SOUTH AFRICAN 2016 Childgauge® Aislinn Delany, Selwyn Jehoma & Lori Lake
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SOUTH AFRICAN 2016 ChildGauge® Aislinn Delany, Selwyn Jehoma & Lori Lake © Unicef South Africa 1 Acknowledgements The editors are grateful to all those who contributed to the eleventh Paediatrics, University of Witwatersrand; Wiedaad Slemming, issue of the South African Child Gauge: Community Paediatrics, University of Witwatersrand; Julie Todd, • The authors, without whom this publication would not have Pietermaritzburg Child Welfare; Brenton van Vrede, Department been possible. of Social Development; Marisa von Fintel, Department of • The honourable Minister of Social Development, Bathabile Economics, University of Stellenbosch; Samantha Waterhouse, Dlamini, for her Reflections on her Department’s vision for Dullah Omar Institute, University of the Western Cape; Anthony social protection for children. Westwood, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, UCT; • Francie Lund who, among her many other contributions, also and Gemma Wright, Southern African Social Policy Research wrote the Foreword. Institute. • Zane Dangor, Department of Social Development; Alejandro • UNICEF South Africa; the Programme to Support Pro-Poor Grinspun, UNICEF South Africa; Katharine Hall, Children’s Policy Development, Department of Planning, Monitoring Institute, UCT; Francie Lund, Women in Informal Employment: and Evaluation; the DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Globalizing and Organizing; Paula Proudlock, Children’s Development at the University of the Witwatersrand; and Institute, UCT; Linda Richter, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence the FNB Fund for supporting the production of the book, in Human Development, University of Witwatersrand; and accompanying materials and public launch. Mastoera Sadan, Programme to Support Pro-poor Policy • The ELMA Foundation for their support to the Children’s Development, Department of Planning, Monitoring and Institute as a key donor. Evaluation, for their guidance as members of the editorial • Those individuals who contributed so generously of their time advisory committee. and expertise at the roundtable and policy dialogue. • Debbie Budlender for her expertise and editorial guidance. • Researchers and other staff from the Children’s Institute who • The peer reviewers who so selflessly gave their time to supported the editorial team in many ways. comment on the essays and recommend improvements: • UNICEF South Africa, Ilifa Labantwana and Jenni Karlsson for Lizette Berry, Children’s Institute, UCT; Linda Biersteker, the photographs used on the front cover and dividers, the independent consultant; Debbie Budlender, independent Black Sash for the photograph on page 41, and children from research consultant; Ariane De Lannoy, Southern Africa Labour the Abaqophi BakwaZisize Abakhanyayo Children’s Radio and Development Research Unit, UCT; Stephen Devereux, Project for their artwork. Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex; Dianne • Mandy Lake-Digby for the design and layout. Dunkerley, South African Social Security Agency; Carina du Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at are those of the Toit, Legal Resources Centre; Lauren Graham, Centre for authors and are not necessarily to be attributed to any of the Social Development in Africa, University of Johannesburg; donors, the Children’s Institute or the University of Cape Town. Katharine Hall, Children’s Institute, UCT; Vicky Hosegood, Department of Social Statistics and Demography, University of Suggested citation Southampton; Lucy Jamieson, Children’s Institute, UCT; Daniel Delany A, Jehoma S & Lake L (eds) (2016) South African Child Gauge Kumitz, Southern Africa Social Protection Experts Network; 2016. Cape Town: Children’s Institute, University of Cape Town. Francie Lund, Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and ISBN: 978-0-7992-2531-0 Organizing; Paula Proudlock, Children’s Institute, UCT; Linda © 2016 Children’s Institute, University of Cape Town Richter, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, 46 Sawkins Road, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa University of Witwatersrand; Haroon Saloojee, Community Tel: +27 21 650 1473 Fax: +27 21 650 1460 planning, monitoring & evaluation Department: Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA 2 Abbreviations ACESS Alliance for Children’s Entitlement to Social Security NHI National Health Insurance ACRWC African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child NIDS National Income Dynamics Study AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome NMR Neonatal Mortality Rate CCT Conditional Cash Transfers PMTCT Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission CDG Care Dependency Grant OAG Old Age Grant CHW Community Health Worker QLFS Quarterly Labour Force Survey CSG Child Support Grant RAF Road Accident Fund CSO Civil Society Organisation RMS Rapid Mortality Surveillance System DBE Department of Basic Education SALDRU Southern Africa Labour and Development DHA Department of Home Affairs Research Unit DSD Department of Social Development SASPRI Southern African Social Policy Research Institute ECD Early Childhood Development SASSA South African Social Security Agency FAIS Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services SMG State Maintenance Grant FCG Foster Child Grant SOCPEN Social Pensions GDP Gross Domestic Product Stats SA Statistics South Africa GHS General Household Survey U5MR Under-5 Mortality Rate HIV Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome UHC Universal Health Coverage HSL Household Subsistence Level UCT University of Cape Town ILO International Labour Organisation UIF Unemployment Insurance Fund MDG Millennium Development Goals UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme NCPR National Child Protection Register UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund NCS National Core Standards UNCRC United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child NDP National Development Plan UNCRoC United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child NGO Non-Governmental Organisation WHO World Health Organisation 3 Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Contents ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 List of boxes, cases, figures and tables ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 Foreword Francie Lund, Chair of the former Lund Committee on Child and Family Support .................................................................................... 8 Reflections Bathabile Dlamini, Minister of Social Development ................................................................................................................................... 9 PART ONE: CHILDREN AND LAW REFORM Legislative and policy developments 2015/2016 Stefanie Röhrs, Lizette Berry, Lori Lake and Maylene Shung-King ............................................................................................................. 12 PART TWO: CHILDREN AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE Overview ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 22 Children and social assistance: An introduction Aislinn Delany, Alejandro Grinspun and Evelyne Nyokangi ........................................................................................................................ 24 Children’s contexts: Household living arrangements, poverty and care Katharine Hall and Debbie Budlender ......................................................................................................................................................... 33 The evolution of the Child Support Grant Leila Patel and Sophie Plagerson ................................................................................................................................................................ 39 No small change: The multiple impacts of the Child Support Grant on child and adolescent well-being Alejandro Grinspun ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 44 Common concerns and misconceptions: What does the evidence say? Michell Mpike, Gemma Wright, Stefanie Röhrs, Zaheera Mohamed and Lindi Mzankomo ........................................................................ 55 Implementation of social grants: Improving delivery and increasing access Aislinn Delany and Selwyn Jehoma ............................................................................................................................................................ 60 Social assistance for orphaned children living with family Katharine Hall, Ann Skelton and Sipho Sibanda .......................................................................................................................................... 68 4 Expanding social assistance for children: Considering policy proposals Aislinn Delany and Paula Proudlock ..........................................................................................................................................................