Stage 1 Archaeology Report

Appendix H Stage 1 Archaeology Report

STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BAYVIEW AVENUE CLASS ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT STUDY, STOUFFVILLE ROAD TO BLOOMINGTON ROAD IN THE TOWN OF RICHMOND HILL, YORK REGION

LOTS 61 TO 63 AND 67 TO 70 CONCESSION I EYS AND LOTS 3 THROUGH 10 CONCESSION II EYS IN THE GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIP OF WHITCHURCH, YORK COUNTY

TOWN OF RICHMOND HILL, YORK REGION

Original License Report

Submitted to: MMM Group Limited 655 North Sheridan Way, Suite 300 Mississauga, ON Canada L5K 2P8 Phone: 905-823-8500

Submitted by: New Directions Archaeology Ltd. 1480 Sandhill Drive, Unit 3 Ancaster, Ontario L9G 4V5 Phone (905) 304-6893

License Holder: Phillip Woodley #P018

Project # P018-0764-2015

January 18, 2016

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The purpose of this Stage 1 archaeological assessment is to provide information about the study corridor’s geography, history, previous archaeological fieldwork, and current land condition in order to determine the property’s potential to contain archaeological material. A background study and a property inspection were completed as part of this Stage 1 assessment. Assessment activities were conducted in accordance with the provisions of the Ontario Heritage Act (R.S.O. 1990, c.o. 18) in compliance with the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (2011) under an archaeological consulting license (#P018) issued to Phillip Woodley of New Directions Archaeology Ltd.

The evaluation of whether the property contains archaeological potential is based on the results of the background study and property inspection conducted as part of this assessment. The study corridor meets many of the criteria that demonstrate the presence of archaeological potential. Two kettle lakes, Lake Wilcox and Lake St. George, are located adjacent to the study corridor, and would have provided excellent resources for both Aboriginal and Euro-Canadian habitation of the land. Fifty-seven (57) archaeological sites encountered have been encountered within one kilometre of the study corridor, representing Paleo-Indian, Archaic, Woodland, and Euro-Canadian occupations. Nineteenth and twentieth century mapping and photographs have demonstrated that Euro-Canadian settlement of the region began by 1794, facilitated by the construction of Yonge Street, and that historic structures have been identified within the vicinity of the study corridor. Further, based on topography and the presence of well drained soils, the study corridor clearly holds archaeological potential.

However, the determination of archaeological potential is tempered with a review of whether portions of the property have experienced extensive and deep land alterations that have removed archaeological potential. The construction of the Bayview Avenue extension in 2002 from Stouffville Road to Bloomington Road has caused significant disturbance within the study corridor, as have the construction of the smaller cross roads. As the property inspection demonstrated, this construction has removed archaeological potential from the roads and their gravel shoulders. However, the extent of disturbance within the full ROW is currently unknown, and portions of the study corridor, especially along the periphery, may still contain archaeological potential.

Further, archaeological assessment will not be required within those areas that have been previously assessed. Archaeological assessments undertaken to date in advance of changes to the alignment of Bayview Avenue include visual surveys to determine potential, test pit surveys,

pedestrian surveys, and the excavation of the Esox site (AlGu-99). As a result, it has been determined that approximately 70% of the study corridor has been previously assessed. Additionally, approximately 15% of the study corridor has been previously disturbed as a result of the construction of Bayview Avenue, its crossroads and various developments along the corridor. Finally, approximately 15% of the study corridor contains archaeological potential and will require further assessment.

On the basis of the above information, the following recommendations are made:

1. The portion of the study corridor located within the boundaries of the following roads and their gravel shoulders do not contain archaeological potential, and do not require further assessment: Bayview Avenue, Stouffville Road, Bloomington Road, Old Colony Road, Balliol Avenue, Bayview Park Lane, Dariole Drive, Bethesda Sideroad, Old Bayview Avenue, North Lake Road, Capelle Street, Newman Avenue, Sunbay Court, Bayview Court South, and Snively Street.

2. The portion of the study corridor located within previously assessed areas does not require further assessment.

3. The remainder of the study corridor contains archaeological potential and requires a Stage 2 archaeological assessment prior to any ground disturbing activities: a. Considering the study corridor is a narrow corridor within the ROW of Bayview Avenue, and that ditching and slope is present within the area to be tested, ploughing is not feasible. As a result, it is recommended that the study corridor be subject to a test pit survey as per Section 2.1.2 of the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011:31).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... i TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... iii LIST OF TABLES ...... iv LIST OF MAPS ...... iv LIST OF IMAGES ...... v

PROJECT PERSONNEL...... vii

PROJECT CONTEXT: DEVELOPMENT ...... 1

PROJECT CONTEXT: HISTORICAL ...... 2 York County ...... 2 Township of Whitchurch ...... 3 Study Corridor ...... 4

PROJECT CONTEXT: ARCHAEOLOGICAL ...... 7 General Geography and Geology ...... 7 Previously Registered Archaeological Sites ...... 8 Previous Archaeological Fieldwork ...... 11 Ontario Base Map Review ...... 14

BACKGROUND STUDY ...... 14

PROPERTY INSPECTION ...... 15

ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 16

RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 18

ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION ...... 19 REFERENCES ...... 20

MAPS ...... 23 IMAGES ...... 46

APPENDIX I: Document Inventory ...... 55

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: List of Original Patentees in the Township of Whitchurch ...... 4 Table 2: Structures Identified on 19th and 20th Century Map near the Study corridor ...... 5 Table 3: Registered Sites within One Kilometre of Study corridor ...... 8 Table 4: List of Reports Documenting Fieldwork within 50 meters of Study corridor ...... 12

LIST OF MAPS

Map 1: General Study corridor ...... 23 Map 2: Study corridor on Topographic Map ...... 24 Map 3: Development Plan – South ...... 25 Map 4: Development Plan – South Central ...... 26 Map 5: Development Plan –Central ...... 27 Map 6: Development Plan –North Central ...... 28 Map 7: Development Plan –North ...... 29 Map 8: 1860 Tremaine Map ...... 30 Map 9: 1878 Miles & Co. Map ...... 31 Map 10: 1917 Topographic Map ...... 32 Map 11: 1922 Topographic Map ...... 33 Map 12: 1930 Topographic Map ...... 34 Map 13: 1954 Aerial Photograph ...... 35 Map 14: Recommendations Map - South ...... 36 Map 15: Recommendations Map – South Central ...... 37 Map 16: Recommendations Map - Central ...... 38 Map 17: Recommendations Map – North Central ...... 39 Map 18: Recommendations Map - North ...... 40 Map 19: Location and Direction of Photographs - South ...... 41 Map 20: Location and Direction of Photographs – South Central...... 42 Map 21: Location and Direction of Photographs - Central ...... 43 Map 22: Location and Direction of Photographs – North Central...... 44 Map 23: Location and Direction of Photographs - North ...... 45

LIST OF IMAGES

Image 1: Study corridor facing south ...... 46 Image 2: Study corridor facing north ...... 46 Image 3: Study corridor facing south ...... 46 Image 4: Study corridor facing north ...... 46 Image 5: Study corridor facing north ...... 47 Image 6: Study corridor facing south ...... 47 Image 7: Study corridor facing south ...... 47 Image 8: Study corridor facing north ...... 47 Image 9: Study corridor facing south ...... 48 Image 10: Study corridor facing southwest ...... 48 Image 11: Study corridor facing south...... 48 Image 12: Study corridor facing north ...... 48 Image 13: Study corridor facing north ...... 49 Image 14: Study corridor facing south...... 49 Image 15: Study corridor facing southwest ...... 49 Image 16: Study corridor facing north ...... 49 Image 17: Study corridor facing south...... 50 Image 18: Study corridor facing south...... 50 Image 19: Study corridor facing northeast ...... 50 Image 20: Study corridor facing north ...... 50 Image 21: Study corridor facing south...... 51 Image 22: Study corridor facing north ...... 51 Image 23: Study corridor facing west ...... 51 Image 24: Study corridor facing south...... 51 Image 25: Study corridor facing north ...... 52 Image 26: Study corridor facing north ...... 52 Image 27: Study corridor facing south...... 52 Image 28: Study corridor facing south...... 52 Image 29: Study corridor facing north ...... 53 Image 30: Study corridor facing south...... 53 Image 31: Study corridor facing north ...... 53

Image 32: Study corridor facing south...... 53 Image 33: Study corridor facing north ...... 54 Image 34: Study corridor facing south...... 54 Image 35: Study corridor facing west ...... 54 Image 36: Study corridor facing southeast ...... 54 Image 37: Study corridor facing northeast ...... 54

PROJECT PERSONNEL

Project Director Phillip Woodley (P018)

Field Director Andrew Turner (R1042)

Field Assistant Andrew Wood

Report Graphics Katie Brightwell

Report Preparation Amanda Parks (R450)

Editor Lara Wood (P1078)

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Stage 1 A.A. of Bayview Avenue Class EA 1

PROJECT CONTEXT: DEVELOPMENT

This report discusses the rationale, methods and results of the Stage 1 archaeological assessment for the Bayview Avenue Class Environmental Assessment Study, Stouffville Road to Bloomington Road in the Town of Richmond Hill, York Region (Maps 1 and 2). Triggered by the Ontario Environmental Assessment Act, the Class EA was initiated in June 2015 to accommodate the existing and future transportation needs of the corridor. Improvements to the corridor include widening Bayview Avenue to a four lane road, the construction of turning lanes, and provisions for pedestrians and cyclists and trail connections. As a result, pavement measurement varies in width, includes sections of cross roads to allow for turning lanes, and measures approximately 30 hectares in total (Maps 3 to 7). However, all widening and active transportation will be accommodated within the existing Region’s right-of-way. The study corridor is located on Lots 61 to 63 and 67 to 70 Concession I East of Yonge and Lots 3 through 10 Concession II East of Yonge in the Geographic Township of Whitchurch, York County. New Directions Archaeology Ltd. was contracted by MMM Group Ltd. on behalf of the Regional Municipality of York to conduct this Stage 1 archaeological assessment. The purpose of this Stage 1 archaeological assessment is to provide information about the study corridor’s geography, history, previous archaeological fieldwork, and current land condition in order to determine the property’s potential to contain archaeological material. Detailed documentary research was conducted as part of this study and provides a record of the property’s archaeological and land use history, as well as its present condition. This research is presented in the historical and archaeological context sections of this report. A property inspection was also completed to gain first-hand knowledge of the study corridor’s geography, topography, and current condition, and to evaluate and map archaeological potential. All photos were taken from within the current Bayview Road Right-of-Way. Assessment activities were conducted in accordance with the provisions of the Ontario Heritage Act (R.S.O. 1990, c.o. 18) in compliance with the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (2011) under an archaeological consulting license (#P018) issued to Phillip Woodley of New Directions Archaeology Ltd. The field notes, photos and related documents will be curated at the office of New Directions Archaeology Ltd. (Appendix I).

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PROJECT CONTEXT: HISTORICAL

The following presents a summary of the land use and settlement history for the Bayview Avenue Class EA. The study corridor is located on Lots 61 to 63 and 67 to 70 Concession I East of Yonge and Lots 3 to 10 Concession II East of Yonge in the Geographic Township of Whitchurch, York County. Brief descriptions of York County and the Township of Whitchurch follow, along with a review of nineteenth century maps, early twentieth century topographic maps, and twentieth century aerial photographs all of which are focused on the study corridor. This was completed in order to provide additional insight into the past and present land use and settlement history of the property.

York County York County was originally created in 1792 and encompassed the Townships of East Gwillimbury, Etobicoke, Georgina, King, Markham, North Gwillimbury, Scarborough, Vaughan, Whitchurch, and York. One of the defining characteristics of early York County was Yonge Street, which was surveyed in 1794 by Augustus Jones. This route was intended to open up the inland areas to settlement as well as facilitate travel to the northwest (Mulvany et al. 1885:13). Land on each side of the road was granted to settlers on the conditions that they would build a house of at least 4.9 x 6.1 metres, clear and fence at least 2.0 hectares of their lot, and make an effort to clear the adjacent Yonge Street road allowance within the span of one. Despite these favourable conditions, the rate of settlement was slow in York County, with growth hindered mainly due to the fact that many lands were granted to “favourites of successive administrations” to garner political support. These people typically avoided their settlement duties and caused the land to be locked up in private hands and closed to settlement, waiting for the land to increase in value rather than settle (Mulvany et al. 1885:16). Despite this, by 1842, the population of York County reached 58,853, and there were 65 grist mills and 209 saw mills in operation within its diverse townships. Following the abolition of the district system in 1849, the boundaries of York County were largely redefined when Ontario and Peel Counties were created from its eastern and western extents. The historic York County came to consist of the City of Toronto and the Townships of Etobicoke, York, Scarboro, Vaughan, Markham, King, Whitchurch, East

Stage 1 A.A. of Bayview Avenue Class EA 3

Gwillimbury, North Gwillimbury and Georgina. The vicinity of the study corridor remained part of York County until 1954, at which time the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto was separated as a distinct administrative body. In 1998, the component municipalities of Metropolitan Toronto were amalgamated to form the current City of Toronto.

Township of Whitchurch In historic times, the Township of Whitchurch was bordered by the Township of East Gwillimbury to the north, the Township of Uxbridge to the east, the Township of Markham to the south and the Township of King to the west (Yonge Street marked the western boundary of the township). The Oak Ridges traverses the township from northwest to southeast, which separate the watersheds of Lake Simcoe and Lake Ontario. In the 19th century, the land on the north side of the moraine presented “a rich agricultural region, in a high state of cultivation” (Mika 1972: xv). The land was well-watered by tributary sources the Don, Rouge and East Holland Rivers, and it contained many small lakes and ponds named after local residents (e.g., Musselman Lake). The township was surveyed on multiple occasions in the early 19th century, but the first settlers arrived as early as 1795. Prior to the first survey, patents were issued to Joseph Bouchette (1796), Frederic Smith, Charles Fathers and James Pitney (1797), and William Bond, John Chisholm and Captain W. Graham (1798) (Mulvany et al. 1885:145). The limits of the township were laid out by Stegman in 1800, and he also completed the 1st to 4th concessions. In 1802, Stegman completed the remaining concessions, but Wilmot also did some work on the 8th and 9th concessions in the early part of the 19th century. The name Whitchurch likely came from the town in Herefordshire, England. Many of the first lots were patented to the Canada Company and to Kings College (Mika 1972: xv), and many of the first settlers were Pennsylvanian Quakers (Smith 1846:219). Mennonites and “Tunkers” of German and Dutch origin settled the majority of the area beyond the moraine (Mulvany et al. 1885:147). By 1842, the population of the Township of Whitchurch reached 3,836, and there were four grist mills and thirteen saw mills in operation. Approximately 17,588 ha had been taken up by that time, 6,204 ha of which were under cultivation (Smith 1846:219). The population was 4,242 in 1850, 5,014 in 1871 and 4,529 in 1881. The decline in 1881 was partly related to the incorporation of Stouffville as a distinct village (Mulvany et al. 1885:152). The number of saw

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mills began to decline in the 1880s, as the best pine was gone and lumbermen had to resort to taking trees that would have been skipped over in earlier decades. By the turn of the century, nearly all of the water saw mills were gone, and only a few stationary steam mills remained (WHBC 1993:22).

Study Corridor The study corridor is located on Lots 61 to 63 and 67 to 70 Concession I East of Yonge and Lots 3 to 10 Concession II East of Yonge in the Geographic Township of Whitchurch, York County. The following presents the results of the nineteenth and twentieth century map review, and the review of twentieth century aerial photographs and orthographic imagery, all focused on the study corridor. As noted, Whitchurch Township was settled beginning in the mid-1790s. Table 1 details the list of the original patent holders for each lot within the study corridor (Stamp 1991). However, it is noted that many of the original patent holders settled on their respective properties several years prior to be granted the land, beginning as early as 1794.

Table 1: List of Original Patentees in the Township of Whitchurch

Lot Original Patentee Date Lot Original Patentee Date 61 **Saigeon, Michel 1820 3 Tiell, Simon 1838 (Bernard VanWeide 1794) 62 *Bouchette, John Baptiste 1796 4 *Bouchette, John Baptiste 1801 (arrived 1795) (arrived 1797)

63 *Bond, William 1798 5 *Chambers, Mary 1801 (arrived 1794) (arrived 1797) 67 *Jones, John 1804 6 King's College 1828 (arrived 1794) 68 Herns, John 1802 7 *Bond, William 1798 (arrived 1794) 69 Hale, William 1832 8 *Bond, William 1798 Concession I EYS Concession I EYS Concession (arrived 1794) 70 Grover, John 1817 9 Steel, Daniel 1857

10 Park, James 1820

* denotes individual settled on the property years prior to gaining patent ** denotes a different individual settled on property prior to the listed original patentee

Stage 1 A.A. of Bayview Avenue Class EA 5

A series of nineteenth and twentieth century maps and twentieth century aerial photographs were reviewed in order to provide insight into the settlement and land use history of the study corridor. The nineteenth century maps reviewed include the 1860 Tremaine Map of York County (Map 8) and the 1878 Miles & Co. Illustrated Atlas of the County of York and the township of West Gwillimbury & town of Bradford in the county of Simcoe, Ont. (Map 9). Additionally, three early twentieth century topographic maps were studied to examine more modern alterations to the landscape, including maps from 1917 (Map 10), 1922 (Map 11), and 1930 (Map 12). Finally, an aerial photograph from 1954 (Map 13) were reviewed in order to illuminate more recent changes to the landscape. Table 2 provides a summary of the map review, detailing the presence of structures illustrated on the nineteenth and twentieth century maps and the twentieth century aerial photograph located within, adjacent to, or within the vicinity of the study corridor.

Table 2: Structures Identified on 19th and 20th Century Map near the Study corridor

Con. I EYS II EYS Map 61 62 63 67 68 69 70 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1860 V 1878 V V A W V 1917 V A V W W/V 1922 V A V W W/V 1930 V A V W W/V 1954 V A W V = structure/structures located within the VICINITY of study corridor A = structure/structures located immediately ADJACENT to study corridor W = structure/structures located WITHIN study corridor

Concession I EYS Several historic structures were located within, adjacent to, or within the vicinity of the study corridor on Concession I EYS. Twentieth century topographic maps show that one structure was located within the vicinity of the study corridor on Lot 63 Concession I EYS.

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While nineteenth century mapping does not show a structure at that location, not all structures appeared on nineteenth century maps, and so the house on Lot 63 may have been built prior to 1900. The 1878 map also shows a structure located within the vicinity of the study corridor on Lot 70 Concession I EYS, with early twentieth century topographic mapping confirming that the structure was in fact immediately adjacent to the study corridor.

Concession II EYS Historic structures are also noted on Lots 3 through 6 Concession II EYS. On Lot 3 a structure is illustrated on the 1878 map as being within the vicinity of the study corridor, and is shown as still standing in 1954. On Lot 4 a structure is illustrated on the 1878 map as being immediately adjacent to the study corridor, though this structure appears further north outside the study corridor on twentieth century topographic maps and on the 1954 aerial photograph. On Lot 5 a structure is shown on the mapping beginning in 1860, illustrated within the vicinity of the study corridor. However, later maps all demonstrate that this historic structure was located within the study corridor, continuing to stand until at least 1954. Finally, on Lot 6 a structure is shown on the 1878 map as being within the vicinity of the study corridor, though the early twentieth century topographic maps demonstrate the structure was within the study corridor.

Surrounding Area The review of nineteenth and twentieth century maps and aerial photographs also provides information regarding the development of the surrounding area. Beginning at least by 1917, the topographic maps show numerous structures had been constructed along the Lake Wilcox waterfront. Populations in the area significantly expanded by 1954, with cottage subdivisions seen surrounding the lake. Additional subdivisions were constructed in the later twentieth century, resulting in a need for better transportation routes. In 2002, the Bayview Avenue extension from Stouffville Road to Bloomington Road officially opened, following a slightly different route than the original concession road. With the area containing more formal access, the twenty-first century has seen the construction of even more subdivisions in the surrounding area. Summary Considering the presence of historic structures located within, adjacent to, or in the vicinity of the study corridor, and given the proximity of the study corridor to historic roadways

Stage 1 A.A. of Bayview Avenue Class EA 7

(Old Bayview Avenue, Stouffville Road, and Bloomington Road), there is the potential to encounter historic materials within the study corridor. Further, it is noted that not all structures were illustrated on historic maps, and structures such as outbuildings might also be present within the study corridor. However, considering the significant development of the surrounding area, including the construction of the Bayview Avenue extension and the numerous subdivisions in the area, some level of disturbance can be expected within the study corridor. A search of the area for nearby historic commemorative plaques or monuments revealed none are located within the vicinity of the study corridor.

PROJECT CONTEXT: ARCHAEOLOGICAL

The study corridor is located along Bayview Avenue from Stouffville Road to Bloomington Road and ranges in width between 40 metres and 80 metres. The study corridor also includes small sections of cross roads to allow for the construction of turning lanes, including Old Colony Road, Balliol Avenue, Bayview Park Lane, Dariole Drive, Bethesda Sideroad, Old Bayview Avenue, North Lake Road, Capelle Street, Newman Avenue, Sunbay Court, Bayview Court South, and Snively Street.. The following presents a discussion of the general geography and geology of the study corridor, a review of sites within one kilometre of the study corridor, and a review of reports documenting fieldwork within 50 metres of the study corridor. This information is essential for determining archaeological potential within the subject lands. A property inspection of the study corridor was conducted on November 24, 2015.

General Geography and Geology The study corridor is located within the Oak Ridges Moraine physiographic region (Chapman and Putnam 1984: 172-174). The Oak Ridges Moraine physiographic region consists of a massive ridge of glacial drift that extends for over 160 km from the Niagara Escarpment to the Trent River, and forms much of the high ground that divides streams between the Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay drainage systems (Chapman and Putnam 1984:166). The moraine was formed as the glaciers from the Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay/Lake Simcoe basins met, depositing till that in some areas is 600-800 feet thick above the sedimentary bedrock of limestone and shale (Chapman and Putnam 1984:52). The original vegetation in the area was a

New Directions Archaeology Ltd. 8 mixed forest of pine and hardwoods, including maple, beech and oak (Chapman and Putnam 1984:167). The study corridor measures approximately 30 hectares and encompasses portions of roads, rights of way (ROWs) with significant ditching, as well as small sections of woodlots and grasslands. (Images 1, 4 and 6). Two kettle lakes, Lake Wilcox and Lake St. George, are adjacent to the study corridor. These kettle lakes, located on the Oak Ridge Moraine, mark the headlands of the Humber and Rouge Rivers. The general topography of the study corridor is flat to gently undulating (Map 2). The soil matrix within the study corridor includes Pontypool sandy loam, Woburn loam, Brighton sandy loam, Muck, and Schomberg clay loam over gravel (Hoffman et al. 1955). Pontypool sandy loam is a grey-brown podzolic with few stones and good drainage. Woburn loam is a grey-brown podzolic with few stones and good drainage. Brighton sandy loam is a grey-brown podzolic that is stonefree and has good drainage. Muck is found in bog conditions, is stonefree, and has very poor drainage. Finally, Schomberg clay loam steep phase is a grey-brown podzolic that is stonefree, with good drainage.

Previously Registered Archaeological Sites A review of the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database (OASD), maintained by the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, revealed that while no sites have been registered within the study corridor, 57 sites have been previously registered within one kilometre of the study corridor. Table 3 details the results of this review.

Table 3: Registered Sites within One Kilometre of Study corridor

Borden Name Affiliation Type Researcher Date Number Archaic, Late, Woodland, Late, AlGu-017* Wilcox Lake Woodland, Middle Village Welsh 1972 AlGu-044* Rhodes Other Findspot Williamson 1987 AlGu-096 Glen Lonely Burgar 1987 Lake St. Archaic, Late, Paleo-Indian, Burgar AlGu-097 George Late, Woodland, Middle Camp 1987 AlGu-098 Snively Burgar 1987 AlGu-099* Esox Paleo-Indian, Woodland, Middle Camp Burgar 1987 AlGu-103* Aquila Pre-Contact Findspot Williamson 1989 AlGu-104* Lupus Archaic, Middle Findspot Williamson 1989

Stage 1 A.A. of Bayview Avenue Class EA 9

Borden Name Affiliation Type Researcher Date Number AlGu-105 Argo Pre-Contact Findspot Roe 2005 AlGu-106 Sunset Beach Woodland, Middle Welsh 1971 AlGu-110* Lost Brant Woodland, Middle Jolly 2011 Nick Of AlGu-189 Time Archaic, Late Scatter Williamson 1997 AlGu-190 Ridgewood Pre-Contact Scatter Williamson 1997 AlGu-194 Pre-Contact Findspot Williamson 1997 AlGu-195 Pre-Contact Findspot Williamson 1997 AlGu-219 Pre-Contact Findspot Williamson 1998 AlGu-227 Pre-Contact Findspot Williamson 2000 AlGu-231 Cluster 1 Pre-Contact Scatter Burgar 1998 AlGu-232 Cluster 2 Pre-Contact Scatter Burgar 1998 AlGu-233 Cluster 3 Pre-Contact Scatter Burgar 1998 AlGu-234 Cluster 4 Woodland, Middle Scatter Burgar 1998 AlGu-235 Isol, #23 Pre-Contact Findspot Burgar 1998 AlGu-289 Woodland Camp Welsh 2003 AlGu-290 Woodland, Early Camp Welsh 2003 AlGu-291 Woodland, Early Camp Welsh 2003 AlGu-292 - Archaic, Early Findspot Powers 2003 AlGu-293 Bouchette Post-Contact Dump Powers 2003 AlGu-294 Bond Post-Contact Homestead Powers 2003 AlGu-295* Thompson Post-Contact Homestead Powers 2003 AlGu-296 Fiel Post-Contact Homestead Powers 2003 AlGu-361 Clipper Post-Contact Unknown Crinnion 2006 AlGu-382 Swan Lake Leskovec 1981 AlGu-383 Cole Leskovec 1984 McKenzie- AlGu-384* Lake Wilcox Post-Contact Homestead Slocki, Kim 2008 AlGu-416 Pre-Contact Kenedy 2009 AlGu-417 Pre-Contact Kenedy 2009 AlGu-418 Pre-Contact Kenedy 2009 AlGu-419 Pre-Contact Kenedy 2009 AlGu-420 Pre-Contact Kenedy 2009 AlGu-421* Pre-Contact Kenedy 2009 AlGu-422 Pre-Contact Kenedy 2009 AlGu-423 Pre-Contact Kenedy 2009 AlGu-426 Archaic, Middle Findspot Kenedy 2009 AlGu-427 Pre-Contact Findspot Kenedy 2009 AlGu-428 Pre-Contact Findspot Kenedy 2009 AlGu-429 Pre-Contact Findspot Kenedy 2009 AlGu-430 Pre-Contact Findspot Kenedy 2009 AlGu-431 Pre-Contact Findspot Kenedy 2009 AlGu-432 Pre-Contact Findspot Kenedy 2009 AlGu-433 Pre-Contact Findspot Kenedy 2009 AlGu-440 Pre-Contact Findspot Kenedy 2009 AlGu-441 Pre-Contact Findspot Kenedy 2009 AlGu-442 Pre-Contact Findspot Kenedy 2009

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Borden Name Affiliation Type Researcher Date Number AlGu-458 Pre-Contact Findspot Kenedy 2009 AlGu-459 Pre-Contact Findspot Kenedy 2009 AlGu-479 Orc Archaic, Late, Woodland, Early Camp Jolly 2011 AlGu-480 Orc Pre-Contact Jolly 2012 * Denotes site is within 50 metres of the study corridor

Of the sites listed above, four are pre-contact sites with multiple periods of occupation ranging from the Paleo-Indian into the Woodland period, four of the sites were occupied during the Archaic period, one of the sites was occupied during the Woodland period, six of the sites are Euro-Canadian, and the remaining 32 sites are listed as pre-contact findspots. Eight of these sites are within 50 metres of the study corridor, described in more detail below. The Wilcox Lake site (AlGu-17) is an Iroquoian village located adjacent to Bayview Avenue. Late Archaic and Middle Woodland components have also been documented at the site. Although significant disturbance was encountered in many areas around the site, 21 test units were excavated and 7 longhouses, 26 features and 1500 artifacts were recovered. This site has been completely documented within the current study corridor. The Rhodes site (AlGu-44) was identified by ASI in 1988 during a survey undertaken as part of the Richmond Hill Master Plan. The site consisted of an isolated projectile point dating to the Middle Woodland period. No further assessment was required. The Esox site (AlGu-99) is a multi-occupation campsite with two loci observed on the surface of a cultivated field located to the east of Lake Wilcox, east of Bayview Avenue and north of Bethesda Sideroad. Over 1,000 artifacts were recovered from four acres of cultivated field, the majority of which were lithics, though some faunal and one ceramic Middleport rimsherd were also collected. The site has been completely documented within the current study corridor. The Aquila site (AlGu-103) is a small pre-contact findspot located between Kettle Pond and Wilcox Lake. The site consists of one biface and one debitage and further testing was not required. The Lupus site (AlGu-104) is a small Middle Archaic findspot located within the vicinity of the Aquila site, and was located during the same assessment. The Lupus site was also not recommended for further testing.

Stage 1 A.A. of Bayview Avenue Class EA 11

The Lost Brant site (AlGu-110) is located on the east side of old Bayview Avenue, south of North Lake Road, with more than 10,000 artifacts were recovered from Stage 4 excavations. The site was occupied during the Middle Woodland period, though Archaic and even a potential PaleoIndian component were also encountered. The site has been fully documented with the current study corridor. The Thompson site (AlGu-295) is a small Euro-Canadian homestead located to the northeast of Bond Lake. A total of 60 artifacts were recovered during pedestrian survey. As further analysis dated the site to the late 19th century, therefore no further work was recommended. The McKenzie-Lake Wilcox site (AlGu-384) is a Euro-Canadian homestead located on the east side of Bayview Avenue between Sunset Beach Road and Sandbanks Drive. Stage 3 and 4 excavations were carried out within a proposed Right-of-Way area, and further work was recommended on the remainder of the site should future impacts to the area be proposed. The last site located within 50 metres of the study corridor is AlGu-421, which is located to the west of Swan Lake. A total of 40 lithic artifacts were observed on the surface of a ploughed field as part of a research project completed on a Toronto and Region Conservation Area (TRCA) property.

Previous Archaeological Fieldwork The Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport indicated three reports that documented fieldwork within 50 metres of the study corridor (Table 4). Of the following reports, four could be obtained for review and a brief summary of each follows the table.

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Table 4: List of Reports Documenting Fieldwork within 50 meters of the Study Corridor PIF/YEAR Title Author 1988 An Archaeological Resource Assessment of the ASI 1990 Realignment and Widening of Bayview Avenue from Stouffville Road to Bloomington Side Road, Town of Richmond Hill, Ontario. 1999-007-028 The Realignment and Widening of Bayview Avenue (Y.R. ASI 2000 34) from Stouffville Road (Y.R. 14) to Bloomington Side Road (Y.R. 40), Towns of Richmond Hill, Ontario: Archaeological Resource Assessment of Proposed Alignment Changes. 2002-035-034 Stage 1-2 A.A. of Proposed Subdivision 19T-94022, North Archaeoworks Valley Developments Ltd., Town of Richmond Hill 2002 Former Whitchurch Township, RM of York, Ont. P047-110 Addendum 2: Stage 1&2 A. A. of Unsurveyed Lands ASI ND within the East Lake Wilcox Study corridor and Stage 3 A.A. of the Lake Wilcox (AlGu-17) and Sunset Beach (AlGu-206) Sites, Town of Richmond Hill, RM of York. P303-109-2011 Revised: AA (Stage 3) in the Town of Richmond Hill, TRCA 2011 York Region East Lake Wilcox Old Bayview Avenue Reconstructions: The Lost Brant Site (AlGu-110) Lot 6, Con II East, Historic Whitchurch Township, York County. P303-121-2011 Archaeological Excavation (Stage 4) in the Town of TRCA 2013 Richmond Hill, York Region: East Lake Wilcox Old Bayview Ave Reconstruction: The Lost Brant Site (AlGu- 110), Lot 6, Con II East, Historic Whitchurch Township, York County.

1988 - An Archaeological Resource Assessment of the Realignment and Widening of Bayview Avenue from Stouffville Road to Bloomington Side Road, Town of Richmond Hill, Ontario. In 1988, ASI conducted an assessment for the proposed the realignment and widening of Bayview Avenue from Stoufville Road to Bloomington Side Road. The 1988 survey focused on areas of moderate to high potential within the eight kilometre study corridor. Test pitting and pedestrian surveys were conducted within discrete sections of the corridor, with the remainder determined to be disturbed by modern construction. Four Pre-Contact sites were encountered during this survey including the Sunset Beach site (AlGu-106), the Lupus site (AlGu-104), the Argo site (AlGu-105), and the Aquila site (Algu-103). The former three sites were considered findspots, while the latter site was considered a lithic scatter. All four sites have since been fully mitigated.

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1999-007-028 - The Realignment and Widening of Bayview Avenue (Y.R. 34) from Stouffville Road (Y.R. 14) to Bloomington Side Road (Y.R. 40), Towns of Richmond Hill, Ontario: Archaeological Resource Assessment of Proposed Alignment Changes In 1999, ASI conducted an assessment for the proposed changes to the realignment and widening of Bayview Avenue from Stoufville Road to Bloomington Side Road. The proposed alignment measured approximately eight kilometres in length and 35 metres in width. ASI The original assessment was carried out in the late 1980s by ASI. In the 1999 study, ASI summarizes these past surveys to determine what additional assessment, if any, would be required base on the realignment changes. The 1999 study indicates only two small areas of moderate to high archaeological potential were to be affected by the proposed changes to Bayview Avenue. One area was located in the south portion of the study area, located on a rise of the naturally occurring sand hills. A test pit survey revealed no archaeological resources were present. The second area was located between Lake St. George and Bloomington Road. The 35 metre wide stretch of proposed road was visually determined to be either low, wet, sloping terrain or disturbed lands associated with the golf course at the north end of the study area.

P303-109-2011 – Revised: AA (Stage 3) in the Town of Richmond Hill, York Region East Lake Wilcox Old Bayview Avenue Reconstructions: The Lost Brant Site (AlGu-110) Lot 6, Con II East, Historic Whitchurch Township, York County Toronto and Regions Conservation Authority has conducted multiple excavations of the Lost Brant site (AlGu-110) since its initial identification. The Lost Brant site was first identified in 1989 by Archaeological Services Inc. (ASI 1990) during an archaeological assessment in advance of the proposed extension and realignment of Bayview Avenue. While the Stage 3 report listed above provides a detailed background on the history of excavations at the site, only a summary will be provided here. Investigations of the site have occurred beginning in 1992 and were completed in 2014. The Lost Brant site has since been described as a multi-component camp with occupations from the Late Paleo-Indian period until the Middle Woodland period. Well over 10,000 artifacts have been recovered from over 1,000 hand excavated units, with artifacts including a Paleo-Indian blade cache, a cluster of Middle Woodland ceramics, and number lithic and faunal remnants indicative of complete sequences of game processing as well

New Directions Archaeology Ltd. 14 as domestic activities such as storage, refuse, and cooking. Additionally, two possible structures were identified based on chert type distributions. The site has been completely excavated within the limits of the current study corridor.

P303-121-2011 – Archaeological Excavation (Stage 4) in the Town of Richmond Hill, York Region: East Lake Wilcox Old Bayview Ave Reconstruction: The Lost Brant Site (AlGu-110), Lot 6, Con II East, Historic Whitchurch Township, York County Toronto and Regions Conservation Authority completed a Stage 4 excavation of the Lost Brant site (AlGu-110) in advance of the proposed extension and realignment of Old Bayview Avenue. A total of 3,050 artifacts were recovered from 384 hand excavated units. The site was fully documented with the proposed road works, though it was determined that the site extends north and northwest of the current parking lot, east of Old Bayview Avenue. This site is outside of the current study area. It was also recommended that monitoring of the removal of Old Bayview Avenue occurs to determine if the Lost Brant site is intact beneath the road.

Ontario Base Map Review Additionally, an examination of the study corridor using Ontario Base Mapping (OBM) 1:10,000 was performed to identify potential. Given the proximity of the study corridor to two kettle lakes (Lake Wilcox and Lake St. George) at the headlands of the Humber, Don, and Rouge River Watersheds, there is potential for the recovery of archaeological resources.

BACKGROUND STUDY The Stage 1 background study was completed as per Section 1.1 of the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011: 14) and has been detailed above in the Historical and Archaeological Context sections above. The research includes information from the following sources:  Historic settlement maps  Aerial photographs  Commemorative plaques or monuments (none present)  The most-to-date listing of sites from the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport’s archaeological sites database for a radius of 1km around the property

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 Reports of previous field work within a radius of 50 metres around the property  Topographic maps at 1:10,000 (recent and historical) or the most detailed scale available

The highest quality and most detailed mapping available was utilized. The background study has demonstrated the past and present land use and settlement history of the property, and has provided information sufficient to evaluate the presence of archaeological potential within the study corridor.

PROPERTY INSPECTION

A property inspection of the study corridor was completed on November 24, 2015 in order to gain first-hand knowledge of the geography, topography, and current condition of the property. The property inspection was completed as per Section 1.2 of the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011: 15). The entire (100%) study corridor and its periphery were visually inspected and photographed (Maps 19 to 23, Images 1 to 37), with coverage sufficient to identify the presence of absence of any features of archaeological potential. The property inspection was conducted when weather conditions permitted good visibility of land features, being cool (7ºC) and sunny. The property inspection revealed the presence of the two nearby kettle lakes, as mapped on recent topographic maps (Map 2). The property inspection also revealed significant disturbance within a large portion of the study corridor. In particular, the construction of the Bayview Avenue extension and its cross roads have caused deep and extensive alterations to the study corridor (Images 1 and 38). It is clear from the property inspection that the roads and gravel shoulders no longer contain archaeological potential. The ROW within the study corridor likewise shows some degree of disturbance, evidenced by ditching (Images 16 and 25) and culverts (Images 35 and 37). However, the extent of the disturbance within the ROW remains unknown, and portions of the study corridor, especially on the periphery of the ROW, may still contain archaeological potential. A variety of landscapes comprise the periphery of the study corridor. Examples of manicured lawns (Images 10, 18, and 27), overgrown grasslands (Images 1, 5, and 17), and small woodlots (Images 2, 22, and 24) are all present.

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ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS

A Stage 1 archaeological assessment has been completed the Bayview Avenue Class Environmental Assessment Study, Stouffville Road to Bloomington Road in the Town of Richmond Hill, York Region. The evaluation of whether the property contains archaeological potential is based on the results of the background study and property inspection conducted as part of this assessment. Also taken into consideration is the presence and extent of deep land alterations that have severely damaged the integrity of any archaeological resources. The Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists provides a list of features that indicate archaeological potential that must be taken into consideration when evaluating the potential of a property to contain archaeological resources. These include: the proximity of the study corridor to previously identified archaeological sites; the study corridor is located within 300 metres of water sources (primary, secondary, historic and glacial); elevated topography; well drained soils; distinctive land formations; resource areas (food, medicinal plants, source raw materials and early Euro-Canadian industry); areas of early Euro-Canadian settlement; areas within 100 metres of historic transportation routes; areas containing Ontario Heritage designated properties; and properties identified by local informants as having potential (MTCS 2011: 17- 18). The study corridor meets many of these criteria. Two kettle lakes, Lake Wilcox and Lake St. George, are located adjacent to the study corridor, and would have provided excellent resources for both Aboriginal and Euro-Canadian habitation of the land. Additionally, the study corridor is situated at the headwaters of the Humber, Don, and Rouge River Watersheds. That the area was a habitable location is evidenced by the 57 archaeological sites that have been encountered within one kilometre of the study corridor. Ten of those sites were identified within 50 metres of the study corridor, and include Paleo-Indian, Archaic, Woodland, and Euro- Canadian occupations, further demonstrating the long history of occupation within and adjacent to the study corridor. The review of nineteenth and twentieth century mapping and photographs have demonstrated that Euro-Canadian settlement of the region began by 1794, facilitated by the construction of Yonge Street. Nearby historic roadways include Bloomington Road, Stouffville Road, and Old Bayview Avenue. Nineteenth century mapping has revealed that several historic structures were located within the vicinity of the study corridor, and remnants of the occupation

Stage 1 A.A. of Bayview Avenue Class EA 17 of the land by early settlers may be present within the study corridor. Further, based on topography and the presence of well drained soils, the study corridor clearly holds archaeological potential. However, the determination of archaeological potential is tempered with a review of whether portions of the property have experienced extensive and deep land alterations that have removed archaeological potential. The construction of the Bayview Avenue extension in 2002 from Stouffville Road to Bloomington Road has caused significant disturbance within the study corridor, as have the construction of the smaller cross roads that intersect Bayview Avenue throughout the study corridor. As the property inspection demonstrated, archaeological potential has been removed from the roads and their gravel shoulders. However, the extent of disturbance within the ROW is currently unknown, and portions of the study corridor, especially along the periphery, may still contain archaeological potential (see Maps 14 to 18 for exact locations). Further, archaeological assessment will not be required within those areas that have been previously assessed. Archaeological assessments undertaken to date in advance of changes to the alignment of Bayview Avenue include visual surveys to determined potential, test pit surveys, pedestrian surveys, and the excavation of the Esox site (AlGu-99). As a result, it has been determined that approximately 70% of the study corridor has been previously assessed. Additionally, approximately 15% of the study corridor has been previously disturbed as a result of the construction of Bayview Avenue, its crossroads and various developments along the corridor. Finally, approximately 15% of the study corridor contains archaeological potential and will require further assessment.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

On the basis of the above information, the following recommendations are made (Maps 14 to 18):

4. The portion of the study corridor located within the boundaries of the following roads and their gravel shoulders do not contain archaeological potential, and do not require further assessment: Bayview Avenue, Stouffville Road, Bloomington Road, Old Colony Road, Balliol Avenue, Bayview Park Lane, Dariole Drive, Bethesda Sideroad, Old Bayview Avenue, North Lake Road, Capelle Street, Newman Avenue, Sunbay Court, Bayview Court South, and Snively Street.

5. The portion of the study corridor located within previously assessed areas does not require further assessment.

6. The remainder of the study corridor contains archaeological potential and requires a Stage 2 archaeological assessment prior to any ground disturbing activities: a. Considering the study corridor is a narrow corridor within the ROW of Bayview Avenue, and that ditching and slope is present within the area to be tested, ploughing is not feasible. As a result, it is recommended that the study corridor be subject to a test pit survey as per Section 2.1.2 of the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011:31).

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ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION

1. This report is submitted to the Minister of Tourism, Culture and Sport as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c 0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, a letter will be issued by the ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alteration to archaeological sites by the proposed development. 2. It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such times as a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeology Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act. 3. Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. 4. The Cemeteries Act, R.S.O. 1990 c. C.4 and the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 (when proclaimed in force) require that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the Registrar of Cemeteries at the Ministry of Consumer Services.

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REFERENCES

Archaeological Services Inc. ND Addendum 2: Stage 1&2 A. A. of Unsurveyed Lands within the East Lake Wilcox Study corridor and Stage 3 A.A. of the Lake Wilcox (AlGu-17) and Sunset Beach (AlGu-206) Sites, Town of Richmond Hill, RM of York [P047-110]. Report on file with the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport. 1989 An Archaeological Resource Assessment of the Realignment and Widening of Bayview Avenue from Stouffville Road to Bloomington Side Road, Town of Richmond Hill, Ontario. Report on file with the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport. 2000 The Realignment and Widening of Bayview Avenue (Y.R. 34) from Stouffville Road (Y.R. 14) to Bloomington Side Road (Y.R. 40), Towns of Richmond Hill, Ontario: Archaeological Resource Assessment of Proposed Alignment Changes. [1999-007-028]. Report on file with the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport.

Archaeoworks 2002 Stage 1-2 A.A. of Proposed Subdivision 19T-94022, North Valley Developments Ltd., Town of Richmond Hill Former Whitchurch Township, RM of York, Ont. [2002-035-034]. Report on file with the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport.

Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putnam 1984 The Physiography of Southern Ontario, Third Edition. Ontario Geological Survey Special Volume 2, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto.

Cumming, R. (ed.) 1971 Illustrated Historical Atlas of Halton County. Reprint of 1877 Edition. Toronto: Walker & Miles.

Department of Defense 1917 Topographic Map Markham Sheet 30M14, Department of Defense. Accessed from: http://maps.library.utoronto.ca/cgi-bin/files.pl?idnum=820 1922 Topographic Map Markham Sheet 30M14, Department of Defense. Accessed from: http://maps.library.utoronto.ca/cgi-bin/files.pl?idnum=820 1930 Topographic Map Markham Sheet 30M14, Department of Defense. Accessed from: http://maps.library.utoronto.ca/cgi-bin/files.pl?idnum=820

Google Earth 2015 Orthographic Imagery

Government of Ontario 1990 The Environmental Assessment Act RSO 1990. Queen’s Printer, Toronto. 1990 The Heritage Act RSO 1990. Queen’s Printer, Toronto..

Hoffman, D. W. and N. R. Richards 1955 Soil Survey of York County. Report No.19 of the Ontario Soil Survey. Guelph: Experimental Farms Service, Dominion Department of Agriculture and the Ontario Agricultural College.

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Miles & Co. 1878 Illustrated Atlas of the County of York and the township of West Gwillimbury & town of Bradford in the county of Simcoe, Ont. Toronto. Accessed from: http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/countyatlas/searchmapframes.php

Mika, N.H. (ed.) 1972 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of York and the Township of West Gwillimbury & Town of Bradford in the County of Simcoe, Ontario. Offset Edition, originally published by Miles & Co. (1878). Belleville: Mika Silk Screening Limited.

Ministry of Tourism and Culture 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consulting Archaeologists. Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Queen’s Printer, Toronto. 2015 Ontario Archaeological Sites Database. Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport.

Mulvany, C.P., G.M. Adam and C.B. Robinson 1885 History of Toronto and the County of York, Ontario, Volume 1. Toronto: C. Blackett Robinson.

Smith, W.H. 1846 Smith’s Canadian Gazetteer: Comprising Statistical and General Information Respecting all Parts of the Upper Province, or Canada West. Toronto: H. & W. Rowsell.

Stamp, Robert M. 1991 Early Days in Richmond Hill: A History of the Community to 1930. Richmond Hill: Richmond Hill Public Library Board.

Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) 2010 Revised: AA (Stage 3) in the Town of Richmond Hill, York Region East Lake Wilcox Old Bayview Avenue Reconstructions: The Lost Brant Site (AlGu-110) Lot 6, Con II East, Historic Whitchurch Township, York County [P303-109-2010]. Report on file with the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport. 2013 Archaeological Excavation (Stage 4) in the Town of Richmond Hill, York Region: East Lake Wilcox Old Bayview Ave Reconstruction: The Lost Brant Site (AlGu-110), Lot 6, Con II East, Historic Whitchurch Township, York County [P303-121-2010]. Report on file with the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport.

Tremaine, George C. 1860 Map of the County of York,, Canada West. Toronto. Accessed from: http://maps.library.utoronto.ca/hgis/countymaps/york/

University of Toronto 1954 Aerial Photographs, Tile 438.792. Accessed from http://maps.library.utoronto.ca/data/on/AP_1954/index.html

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Whitchurch History Book Committee (WHBC) 1993 Whitchurch Township. Erin: Boston Mills Press.

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MAPS

Map 1: General Study corridor

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Map 2: Study corridor on Topographic Map

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Map 3: Development Plan – South

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Map 4: Development Plan – South Central

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Map 5: Development Plan –Central

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Map 6: Development Plan –North Central

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Map 7: Development Plan –North

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Map 8: 1860 Tremaine Map

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Map 9: 1878 Miles & Co. Map

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Map 10: 1917 Topographic Map

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Map 11: 1922 Topographic Map

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Map 12: 1930 Topographic Map

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Map 13: 1954 Aerial Photograph

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Map 14: Recommendations Map - South

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Map 15: Recommendations Map – South Central

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Map 16: Recommendations Map - Central

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Map 17: Recommendations Map – North Central

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Map 18: Recommendations Map - North

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Map 19: Location and Direction of Photographs - South

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Map 20: Location and Direction of Photographs – South Central

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Map 21: Location and Direction of Photographs - Central

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Map 22: Location and Direction of Photographs – North Central

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Map 23: Location and Direction of Photographs - North

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IMAGES

Image 1: Study corridor facing south Image 2: Study corridor facing north

Image 3: Study corridor facing south Image 4: Study corridor facing north

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Image 5: Study corridor facing north Image 6: Study corridor facing south

Image 7: Study corridor facing south Image 8: Study corridor facing north

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Image 9: Study corridor facing south Image 10: Study corridor facing southwest

Image 11: Study corridor facing south Image 12: Study corridor facing north

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Image 13: Study corridor facing north Image 14: Study corridor facing south

Image 15: Study corridor facing southwest Image 16: Study corridor facing north

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Image 17: Study corridor facing south Image 18: Study corridor facing south

Image 19: Study corridor facing northeast Image 20: Study corridor facing north

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Image 21: Study corridor facing south Image 22: Study corridor facing north

Image 23: Study corridor facing west Image 24: Study corridor facing south

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Image 25: Study corridor facing north Image 26: Study corridor facing north

Image 27: Study corridor facing south Image 28: Study corridor facing south

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Image 29: Study corridor facing north Image 30: Study corridor facing south

Image 31: Study corridor facing north Image 32: Study corridor facing south

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Image 33: Study corridor facing north Image 34: Study corridor facing south

Image 35: Study corridor facing west Image 36: Study corridor facing southeast

Image 37: Study corridor facing northeast

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APPENDIX I: Document Inventory

Assessment Field Documents Total Nature Location Stage 1 A.A. of Photographs 123 Digital On server at 1480 Sandhill Bayview Ave Class Drive, Unit 3, Ancaster; EA Folder P018-0764-2015 Field Notes 1 Digital and On server and on file at 1480 hard copy Sandhill Drive, Unit 3, Ancaster; Folder P018-0764- 2015 Field Maps 5 Digital and On server and on file at 1480 hard copy Sandhill Drive, Unit 3, Ancaster; Folder P018-0764- 2015