Evaluation of the Effects of the Abomsa Water Supply
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
;~/ EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF THE ABOMSA WATER SUPPLY PROJ ECT 824 ET.AB 87 ING RAN JOHNSSON AND ABERRA MAKONNEN UNICEF Addis Ababa Dec 824~664o B!~CKGROUND SURVEY ~L~.TER SUPPLY PROJECT L~BRM~Y,M~ ‘~ ~GN ~L F~EFEPENCE Fl [tr( SUF?LY F ,. L ~O9 AD LA -. ~ ext 14~/1-+.~ F~: /5/)- ~ L~~ L EL ~i3~ UI~IC EF ~O!~B~ 498*1. ~-~- ~ I Preface In cooperation with TJflCEF, .Lddis .&beba, a socio—oconomic base— Ljne study of .Lbomsa town was carried out in 1986 by a team led by Dr. Irign~rJonsson, Planning and Programming Service at South Eastern Agricultural Development (SZtD) zonal office in Asella, Arsi region. The study was initiated and sponsored by UNICLF. The surrey questionnaire was prepared by ito Argaw Workneh (snaD) in cooperation s’iith ito Kebebew Daka (UNICF) and the team leader. Dr. Jonsson is responsible for the data processing, ana1ysj~ and report citing up to paragraph 7.4.2 and section 7.7.2 concerning recommendations for action. UNIC~’s coordinators for the study were ito Kebebew and Woizero Zewdie ibe~az, Dr • flula Abate, Addia Abeba University, and Mr. Geoffrey Last, Mj,nistry of Education, took a heavy part in the editing of the study, The maps are drawn by Mrs. Gunvor Larsson. In September, 1987 a supp]ementary study was accomplished by ito iberra. Makonnen, Ministxy of Education. It evaluates the effects of .~ibomsaWater Project, Woiaen’s involvement in it and the development experiences gained from the project (Paragraphs 7.5 — 7.7 an]. Annexes I — 2). The objectives of this work have included not only a review of the changes brought about by the installation and operation of an improved water system, but also of the problems faced during the implementation of the project. The latter is intended to provide information and experience which can be used in the identification, design and implementation of similar projects in the future. A central purpose in this water development project which has been talcen into consideration under both objectives of the study was a demonstration of the possibilities of involving women more directly in the process of development and change. In the ibomsa water project, women as individuals and through their organization, REWA have assumed new roles and responsibilities, and have developed new sldlls and experiences. They have also ‘ncountered problems. ~ 4t1~~ ~ — 1]. — In the Abomsa Water Project, therefore, the new development role for women has been taken beyond discussion into practical action. Although the lessons to be~learner are marty, there is no doubt this central purpose has been well—served. It has been demonstrated that attitudes can change, new roles can - be undertaken by women and can be - accepted by the wider oommunity• In Abomsa, the lessons revealed in this report can now be directed at consolidation and ninforcement. In other rural locations, also lacking improved water supply systems, there is no doubt that the .Lbomsa demonstration project modified in line with the experience gaine~., can serve as a. moth 1 for dissemination. Women have been the traditional suppliers of water. There is no reason why they should not continue to be the providers of water in a new technical framework which removes most of the drudgery of trad.it— ional practices, and offers the pcssibilities of new roles r.nd responsibilities. - N — :i.n — Contents P~ Preface i—ii~ List of contents iii—’v List of’ abbreviations vi. List of illustrations Figures vii Tables viii—ix 1 • LTRDDUCTIOIT 1 1.1 Abomsa tcv~-r 1 1.2 :he water pz’ojcct 3 1.3 The aim of the study 5 1 .4 Source materials 5 1 .5 The sampling procedure 7 1.~.1 The sampling frame 7 1.5.2 The sampling method 8 1.5.3 The size of the sa~le B 2.. T~ STUDY £~S 9 2.1 The first settlement 9 2~.2 The first settlers 12 2.3 The location and physical sett;ng 13 The economic potential. of the area 16 3 • T~ POPUMTIOI 18 3.1 Population size and its changes 18 3.2 The demographic characteristics 21 3.3 The social profile 3.3.1 The migration pattern 26 3.3.2 The ethnic composition 28 3.3.3 Religion 30 3.3.4 Respondents educational level 31 3.3.5 Family composition and marital status 33 4. &coNotaC .&CTIIIITIIB 35 4.1 The Ethiopian case 4.2 Occupational Structure 36 ? 4 ~ ~ - iv - Page 4.2.1 ~gricultural production in the town 39 4.2.2 2rading activities 41 A f~) ~•‘.j The marketing system 41 ‘4. C. 4, 4.2.2.2 Grain trade and marketing potentials of the area 44 4.2.2.3 Grain trade in L~.bomsa 45 4.2.3 Other commercial services 46 4.2.4 Social service • 47 4.2.5 The economic situation c~the households 48 4.2.5.1 Inoome distribution 49 4.2.5.2 Income distribution ar~ size of household 52 5. ~UCATION 55 5.1 Kindergarten • 55 5.2 Primary and secondary schools in £rba Gugu 57 5.3 Primary school in ~.bomsa 59 5.4 Secondary school in ~.bomsa • 61 6. ~&tTH_ PROBL1~MS •64 6.1 Most common diseases in .&bomsa 64 6.2 Health prbblems inirba Gugu Q.~ . Health orgak~ization in irba Gugu 68 6.2.2 The Health Centre inAbomsa • 70 6.3 Malaria eradication 72 6.4 Treatment frequencies 73 6.5 Hygiene problems in .~bomsa 74 6.5.1 Housing problems 75 6.5.2 Nutritional standards 77 6.5.2.1 Food habits 79 6.5.2.2 Share of inoome used for food. consumption in different income groups 81 7. £BOL~SAW.L~TRSUPPLY P.IOJECT 82 7.1 The back~ound of the project 82 7.2 Women’s involvement in the project 83 . •1 — V - 7.3 The implementation of the project 85 7.4 The water distiibution 86 7.4.1 The physical outline 86 7.4.2 The water consumption 87 7.5 L~’fects of the project 91 7.5.1 Supply of safe and adequate water 92 7.5.2 ‘ihe Economic be~iefits 7.5.3 Health effects 98 7.5.4 Social effects 102 7.6 The operation of the water project 105 7.7 Summary9 conclusion and f~ocommendation 113 7.7.1 Summary and. conclusion 113. 7.7.2 Recommendations for action 116 Annex 1 122 Annex 2 134 References 137 — vi — List of Abbreviations 4.110 MTiculturaI ~arketing Corporation AItDU Arsi Rural Development Unit a~)Dc Ethiopian Domestio Distribution Corporation ~ Ministry of i~,riculture PA Peasant Association Revolutionary Ethiopia Women’s Association SEAD South Uastern ~ricultural Development Zona UDA Urban Dwellers Assooiation Water Supply and Sewerage Authority — vii — l4ist of Figures Pig. 1 N~pof Merbi. wereda Arba Gugu ‘-crPja, Arasi 2~ The’town-~plan of Abomsa 3 Population changes of Abomsa town between 1967 and 1984~ 4 Population pyramid of Abomsa town in 1986 5 Year of in—migration of heads of household and their parthers 6 Regional origin of immigrants to Abomsa up to ‘1986 ‘7 The spatial organization of the marketing systea~in £bomsa trade area 8 ~istribution of households in different monthly income gTOUPS in Abomsa 9 Comulative distribution of percentage of households and monthly income in Aboinss. 10 The relationship between household size and. monthly income 11 Number of people affected by water—borne diseases in AbomSa town from August 1983 to Feburary 1984 12~ Average number of pert-ons per room for different household sizes 13 Consumption of wth.ter during a ten days period in December 1985 14 Sales of ~water from December 1984 to August 1986 ~ ~ ~ List of tables. Table 1. Teuiperat:n’o acd. zsfnfall CJ jLLomo~cotc~‘olor4cal station in 1931 1983 2. Comparison bet~eondifferent age grcupr registered in 1967 and. 1936 and a popunaf~onprojection for 1987 3, i~ostfrenuent places of ~ri~in 2cr ir-nigrancs to Abomsa in 1956 — 1936 4 • Distri’buticn of the LI omsa ~n~abitantsaccording to languages spoken in 1966 and i936 5. Distnbutfon cf the poIalatlon according ‘to languages spoken 6. Distribution of Itho poot:lat.on :cccrd’.ng to roligion in 1966 and 1986 7. The reap endonto cd~ratio±-iC :.o~o7. 8. fliucati ona] di arunecn be ioen icims and ferales 9, Different ocs~oriec of Lot:oholf co~roozitUm:i 10. Distrihuticn of eccnoticaLJç ac nx.o he~’Th ~ housohold by main oconoLno cotivaty ~n 1966 end 1986 11. Cultivation of p ne, fnd to and vego shies among licure—owners with garden in Lhoeta 12. AMC grain purchase from the Lbcrnqa aT’ea in 19~2/83— 1935/86 13. Reasons given fOs’ not o/;tocL iif ICandorgL’z’ ~on 14. itumber and level nf governnantal cmi maecion Ehoois Ly woroda, hcrba Guji. awnaja 15. Tunibcr of stuien-Lo by uO~i-1, gcedo end ~an in £r’ba Gugu 16. Number of tcsohcrs by e-~, ~.‘cat.onal levol oaf average number of students par tcshcm in Lrha Gur~ij 17. Number of ctucle -cia by nrado ce an in fbomoa primazoj school 18. Ages of st,udeirb- of ic~Tfenn~~r~anr rrtJcs in Atomsa 19. Number of students by gT2aLe and son in ~‘bcmsa B000ndal7 school 0 20. Percentage of sturlcnts in ~cLos ‘(—12 cy place of mosidence, Abomsa SceonJo:~richec~l 21 The most coenon eice~’j(1, e:’- . (stuaai }:-mi-th Contor in 1985. 22. The most frequent ‘~ L a lncac in i93~,185and 1985/86 acoordial to fe a’-n~oJ - s-i.cn~:‘-?:r_ 23.