Wahlenbergia Capillaris

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Plants of South Eastern New South Wales Flowering plant. Australian Plant Image Index, photographer Murray Fagg, Scottsdale Bush Heritage Flowering plants. Australian Plant Image Index, Reserve near Bredbo photographer Murray Fagg, Condobolin Flowering plants. Australian Plant Image Index, photographer Murray Fagg, Condobolin Line drawings. (as Wahlenbergia communis). g. flowering branch; flower; seed case. E Mayfield, National Herbarium of Victoria, © 2021 Royal Botanic Gardens Board Common name Tufted bluebell, Native bluebell Family Campanulaceae Where found Open forest, woodland, grassy areas, gardens, roadsides and other open disturbed sites, stony ridges, and near streams. Widespread. Notes Perennial herb to 0.8 m tall, often shooting annually from the thickened taproot. Often many-stemmed in open places and gardens. Stems hairless to sparsely hairy, often hairy to rough near the base. Leaves alternating up the stems, the lowest leaves sometimes almost opposite each other, 0.4-8 cm long, 0.5-8 mm wide, hairless, sometimes the lower leaves sparsely hairy, margins flat or wavy, and entire or with a few small teeth, tips mostly pointed. Leaves sometimes lost when plants are in late-flowering condition. Flowers mauve to blue, often whitish outside, sometimes entirely white, tubular, the tube 2–9 mm long; with 5 (occasionally 6) lobes 6–15 mm long. Free lobes of the flowers 1-2 times as long as the tube. Flowers in clusters. Stigma usually with 3 lobes. Flowers all year. Wahlenbergia communis in PlantNET. All native plants on unleased land in the ACT are protected. PlantNET description (as Wahlenbergia communis): http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl? page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Wahlenbergia~communis (accessed 3 May 2021) Author: Betty Wood. This identification key and fact sheets are available as a free mobile application: Android edition iOS edition Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY).

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Systematic Studies of the South African Campanulaceae Sensu Stricto with an Emphasis on Generic Delimitations
Town The copyright of this thesis rests with the University of Cape Town. No quotation from it or information derivedCape from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of theof source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non-commercial research purposes only. University Systematic studies of the South African Campanulaceae sensu stricto with an emphasis on generic delimitations Christopher Nelson Cupido Thesis presented for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Botany Town UNIVERSITY OF CAPECape TOWN of September 2009 University Roella incurva Merciera eckloniana Microcodon glomeratus Prismatocarpus diffusus Town Wahlenbergia rubioides Cape of Wahlenbergia paniculata (blue), W. annularis (white) Siphocodon spartioides University Rhigiophyllum squarrosum Wahlenbergia procumbens Representatives of Campanulaceae diversity in South Africa ii Town Dedicated to Ursula, Denroy, Danielle and my parents Cape of University iii Town DECLARATION Cape I confirm that this is my ownof work and the use of all material from other sources has been properly and fully acknowledged. University Christopher N Cupido Cape Town, September 2009 iv Systematic studies of the South African Campanulaceae sensu stricto with an emphasis on generic delimitations Christopher Nelson Cupido September 2009 ABSTRACT The South African Campanulaceae sensu stricto, comprising 10 genera, represent the most diverse lineage of the family in the southern hemisphere. In this study two phylogenies are reconstructed using parsimony and Bayesian methods. A family-level phylogeny was estimated to test the monophyly and time of divergence of the South African lineage. This analysis, based on a published ITS phylogeny and an additional ten South African taxa, showed a strongly supported South African clade sister to the campanuloids.
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Campanulaceae) Based on ITS and Tranl-F Sequence Data: Implications for a Reclassification
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by University of the Western Cape Research Repository Cupido, C. N. et al. (2013). Phylogeny of Southern African and Australasian Wahlenbergioids (Campanulaceae) based on ITS and tranL-F sequence data: implications for a reclassification. Systematic Botany, 38(2): 523 – 535 http:// doi.org/10.1600/036364413X666714 dx. Phylogeny of Southern African and Australasian Wahlenbergioids (Campanulaceae) based on ITS and trnL-F sequence data: implications for a reclassification Christopher N. Cupido , Jessica M. Prebble , and William M. M. Eddie Abstract The Campanulaceae: Wahlenbergioideae currently comprises 15 genera, one of which, Wahlenbergia, is widespread over the southern continents. Southern Africa is the region with maximum wahlenbergioid diversity with 12 genera and approximately 252 species. A second center is Australasia with 38 Wahlenbergia species. This study used a broad sample of wahlenbergioid diversity from South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand to reconstruct a phylogeny based on chloroplast trnL-F and nuclear ITS sequences. Data were analyzed separately and in combination using parsimony and Bayesian methods. The results suggest that for the wahlenbergioids to be monophyletic Wahlenbergia hederacea has to be excluded and that none of the South African, Australian or New Zealand lineages are strictly monophyletic. There are five species assemblages that are in some disagreement with current classification in the family. Wahlenbergia, Prismatocarpus and Roella are shown to be non-monophyletic and implications for a reclassification are presented. Careful consideration of morphological characters is suggested before the adjustment of generic circumscriptions can be accomplished. Recent family-wide molecular phylogenetic studies have supported the view that the Campanulaceae s.s.
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Wahlenbergia Stricta Subsp
Plants of South Eastern New South Wales Flowering stems (subsp. stricta). Photographer Don Flowering stems (subsp. stricta). Photographer Don Wood, north of Bega Wood, Namadgi National Park, ACT Basal leaves (subsp. stricta). Photographer Richard Line drawings (subsp. stricta). e. flowering plant; Hartland, Heathcote area, Vic flower; seed case. E Mayfield, National Herbarium of Victoria, © 2021 Royal Botanic Gardens Board Common name Australian bluebell, Tall bluebell, Austral bluebell Family Campanulaceae Where found Forest, woodland, shrubland, grassy areas, roadsides, and disturbed sites. Widesprad. subsp. alterna: Woodland, shrubland, and along roadsides. Western Slopes. One record from SE of Yass. subsp. stricta: Forest, woodland, grassy areas, and disturbed sites. Widespread. Notes Perennial herb to 0.90 m tall. Lower stems usually hairy or bristly, upper stems often hairless. Leaves mostly opposite each other, the lowermost leaves occasionally in whorls of 3, upper leaves often alternating up the stems. Leaves 0.5-7 cm long, 1-13 mm wide, more or less rough especially on the midrib of the lower surface and the margins, margins usually wavy or scalloped, and usually with small hardened teeth, tips mostly pointed. Flowers blue, pink, or white inside, often pale or white, rarely yellowish, outside, narrow bell- shaped, the tube 4–11 mm long, with 5 (occasionally 4 or 6) lobes each 6-20 mm long. Free lobes of the flowers one to one and a half times as long as the tube. Stigma usually with 3 lobes. Sepals 3-16 mm long. Flowers in clusters. Seed cases oval to globular. Flowers all year. subsp. alterna: Leaves mostly alternating up the stems (only the lowermost opposite each other, or rarely whorled), 1–6 mm wide.
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Literaturverzeichnis
Literaturverzeichnis Abaimov, A.P., 2010: Geographical Distribution and Ackerly, D.D., 2009: Evolution, origin and age of Genetics of Siberian Larch Species. In Osawa, A., line ages in the Californian and Mediterranean flo- Zyryanova, O.A., Matsuura, Y., Kajimoto, T. & ras. Journal of Biogeography 36, 1221–1233. Wein, R.W. (eds.), Permafrost Ecosystems. Sibe- Acocks, J.P.H., 1988: Veld Types of South Africa. 3rd rian Larch Forests. Ecological Studies 209, 41–58. Edition. Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria, Abbadie, L., Gignoux, J., Le Roux, X. & Lepage, M. 146 pp. (eds.), 2006: Lamto. Structure, Functioning, and Adam, P., 1990: Saltmarsh Ecology. Cambridge Uni- Dynamics of a Savanna Ecosystem. Ecological Stu- versity Press. Cambridge, 461 pp. dies 179, 415 pp. Adam, P., 1994: Australian Rainforests. Oxford Bio- Abbott, R.J. & Brochmann, C., 2003: History and geography Series No. 6 (Oxford University Press), evolution of the arctic flora: in the footsteps of Eric 308 pp. Hultén. Molecular Ecology 12, 299–313. Adam, P., 1994: Saltmarsh and mangrove. In Groves, Abbott, R.J. & Comes, H.P., 2004: Evolution in the R.H. (ed.), Australian Vegetation. 2nd Edition. Arctic: a phylogeographic analysis of the circu- Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, pp. marctic plant Saxifraga oppositifolia (Purple Saxi- 395–435. frage). New Phytologist 161, 211–224. Adame, M.F., Neil, D., Wright, S.F. & Lovelock, C.E., Abbott, R.J., Chapman, H.M., Crawford, R.M.M. & 2010: Sedimentation within and among mangrove Forbes, D.G., 1995: Molecular diversity and deri- forests along a gradient of geomorphological set- vations of populations of Silene acaulis and Saxi- tings.
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Reconstructing the History of Campanulaceae.Pdf
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52 (2009) 575–587 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Reconstructing the history of Campanulaceae with a Bayesian approach to molecular dating and dispersal–vicariance analyses Cristina Roquet a,b,*, Isabel Sanmartín c, Núria Garcia-Jacas a, Llorenç Sáez b, Alfonso Susanna a, Niklas Wikström d, Juan José Aldasoro c a Institut Botànic de Barcelona (CSIC-ICUB), Passeig del Migdia s. n., Parc de Montjuïc, E-08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain b Unitat de Botànica, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain c Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (CSIC), Plaza de Murillo, 2, E-28014 Madrid, Spain d Evolutionsbiologiskt centrum, University of Uppsala, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden article info abstract Article history: We reconstruct here the spatial and temporal evolution of the Campanula alliance in order to better Received 19 June 2008 understand its evolutionary history. To increase phylogenetic resolution among major groups (Wahlen- Revised 6 May 2009 bergieae–Campanuleae), new sequences from the rbcL region were added to the trnL-F dataset obtained Accepted 15 May 2009 in a previous study. These phylogenies were used to infer ancestral areas and divergence times in Cam- Available online 21 May 2009 panula and related genera using a Bayesian approach to molecular dating and dispersal–vicariance anal- yses that takes into account phylogenetic uncertainty. The new phylogenetic analysis conﬁrms Keywords: Platycodoneae as the sister group of Wahlenbergieae–Campanuleae, the two last ones inter-graded into Bayes-DIVA, Molecular dating a well-supported clade.
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Wahlenbergia Violacea
Wahlenbergia violacea COMMON NAME Violet Harebell SYNONYMS Wahlenbergia gracilis sensu Allan nom. inv., Wahlenbergia marginata sensu Tuyn nom. inv., Wahlenbergia marginata var. australis Hatch nom .nud. FAMILY Campanulaceae AUTHORITY Wahlenbergia violacea J.A.Petterson FLORA CATEGORY Vascular – Native ENDEMIC TAXON No ENDEMIC GENUS No ENDEMIC FAMILY No STRUCTURAL CLASS Herbs - Dicotyledons other than Composites Coromandel, February. Photographer: John NVS CODE Smith-Dodsworth WAHVIO CHROMOSOME NUMBER 2n = 72 CURRENT CONSERVATION STATUS 2012 | Not Threatened PREVIOUS CONSERVATION STATUSES 2009 | Not Threatened 2004 | Not Threatened DISTRIBUTION Indigenous. New Zealand: North and South Islands. Also Norfolk Island. HABITAT Rarely coastal, mostly inland and lowland in scrub or bracken-clothed hills, or thin pasture, usually on clay; rural roadsides, burnt or eroded or disturbed places, often invasive in gardens. Rimutaka Rail Trail. Mar 2007. Photographer: Jeremy Rolfe FEATURES Radicate perennial herb. Stems 100-500 mm tall, slender, erect or decumbent. Leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate to linear, shallowly denticulate to subentire, dark green, the lowermost 2-5 pairs opposite in seedlings and young shoots. Pedicels slender, 30-150 mm long. Flowers self-fertile, glabrous, 5-l8 mm diameter, 2-10 mm long, bright blue-violet, paler outside. Corolla shortly campanulate, bowl-shaped, often with tube distinctly angled at the sinus; tube 1.5 × 3.0 mm to 3 × 4 mm, ¼ to 1/3 length of corolla; corolla lobes ovate, acute, overlapping or touching in open flower, 3 × 2 mm to 7 × 4 mm. Style capitate, thickened, and blue at apex. Stigmas large, often white and fluffy. Calyx lobes glabrous 1.5 × 0.7 mm to 4 × 1 mm narrowly triangular, equal in length to corolla lobe Capsule glabrous obconic, with protruding apical valves.
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North American Rock Garden Society |
Bulletin of the American Rock Garden Society VOL. 45 SUMMER 1987 NO. 3 CONTENTS VOL. 45 NO. 3 SUMMER 1987 A New Botanic Garden: Why and How—Cynthia Reed 109 Rumblings of a Silent Partner in the Rock Garden—Jim Borland .... 112 Neglected—Laura Louise Foster 118 In the Beginning: Easy Alpines and Rock Plants for Beginning Gardeners— Ann Lovejoy 119 A Nursery Owner's Response to "Thoughts and Trials of a Tenderfoot"—Norma Phillips 122 Summer Harebells—Derrick Rooney 123 Mount Cheeseman Weekend—Louise Sprosen 125 Gentiana montana—Fred Watson 127 Marvin E. Black, Plantsman—Sharon Collman, Dan Douglas 128 Naming the Chihuahuan Phloxes—Roy Davidson 129 Books Worth Knowing 132 Of Interest from the Chapters: Composites—Geoffrey Charlesworth 137 Creating a Nature Preserve in Your Own Back Yard- James L Hodging 142 European Notebook: The Garden at St. Triphon—Paul Halladin 144 Book Reviews: Rocky Mountain Alpines, Jean Williams, Editor 147 A Field Manual of the Ferns and Fern Allies of the United States and Canada by David B. Lellinger 149 Omnium-Gatherum—SFS 151 CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS Eastern Winter Study Weekend (New England Chapter) Sheraton Tara Hotel January 29-31, 1988 Framingham, MA Western Winter Study Weekend (Western Chapter) Villa Hotel February 26-28, 1988 San Mateo, CA Annual Meeting (Columbia-Willamette Chapter) July, 1988 Cover picture: drawing of Physoplexis comosa (Phyteuma comosum) by Lisa Moran (Page 146) Published quarterly by the AMERICAN ROCK GARDEN SOCIETY, a tax-exempt, non-profit organization incorporated under the laws of the state of New Jersey. You are invited to join.
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New Hawaiian Plant Records for 2002–2003 3
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2003. Bishop 3 Museum Occasional Papers 78: 3–12 (2004) New Hawaiian Plant Records for 2002–2003 DERRAL R. HERBST, GEORGE W. STAPLES & CLYDE T. IMADA (Hawaii Biological Survey, Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice St., Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817–2704, USA; email: [email protected]) These previously unpublished Hawaiian plant records report 7 new state records, 12 new island records, 2 new naturalized records, and 3 nomenclatural and taxonomic changes that affect the flora of Hawai‘i. These records supplement information published in Wag- ner et al. (1990, 1999) and in the Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1994 (Even- huis & Miller, 1995), 1995 (Evenhuis & Miller, 1996), 1996 (Evenhuis & Miller, 1997), 1997 (Evenhuis & Miller 1998), 1998 (Evenhuis & Eldredge, 1999), 1999 (Evenhuis & Eldredge, 2000), 2000 (Evenhuis & Eldredge, 2002), and 2001–2002 (Evenhuis & El- dredge, 2003). All identifications were made by the authors except where noted in the acknowledgments, and all supporting voucher specimens are on deposit at BISH except as otherwise noted. Amaranthaceae Amaranthus graecizans L. New state record Amaranthus graecizans is an annual, prostrate or rarely ascending herb native to the west- ern half of North America but naturalized elsewhere. In the key to the amaranths in Wagner et al. (1999: 186), the plant would key out to A. dubius but differs from that species in that it has three stamens and tepals instead of five. Material examined. O‘AHU: Honolulu, Kalihi area, 1313 Kamehameha IV Rd, weed growing on a lawn in full sun, 7 Aug 1985, J. Lau 1304. Apocynaceae Alstonia macrophylla Wall.
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Hopliine Beetle Pollination in Annual Wahlenbergia Species (Campanulaceae) from Western South Africa, and the New Species W
South African Journal of Botany 100 (2015) 58–62 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect South African Journal of Botany journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb Hopliine beetle pollination in annual Wahlenbergia species (Campanulaceae) from western South Africa, and the new species W. melanops J.C. Manning a,c,⁎, P. Goldblatt b,c,J.F.Colvilled,e,C.N.Cupidoa,f a Compton Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa b B.A. Krukoff Curator of African Botany, Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166, USA. c Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa d Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa e Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. f Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology 7535, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa article info abstract Article history: Field exploration in western South Africa over the past 10 years has revealed the existence of an unnamed annual Received 20 January 2015 species of Wahlenbergia Schrad. ex Roth that we describe here as W. melanops Goldblatt and J. C. Manning for the Received in revised form 13 April 2015 dark grey center of the ﬂower. Plants have alternate leaves scattered along the stem and are otherwise distinguished Accepted 27 April 2015 in part by narrow calyx lobes and the presence of stylar glands at the base of the stigma lobes.
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Wahlenbergia Pygmaea Subsp. Drucei
Wahlenbergia pygmaea subsp. drucei COMMON NAME Mountain harebell, Egmont harebell SYNONYMS Wahlenbergia pygmaea Colenso subsp pygmaea FAMILY Campanulaceae AUTHORITY Wahlenbergia pygmaea subsp. drucei J.A.Petterson FLORA CATEGORY Vascular – Native ENDEMIC TAXON Yes ENDEMIC GENUS No ENDEMIC FAMILY No STRUCTURAL CLASS Herbs - Dicotyledons other than Composites CHROMOSOME NUMBER 2n = 36 CURRENT CONSERVATION STATUS 2009 | At Risk – Naturally Uncommon PREVIOUS CONSERVATION STATUS 2004 | Range Restricted DISTRIBUTION Mount Egmont, Taranaki HABITAT Montane to alpine. Inhabiting semi-consolidated volcanic grit, where it is usually a pioneer at the foot of a scree or similar bare eroded site. Also colonising white lichen beds (Stereocaulon ramulosum) at lower altitudes on consolidated gravel along the Stony River FEATURES Perennial rhizomatous herb with rosulate tufts of leaves at ground level. Leaves bright green, glossy, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, petiolate; lamina orbicular-spathulate, 10 × 3 to 20 × 5 mm. Leaf margin crenate-serrate, often undulate, teeth conspicuous. Flowers usually insect-pollinated, some forms self-fertile; erect or nodding on short upright scapes, 40-100 mm tall, which may be naked or 1-2-bracted. Corolla pale blue with creamy-white central band in each petal; up to 30 mm diameter, up to 18 mm long, broadly campanulate with tube as broad as or broader than long, lobes c.9 × 7 mm, spreading, broadly elliptic-lanceolate, acute. Calyx lobes c.3.0 × 1.5 mm, glabrous, narrow-triangular. Capsule c.10 × 6 mm, glabrous, domed cylindrical to plump barrel-shaped. Seeds ellipsoid, glossy brown. SIMILAR TAXA Differs from subsp. pygmaea by its restriction of Mt Taranaki; by its spathulate leaves which are conspicuously toothed along the margins; and by the flowers which are pale blue with a creamy-white central band in each petal.
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Historical Biogeography of the Endemic Campanulaceae of Crete
Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2009) 36, 1253–1269 SPECIAL Historical biogeography of the endemic ISSUE Campanulaceae of Crete Nicoletta Cellinese1*, Stephen A. Smith2, Erika J. Edwards3, Sang-Tae Kim4, Rosemarie C. Haberle5, Manolis Avramakis6 and Michael J. Donoghue7 1Florida Museum of Natural History, ABSTRACT University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, Aim The clade Campanulaceae in the Cretan area is rich in endemics, with c. 2National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, NC, 3Department of Ecology and 50% of its species having restricted distributions. These species are analysed in the Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, context of a larger phylogeny of the Campanulaceae. Divergence times are Providence, RI, USA, 4Department of calculated and hypotheses of vicariance and dispersal are tested with the aim of Molecular Biology (VI), Max Planck Institute understanding whether Cretan lineages represent remnants of an older for Developmental Biology, Tu¨bingen, continental ﬂora. 5 Germany, Section of Integrative Biology and Location The Cretan area: Crete and the Karpathos Islands (Greece). Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA, 6Botany Methods We obtained chloroplast DNA sequence data from rbcL, atpB and Department, Natural History Museum of matK genes for 102 ingroup taxa, of which 18 are from the Cretan area, 11 are Crete, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece endemics, and two have disjunct, bi-regional distributions. We analysed the data and 7Department of Ecology and Evolutionary using beast, a Bayesian approach that simultaneously infers the phylogeny and Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA divergence times. We calibrated the tree by placing a seed fossil in the phylogeny, and used published age estimates as a prior for the root.
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Flora of Kwangtung and Hongkong (China) Being an Account of The
ASIA Oldtnell Htttneraity ffitbrarg CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION CHINA AND THE CHINESE THE GIFT OF CHARLES WILLIAM WASON CLASS OF 1876 1918 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 073 202 933 The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924073202933 P.EW Bulletin, Add. Series X 762, 1-30 bSI^11/ 73. SOD-IOJI- To -filce. page- 1 . J [All Bights Reserved.] EOYAL BOTMIC GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INEOEIATIOK ADDITIONAL SERIES X. ELORA OE KWAiaTUia AO H0I&K0I6- (OHIIA) BEING AN ACCOUNT OP THE FLOWERING PLA.NTS, FERNS AND FERN ALLIES TOGETHER WITH KEYS FOR THEIR DETERMINATION PRECEDED BY A MAP AND INTRODTJCTrON, BY STEPHEN TROYTE DUNN, B.A., F.L.S., sometime Superintendent of the Botanical and Forestry Department, Hongkong ; AND WILLIAM JAMES TUTCHER, F.L.S., Superintendent of the Botanical and Forestry Department, Hongkong. LONDON: PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. To be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from WjifMAN AND SONS, Ltd., Feitbr Lane, E.G.; or OLIVER AND BOYD, Tweeddale Court, Edinburgh; or E. PONSONBY, Ltd., 116, Graeton Street, Dublin. printed by DARLING AND SON, Ltd., Bacon Street, E. 1912. Price is. 6d. G: PREFACE. The first and, up till now, the only work by which plants from any part of the Celestial Empire could be identified was Bentham's Flora Hongkongensis published in 1861. This Flora dealt only with the small island of Hongkong on the S.E.
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