Héctor Alvarado Lumbreras

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Héctor Alvarado Lumbreras El periódico de calidad EL PERIÓDICO DE CALIDAD HÉCTOR ALVARADO LUMBRERAS UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN Jesús Ancer Rodríguez Rector Rogelio Garza Rivera Secretario General Rogelio Villarreal Elizondo Secretario de Extensión y Cultura Celso José Garza Acuña Director de Publicaciones Biblioteca Universitaria Raúl Rangel Frías Alfonso Reyes 4000 norte, Planta principal Monterrey, Nuevo León, México, C.P. 64440 Tels: (5281) 8329 4111 / Fax: (5281) 8329 4095 e-mail: [email protected] Página web: www.uanl.mx/publicaciones EL PERIÓDICO DE CALIDAD Primera edición, 2010 © Héctor Alvarado Lumbreras © Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León ISBN: 978-607-433-346-6 Impreso en Monterrey, México Printed in Monterrey, Mexico 6 LO QUE NO TIENE AMÉRICA LATINA [PRÓLOGO] En octubre del año pasado cuando estaba presentando en Quito mi libro Cómo se escribe un periódico un joven periodista de entre el público me preguntó por qué publicaba aquel trabajo, habida cuenta de que, como yo mismo afirmaba, la prensa de papel se hallaba en una crisis que muchos expertos temían que fuera terminal. La pregunta era legítima y pienso que la respuesta, también apropiada. Dije que todo, absolutamen- te todo lo que cupiera aprender sobre periodismo impreso con mi libro, mi curso de Cartagena del que fue excelente alumno Héctor Alvarado, o con lo que sea, es plenamente aplicable al periodismo digital; que nada de todo ello queda fuera o hay que olvidar. El periodismo sobre medio electrónico comporta otras ventajas, lo que es magnífico para nuestra profesión, como el audio, el video, la interacción, el meta e hipertexto, el link infinito y todo lo que yo ignoro sobre el particular, que es mucho. Pero el periodismo como práctica profesional sigue siendo básicamente el mismo, sólo que mejor. La realidad a la que nos enfrentamos, aunque en América Latina los efectos sean todavía sólo incipientes, es la de que sobran diarios. En Espa- ña hay 132, lo que significa que además de media docena de periódicos de ámbito nacional, cada una de las 50 provincias del país cuenta con dos, tres o más diarios de irradiación local, comarcal o regional. En Por- tugal, con una cuarta parte de la población española, hay más de 40 pu- blicaciones diarias, y cifras similares corresponden a Francia, Italia, Ale- mania y Gran Bretaña. Sería ilusorio creer que esa realidad no va a experi- mentar alteraciones en un futuro no muy lejano. En Estados Unidos la «poda» comenzó ya hace unos años, y América Latina no es el planeta Marte. Las cosas tardan a veces, pero siempre acaban por llegar. Y en un intento de clasificación, cierto que muy genérica, de los dia- rios vinculándola a su capacidad de sobrevivencia, yo hablaba ya a fin del siglo pasado de dos grandes categorías y un cajón de sastre, que es de lo que precisamente trata el trabajo de Héctor. Los diarios se clasificaban en esta visión de «perspectivistas», de «proximidad», y todos los demás. 7 Aunque el joven docente cuyo libro prologo lo explica en detalle, digamos someramente que el «perspectivismo» es el de aquellos diarios (también llamados «de calidad») que pretenden hablar del mundo al mun- do, y si nos centramos en México, los que explicarían México al mundo y el mundo a México, todo lo que implica, por supuesto, una gran plan- tilla, un gasto de funcionamiento cotidiano muy importante, un buen equipo de corresponsales en el país y en el extranjero, y un mercado que sustente toda esa costosa operación. Los de «proximidad», contrariamen- te, son los que tienen como campo privilegiado de actuación un radio en torno a una capital, un punto o centro comercial, una zona con caracte- rísticas propias, de no muchos kilómetros a la redonda, aunque no cabe hablar de una receta universalmente aplicable y cada país tiene las dimen- siones de «proximidad» que le corresponden. Pero lo importante es que esos diarios no intentan mas que mínimamente contar el mundo a sus lectores —siempre con información de agencia— e incluso cubren apenas expeditivamente los asuntos nacionales, para dedicar la casi totalidad de su empeño en ahondar en lo propio, lo que pertenece exclusivamente a ese radio de acción. Ahí es donde han de ganar lectores porque los «gran- des», por mucho que lo intenten, no están en condiciones de competir. Y, finalmente, los demás son los que no son ni una cosa ni otra, los que quieren hacerlo todo, pero nada del todo bien. Pues, bien, en América Latina, con algunas excepciones relativas que hay que buscar en Buenos Aires, no hay diarios ni de una ni de otra categoría; todos son del cajón de sastre. Las razones son múltiples, pero la fundamental es de orden socioeconómico. Aunque no haya una correla- ción perfecta entre desarrollo educativo y económico y venta de diarios, está claro que alguna vinculación ha de existir. Y la consecuencia de ello es que el mercado latinoamericano de Prensa es exiguo y, por lo tanto, incapaz de soportar un diario «perspectivista», aunque parece que en tiem- pos pasados el antiguo Excélsior hizo un esfuerzo notable en ese sentido. La forma canónica de medir la penetración de un diario en la sociedad consiste en establecer el número de ejemplares vendidos por mil habitan- tes. El récord histórico, aunque como todos nosotros en pronunciado descenso, lo han tenido desde siempre los países escandinavos, hoy toda- vía con unos 400 y pico de ejemplares por millar de compradores poten- ciales. España ha caído en los últimos 10 años de 105 o 106 a 93 o 94, con lo que se halla casi a la cola de la Unión Europea, y todo ello compu- 8 tado por organismos independientes que dan el número exacto de copias vendidas al año y día. ¿Y América Latina? Misterio. Salvo de nuevo en Buenos Aires, donde en los últimos años ha habido algunas computacio- nes independientes, no hay en ningún país que yo conozca una contabili- dad fidedigna. En Colombia, país que conozco algo, mi cálculo personal no me da más de 25 o 30 ejemplares por millar; calculen ustedes mismos cuántos pueden ser en México. En Argentina y Costa Rica hablan de unos 75. Y yo he preguntado a notables periodistas mexicanos por qué no hay un solo diario de esas características en un país como México de 110 millones de habitantes, una cultura riquísima, y una clase educada si no mayoritaria sí en número considerable, y me han contestado que ese tipo de diario no es rentable, que el público no lo pide —jamás se lo han ofrecido, con lo que mal puede echarlo en falta— y cosas por el estilo que son verdad, pero no toda la verdad. Y esa misma ausencia de diarios «perspectivistas» o «de calidad» es lo que permite u obliga a los diarios que no son ni chichá ni limoná a cubrir, aunque siempre de forma insuficien- te, esa totalidad de intereses, bien que al precio en muchos casos de des- cuidar el ámbito de lo inmediato o al menos de no cultivarlo a fondo como interesaría al lector local. Es mi convencimiento, así como el de muchos y mejores observadores de estos fenómenos, especialmente en el mundo anglosajón, que puede que sobrevivan algunos diarios «perspectivistas», probablemente no más de uno o dos por país o área cultural —en la actualidad no hay más de una quincena en toda Europa occidental— y naciones todas con más de 25 mil dólares de renta per cápita para una élite que es posible que quiera seguir leyendo en papel; y un número quizá mayor pero muy difícil de determinar de diarios de proximidad, aquellos que se hagan imprescindi- bles como instrumento de comunicación, asociación y hasta democrática complicidad de las fuerzas vivas locales. Pero no me juego nada a que así sea. ¿Y los de factura intermedia? En América Latina aún tienen fuelle por las carencias apuntadas en el mundo del «perspectivismo», pero nadie puede extenderles un salvoconducto para el futuro. De todo esto trata el trabajo de Héctor Alvarado. Seamos realistas y entendamos que si las noticias no son buenas, no por ello menos hemos de plantearnos el combate por esa pervivencia; y si cabe imaginar que podamos tener éxito sólo se me ocurren para expresar esa posibilidad dos palabras: agenda propia; o la capacidad, hoy casi inexistente tanto en 9 América Latina como en España, de hacer diarios —dentro de un mismo género como serían los de información general, no los «populoides» que estarían mucho más cerca de la proximidad— que fueran verdaderamente distintos entre sí, aquellos que permitan decir al lector que la interpreta- ción de la realidad que consideran más rica y satisfactoria es la que en- cuentra en «su» diario. Pero, por favor, si las noticias no son del todo buenas, no maten por ello al mensajero. M. A. BASTENIER 10 A Emely y Héctor Darío 11 12 INTRODUCCIÓN El camino menos transitado es siempre el más duro. BILL KOVACH Y TOM ROSENSTIEL Un periódico, se dice, es una ciudad. El lector, como el ciudadano, espera servicios básicos (informaciones y secciones) infalibles, que consti- tuyan la base de la mejor calidad de vida posible. Confía que el trabajo de los servidores públicos (periodistas, editores y directivos), sumado a su exigencia y aportación, permita construir o consolidar una ciudad (perió- dico) de vanguardia. Periódico y ciudad tienen, en teoría, el objetivo de convertirse en los mejores de su especie, aunque cada uno lo persigue a su manera. Ambos tienen una particular forma de ver y entender el mundo, de ahí que no exista ciudad o periódico totalmente igual a otro. Pese a editarse en el mismo país, región, ciudad o avenida que otro, todo diario posee su propia impronta.
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