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Evaluation of Tanning Strength and Quality of Leathers

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Evaluation of Tanning Strength and Quality of Leathers EVALUATION OF TANNING STRENGTH AND QUALITY OF LEATHERS PRODUCED BY SELECTED VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIALS FROM LAIKIPIA COUNTY, KENYA Alex Nduru Kuria, BSc (Animal Health, Production and Processing, JKUAT) A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements of the Degree of Master of Science in Leather Science of the University of Nairobi Department of Public Health Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Nairobi November 2015 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree award in any other university. Signature …………………………………….. Date…………………………. Alex Nduru Kuria This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as University supervisors. Prof. Jackson. N. Ombui, BVM, MSc, PhD (University of Nairobi) Signature …………………………………….. Date…………………………. Dr. Arthur Onyuka, BSc, PhD (Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute). Leather Division Signature……………………………………… Date ………………… ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my father Peter Kuria, mother Joyce Nyambura, my sister and my brothers for their prayers and continued support. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I thank the almighty God for blessing me with good health and knowledge and for his provision which has enabled me to go through this programme. I would like to thank the Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology of the University of Nairobi for according me a study opportunity. I also wish to express my appreciation to my supervisors Prof. Jackson. N. Ombui and Dr. Arthur Onyuka for their guidance, advice, and encouragement while preparing my research proposal, carrying out the field work and when writing up the thesis. I also appreciate Mr. Joseph Mbogo and Mr. Joel Mwondu from the Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology for their valuable advice and encouragement. I would also like to thank Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute (KIRDI) for allowing me to use their facilities. I would also like to thank Mr. Alvin Sasia of KIRDI for his technical assistance in the laboratory. It would have been a lonely laboratory without him. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to tanners from Laikipia County who provided information on the types of the tree species they use and their method of tanning hides and skins. Special thanks are also extended to Miss Kaimenyi and Mr. Kamau for their prayers and moral support that enabled me to complete this work. May the almighty God bless you all. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF PLATES .......................................................................................................................... x LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................................ xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................... xii DEFINITION OF TERMS .......................................................................................................... xiii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. xv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background information .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the problem and justification of the study................................................... 3 1.3 Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.3.1 General objective ...................................................................................................... 4 1.3.2 Specific objectives .................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................. 5 2.1 History of Leather Tanning .............................................................................................. 5 v 2.2 Pre-tanning of hides and skins ......................................................................................... 5 2.3 Tanning of hides and skins ............................................................................................... 7 2.4 Vegetable tanning ........................................................................................................... 10 2.4.1 Chemistry of vegetable tannins ............................................................................... 13 2.4.2 Commonly used vegetable tanning materials ......................................................... 22 CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................... 24 3.1 Study area ....................................................................................................................... 24 3.2 Sample selection and preparation ................................................................................... 25 3.3 Test for presence of vegetable tannins. .......................................................................... 27 3.4 Test for tanning strength of vegetable tannins ............................................................... 27 3.4.1 Hide powder preparation......................................................................................... 28 3.4.2 Chromed Hide Powder preparation ........................................................................ 28 3.4.3 Determination of moistures and total solids ........................................................... 28 3.4.4 Determination of total soluble solids ...................................................................... 29 3.4.5 Determination of non- tannins ................................................................................ 29 3.4.6 Determination of tannin content ............................................................................. 30 3.4.7 Determination of pH ............................................................................................... 30 3.5 Tanning and physical testing .......................................................................................... 31 3.5.1 Tanning ................................................................................................................... 31 3.5.2 Comparison of Physical properties of vegetable tanned leathers ........................... 31 vi 3.5.3 Tensile strength ....................................................................................................... 31 3.5.4 Shrinkage temperature determination ..................................................................... 32 3.5.5 Measurement of tear strength.................................................................................. 32 3.5.6 Ball burst test .......................................................................................................... 33 3.5.7 Flexing endurance ................................................................................................... 33 3.6 Data analysis .................................................................................................................. 33 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS ..................................................................................................... 34 4.1 Types and sources of vegetable tanning materials found in Laikipia County ............... 34 4.2 Evaluation of the tanning strength of vegetable tanning materials ................................ 39 4.3 Comparison of the physical properties of standard mimosa and Laikipia vegetable tanned leathers ........................................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................. 49 5.1 Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 49 5.1.1 Types and sources of vegetable tanning materials found in Laikipia County ................. 49 5.1.2 Evaluation of the tanning strength of vegetable tanning materials ............................ 50 5.1.3 Physical properties of vegetable tanned leather ......................................................... 52 5.2 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 57 5.3 Recommendation ............................................................................................................ 57 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................
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