in Roman Catholicism. There are at least seven different Patriarchs who represent religious Assyrian communities – however, these individuals frequently experience oppression from governmental institutions in their native countries, and consequentially often face pressure that prevents them from disclosing accurate information on the subject of human rights. -
Nimrud) High School Activity Booklet
Palace Reliefs from Kalhu (Nimrud) High School Activity Booklet Created by Eliza Graumlich ’17 Student Education Assistant Bowdoin College Museum of Art Winged Spirit or Apkallu Anointing Ashurnasirpal II from Kalhu (Nimrud), Iraq, 875–860 BCE. Bowdoin College Museum of Art WHAT A RELIEF On November 8, 1845, a young English diplomat named Austen Henry Layard boarded a small raft in Mosul, Iraq and set off down the Tigris River, carrying with him “a variety of guns, spears, and other formidable weapons” as Layard described in his account Discoveries at Nineveh (1854). He told his companions that he was off to hunt wild boars in a nearby village but, actually, he was hoping to hunt down the remains of an ancient city. Layard previously noticed large mounds of earth near the village of Nimrud, Iraq and hoped that excavation would reveal ruins. He arrived at his destination that evening under the cover of darkness. 2 The next morning, Layard began digging with the help of seven hired locals and various tools that he had gathered in secret. He feared that Turkish officials would not grant him permission for the excavation. Within a few hours, dirt and sand gave way to stone; Layard had discovered the Northwest Palace of Ashurnasirpal II at Kalhu. Layard continued his excavation over the next six years, ultimately discovering “three more palaces, an arsenal, two temples, and the walls of both citadel and city” as Barbara Nevling Porter described in Trees, Kings, and Politics: Studies in Assyrian Iconography (2003) At the end of the excavation, Dr. -
Armenian Printers
The Armenian Weekly WWW.ARMENIANWEEKLY.COM SEPTEMBER 1, 2012 The Armenian Weekly SEPTEMBER 1, 2012 CONTENTS Contributors Armenian medieval Armenian Printing in 2 13 Historians in Print: 25America (1857–1912) 500 Years: A Celebration Three Centuries of —By Teotig, 3 of Ink and Paper and Glue Scholarship across Translated and Edited —By Chris Bohjalian Three Continents by Vartan Matiossian —By Ara Sanjian Talk to Me A World History 5 —By Kristi Rendahl Celebrating 500 Years 28of Armenian Printers of Armenian Printing —By Artsvi “Wings on Their Feet and 22 —By Lilly Torosyan Bakhchinyan 7 on their Heads: Reflections on Port Armenians and The First Historian of Five Centuries of Global 24Armenian Printing Armenian Print Culture” —By Vartan Matiossian —By Sebouh D. Aslanian Editor: Khatchig Mouradian The Armenian Weekly Copy-editor: Nayiri Arzoumanian CONTRIBUTORS Art Director: Gina Poirier Sebouh David Aslanian was born in Ethiopia and Born in Montevideo (Uruguay) and long-time resi- received his Ph.D. (with distinction) from Columbia dent of Buenos Aires (Argentina), Dr. Vartan University in 2007. He holds the Richard Hovannisian Matiossian is a historian, literary scholar, translator Endowed Chair of Modern Armenian history at the and educator living in New Jersey. He has published department of history at UCLA. His recently published six books on Armenian history and literature. He is From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The currently the executive director of the Armenian Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa National Education Committee in New York and book review editor (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011) was the recipient of of Armenian Review.