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Mi Querido Brontosaurus.Indd A pesar de haberse extinguido hace 65 millones de años, los dinosaurios ocupan un lugar primordial en el imaginario po- pular. Su portentosa presencia llena mu- seos de historia natural y protagoniza pe- lículas, y sin embargo es poco lo que aún sabemos sobre ellos. Con un entusiasmo contagioso, Brian Switeck nos acerca a la vida de estas criaturas y nos descubre al- gunos de sus fascinantes secretos. «Una delicia. Es el libro defi nitivo sobre dinosaurios.» Th e New York Times BRIAN SWITEK es periodista científi co, y actualmente trabaja como reportero para National Geographic. PVP 20,90 € 10038994 www.ariel.es ,!7II4D4-ebhcdg! 25 mm Brian Switek Mi querido Brontosaurus Una expedición científi ca al encuentro de nuestros dinosaurios favoritos Traducción de Joandomènec Ros, catedrático de Ecología de la Universidad de Barcelona Título original: My Beloved Brontosaurus Publicado originalmente por Scientifi c American en colaboración con Farrar Straus & Giroux 1.ª edición: marzo de 2014 © 2013, Brian Switeck © 2014, de la traducción Joandomènec Ros Derechos exclusivos de edición en español reservados para todo el mundo y propiedad de la traducción: © 2014: Editorial Planeta, S. A. Avda. Diagonal, 662-664 - 08034 Barcelona Editorial Ariel es un sello editorial de Planeta, S. A. www.ariel.es www.espacioculturalyacademico.com ISBN: 978-84-344-1723-6 Depósito legal: B. 2.190 - 2014 Impreso en España Por Huertas Industrias Gráfi cas El papel utilizado para la impresión de este libro es cien por cien libre de cloro y está califi cado como papel ecológico. No se permite la reproducción total o parcial de este libro, ni su incorporación a un sistema informático, ni su transmisión en cualquier forma o por cualquier medio, sea éste electrónico, mecánico, por fotocopia, por grabación u otros métodos, sin el permiso previo y por escrito del editor. La infracción de los derechos mencionados puede ser constitutiva de delito contra la propiedad intelectual (Art. 270 y siguientes del Código Penal). Diríjase a CEDRO (Centro Español de Derechos Reprográfi cos) si necesita fotocopiar o escanear algún fragmento de esta obra. Puede contactar con CEDRO a través de la web www.conlicencia.com o por teléfono en el 91 702 19 70 / 93 272 04 47 Índice Prólogo: Mi vida de dinosaurio . 9 1. Dragones del alba . 17 2. El secreto del éxito de los dinosaurios . 41 3. La teoría del Gran Estallido . 69 4. Los dinosaurios están cambiando . 91 5. Fragor jurásico . 111 6. La sociedad de los dinosaurios . 131 7. Las plumas de los dinosaurios . 155 8. Armónicos de los hadrosaurios y gustos del tiranosaurio . 181 9. En los huesos . 199 10. Dinosaurios deshechos . 213 Epílogo: Mi querido «Brontosaurus» . 237 Agradecimientos . 247 Notas . 251 Índice analítico . 267 1 Dragones del alba «Brontosaurus» siempre será especial para mí. Para mi yo más joven, especialmente, el gigante pesado que moraba en pan- tanos era un icono de todo lo que se suponía que eran los di- nosaurios: grande, escamoso y, sobre todo, tan absolutamente extraño que sólo podía haber pertenecido a un pasado primige- nio. Y, aunque llevaba muerto alrededor de 150 millones de años, «Brontosaurus» seguía viviendo en mi imaginación. Desde que era un niño de corta edad, yo deseaba desesperadamente encon- trarme con el gigantesco herbívoro. En mis garabatos en párvu- los, yo incluía un «Brontosaurus» doméstico en los retratos de mi familia que hacía a lápiz. Lo dibujaba razonable. Sabía que nunca podría permitirme un dinosaurio de veinticuatro metros, de manera que mi bronto tenía aproximadamente el tamaño de un gran danés. Era lo bastante grande para permitirme montar- lo a horcajadas, pero lo bastante pequeño para que mis padres no empobrecieran al tener que proporcionar a mi amigo el fo- rraje adecuado. Resucitar al dinosaurio en colores de Crayola apenas afec- taba a las profundidades de mi dinomanía. Cuando mis padres nos llevaron a mis hermanos y a mí a Disney World por prime- ra vez, los atormenté de tal manera para ir a ver los «Bronto- saurus», Stegosaurus y sus afi nes en los modelos animatrónicos de la atracción Universo de Energía patrocinada por Exxon, que mamá y papá ni siquiera tuvieron tiempo de descargar el coche 17 antes de instalarnos en el autobús adecuado para ver a los di- nosaurios. Olvidaos de Mickey y de Minnie. Los dinosaurios robóticos, que se movían a sacudidas y gemían, fi guraban los primeros de mi lista. Y aunque más tarde maldeciría por en- contrarme atascado en los confi nes aturdidores y mundanos del centro de Nueva Jersey, mi cautividad en la periferia suburbana tenía al menos una ventaja. Apenas había un lugar mejor para un joven fan de los dinosaurios que el cercano Museo America- no de Historia Natural, inmediatamente al otro lado del río, en la ciudad de Nueva York. Allí es donde conocí por primera vez a mi dinosaurio favorito. El museo ya no tiene el aspecto que tenía cuando mis padres condujeron a mi joven yo hasta las salas de los dinosaurios, en el cuarto piso, en 1988. En la actualidad, las blancas paredes, los elevados techos y la generosa iluminación hacen que los esque- letos de Tyrannosaurus, Edmontosaurus, Triceratops y otras ce- lebridades entre los dinosaurios destaquen en acusado contraste con su entorno. Este ambiente abierto y etéreo fue creado por un proyecto de renovación1 a mediados de la década de 1990 para ajustar las estrellas prehistóricas a los nuevos descubrimientos. Organizadas en un orden y registro evolutivos, las salas revisadas son un testimonio de lo mucho que los dinosaurios han cambia- do desde que los naturalistas del siglo xix los reconocieron por primera vez. Los dinosaurios del MAHN se hallan alerta, con la cabeza y la cola esqueléticas en atención, como si estuvieran ins- peccionando un paisaje ya extinguido en busca de comida, ami- gos o enemigos. Durante los primeros años de mi veintena, cuando tuve la libertad de visitarlos siempre que quería, aprovechaba todas las oportunidades que podía para pasear entre estos esquele- tos e imaginar carne sobre sus huesos. Y, mientras vagaba por aquellas salas, con el pavimento hollado por los pies de tantos y tantos jovenzuelos en sus primeras visitas ante los imponen- tes dinosaurios, lo que más echaba en falta era la Sala de los Dinosaurios del Jurásico, oscura y polvorienta, que yo había encontrado muchos años antes. Los viejos dinosaurios estaban horriblemente mal cuando los volví a ver en la década de 1980, aberraciones desproporcionadas que acabaron en el montón de 18 la basura científi ca, pero ello no degradaba mi recuerdo de cuan- do los vi por primera vez. Por aquel entonces, en la ominosa pe- numbra de la sala, mi imaginación confería a los huesos un fi no matiz de vitalidad. Los esqueletos se parecían menos a efímeros monumentos a la paleontología y más a andamiajes óseos que esperaban ser conectados mediante tendones y envueltos por pie- les recubiertas de escamas. Mi joven mente no veía dinosaurios muertos, sino la arquitectura osteológica de criaturas que po- drían volver a andar. Me hallaba tan abstraído con la idea durante mi primera visita al MAHN que apenas puedo recordar que mis padres es- tuvieran allí. De pie, debajo de los esqueletos prehistóricos, esta- ba extasiado. No podía apartar los ojos del «Brontosaurus» del museo, con su cuello extendido y bajo, rematado por un cráneo romo y estúpido lleno de dientes con forma de cuchara. Yo me encontraba en la corte de la reina de todos los saurópodos: los dinosaurios de cuello largo y cuerpo pesado que fueron los animales más grandes que jamás pisaron la Tierra. Después de todo, tal como me informaban mis libros escolares, «Bronto- saurus» era tan voluminoso que su nombre signifi caba «lagarto del trueno». Cuando andaba, debía de haber sonado como una tormenta que se desplazara por el paisaje del Jurásico. Yo ima- ginaba este sonido al tiempo que admiraba su esqueleto. Pare- cía estar a punto de descender de la plataforma, agacharse para poder salir por la puerta y caminar pesadamente hasta el follaje de Central Park West. En la intensa quietud de aquel momento, podría haber jurado que oía el etéreo vestigio de la respiración del dinosaurio. En un lugar con tantos huesos prehistóricos, te- nía que haber fantasmas. Sí, los montajes antiguos de Tyrannosaurus y otros dino- saurios también eran impresionantes. Pero no me atraían tanto como el de «Brontosaurus». No podía evitar imaginar cómo ha- bría sido ver a este dinosaurio avanzar pesadamente por mi ca- lle, mientras iba arrancando suculentas hojas de los robles de los jardines de mis vecinos. Yo dibujaba indolentes brontosaurios en los blocs de dibujo de la escuela, hacía que mis modelos de sau- 19 rópodos en plástico retozaran en un improvisado charco de fango que creé en el desagüe del camino de acceso al garaje, y soñaba con algún pantano remoto en el que el dinosaurio todavía podía tomar el sol, gozando de un retraso en su extinción. Y entonces escuché las malas noticias. Para empezar, «Brontosaurus» estaba muerto. Mi dinosau- rio favorito no era real, sino una fusión mal construida que la ciencia había permitido y después eliminado. El verdadero nom- bre del dinosaurio era Apatosaurus, un animal que los paleontó- logos consideraban enormemente diferente de mi brontosaurio. Apatosaurus no era un ramoneador de algas y lirios de agua medio sumergido en el líquido, sino en realidad un animal tenso y activo que recorría las llanuras de inundación del Jurásico y que mantenía el cuello y la cola extendida como un látigo bien separados del suelo. «Brontosaurus», tal como yo conocía a esta bestia (un enorme montón de carne y hueso que se bañaba en los pantanos del Jurásico), nunca había existido realmente.
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