Endangered Species Vs. Endangered Habitats

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Endangered Species Vs. Endangered Habitats Endangered Species vs. Table 1.-- Endangered Habitats: A Concepti 2 R. Roy JOhnson , Lois T. Haight; and James M. Simpson3 Num! Date ext: l600s Abstract. - Although the great diversity within 1700s riparian ecosystems was recognized earlier, their extreme l800s productivity was not discovered until this decade. The 1900­ highest densities of nesting birds for North America have 1974 been reported from Southwest cottonwood riparian forests. 1 Complete loss of riverine habitat in the Southwest lowlands Direct could result in extirpation of 47 percent of the 166 2 species of birds which nest in this region. Indirect INTRODUCTION DISCUSSION Attemp Since 1600 more than 120 bird and mammal Extirpation The co species have become extinct while more than species bei 300 are now threatened (Fisher et al. 1969). The extirpation of wild animal species caused the In addition, dOI~ns of fish~s, am~hib1ans and has been a cause for concern for decades. to begin wo reptiles have become extinct or are endangered People only mildly interested in conservation wildlife in to say nothing of invertebrate species. Habi­ can bring to mind the examples of the Passenger of the "Red! tat disruption and destruction have been a Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius - extinct 19l4), use the wore major cause of extinction. Only 24 percent of the Carolina Parakeet (Conuropsis carolinensis­ an unoffici. the birds and 25 percent of the mammals became extinct 19l4), the Dodo (Raphus cucullatus­ Service 197: extinct through natural causes. Of the 76 extinct 1681) and the Great Auk (Pinguinus gered speciE percent of the birds and 75 percent of the impennis - extinct 1844). Dates for extinction according te mammals which died from human related causes, are from Pettingill (1970) and Van Tyne and tion Act of well over half have been through indirect Berger (1971). An entire book has been written U.S. Federal means, such as introduction of exotic speices about the Passenger Pigeon (Schoerger 1955) and life ServiCE and habitat disruption (Fisher et al. 1969 and people are still trying to find out whether great depth IUCN Red Data Books issued periodically). or not the Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus grams. The principalis) is now extinct. Several recent and Wildlife In an attempt to reduce the numbers of books have been written appealing to citizens Colllllli t tee 00 species which will soon become extinct, se­ of the world to help save these rapidly National Aud veral steps have been taken. A major step diminishing species (Greenway 1958, Fisher et Fund} publis involves the formation of recovery teams, al. 1969, Prince Phillip and Fisher 1970, gered wildli comprised of authorities on a given species, Simon and Geroudet 1970, Tylinek and Ullrich governmental such as the Bald Eagle. The activities of 1972, and Ziswiler 1967). Information from and Wildlife these teams have apparently been beneficial the International Union for Conservation of garding enda in slowing down rates of loss in wildlife Nature and Natural Resources (I.U.C.N.) Red Fish Departm species. However, the efforts of recovery Data Books (issued periodically) presents a U.S. Forest teams cannot possibly prevent continued dismal picture (Table l). Service 1974 extirpation if we continue to disrupt habitat focusing on , through activities such as overgrazing, urban­ Wildlife (Ne, ization, "modern, clean" agricultural prac­ 1 Paper presented at the Symposium on 1972) or eve] tices, dam construction and channelization. Importance, Preservation and Management of the as the Pereg] Continued research is needed to provide answers Riparian Habitat, Tucson, Arizona, July 9, 1977. (Hickey 1969: to questions posed by management regarding 2 National Park Service, Grand Canyon jDendrocopos means through which critical wildlife habitat National Park Periodically, may be preserved. 3 Associate, Museum of Northern Arizona, species such Flagstaff Fish and Wile i Arize 1977 • Endan~ Arizona; 3 p. 68 1.--A history of species' extirpation. teams to address the problem of impending ex­ (adapted from I.U.C.N. Red Data tinction have been set up by the U.S. Fish and Books) Wildlife Service for many species of endan­ gered wildlife. For example, several avian species are now being raised by methods of Number of direct intervention such as egg manipulation (Zimmerman 1976). In addition, several 1 2 Date extinctions Direct Indirect agencies are now involved in establishing endangered plant lists. 1600s 21 86% 14% 1700s 36 84% 16% In addition to teams concerned with the 1800s 84 24% 76% protection of terrestrial wildlife, such as 1900­ the Peregrine Falcon and Southern Bald 1974 85 28% 72% Eagle, other recovery teams have been organ­ ized to focus on one or moSe fish species. 1 Direct = Hunting for food or commercial Recently, however (Johnson-) the U.S. Fish causes. and Wildlife Service has designated teams 2 Indirect - Habitat disruption, introduction which focus on river systems instead of of exotics, etc. individual species, e.g. the Colorado River Fishes Recovery Team. This approach has been advocated for years by many of us who Attempts to Prevent Extinctions have seen the wholesale extermination of species in certain areas as a result of The concern over the increasing numbers of habitat destruction. Nowhere is this chain species being exterminated in the United States of destruction more certain than in riverine es caused the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ecosystems. This has long been recognized to begin work on classification of "threatened" by ichthyologists such as Deacon and Minck1ey tion wildlife in the early 1960's. The 1st edition (1974), Holden and Stalnaker (1975), Minck1ey senger of the "Redbook" was issued in July 1966. We and Deacon (1968) and Sigler and Miller (1963). 1914), use the words "threatened" and "endangered" in ensis­ an unofficial sense (see U.S. Fish and Wildlife us- Service 1973 for official definition). Endan­ Glen Canyon Dam: An Example s gered species are assigned in the United States nction according to the Endangered Species Conserva­ The construction of Glen Canyon Dam on nd tion Act of 1969 and listed periodically in the the Colorado River above Grand Canyon is an Litten U.S. Federal Register by the U.S. Fish and Wild­ outstanding example of habitat modification. 5) and life Service. It is not our intent to go into The effect on the aquatic ecosystem has been .er great depth regarding endangered speices pro­ devastating. The original heavy silt burden philus grams. The forementioned I.U.C.N., U.S. Fish which rendered the Colorado River "too thick ent and Wildlife Service and others (e.g. American to drink and too thin to plow" is dropped in .zens Committee on International Wildlife Protection, Lake Powell before the water enters Grand National Audubon Society and World Wildlife Canyon. The river waters are now clear. The r et Fund) publish periodic information on endan­ reddish color for which the Colorado was named gered wildlife (e.g. Arbib 1976). Other can be seen only after flooding from tributaries ich governmental agencies besides the U.S. Fish which enter below the dam. This has created rom and Wildlife Service publish information re­ an entirely new riverine ecosystem (Carothers of garding endangered w!ld1ife (Arizona Game and et a1. in press, Dolan et a1. 1974 and in .ed Fish Department 1977-, Behnke and Zarn 1976, press, Johnson and Martin 1976,and Laursen a U.S. Forest Service 1975, U.S. National Park and Si1verston 1976). The management impli­ Service 1974). Symposia are held periodically cations are staggering. On one hand, a new focusing on general problems of endangered riparian ecosystem has developed, protected wildlife (New Mexico Game and Fish Department from the scouring and siltation of pre-dam on 1972) or even devoted to a single species such floods. On the other hand this white water f the as the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) river has been converted from a stream which , 1977. (Hickey 1969) or the Red-cockaded Woodpecker was warm in the summer and cold in the winter .yon 1Dendrocopos borealis) (Thompson 1971). to a relatively constant 9-10°C (48-50°F) Periodically, reports are issued on endangered along most of its length. The only insect izona, species such as the Southern Bald Eagle (U.S. family recorded using these cold waters are Fish and Wildlife Service 1976). Recovery Chironomid midges (Stevens 1976) while the i Arizona Game and Fish Department. ~ Johnson, J. Paper presented at New 1977. Endangered and threatened species in l1exico-Arizona section meeting, the Wildlife Arizona; 3 p. memo Society, Farmington, N.M., Feb 5, 1977. 69 small crustacean, Gammarus lucustris, abounds. vention of the use of streams for waste disposal The cold, clear water is conducive to the is gradually becoming an accepted philosophy. rapid growth of exotic species such as rain­ Conversely, industrial, domestic and irrigation bow trout, which commonly reach lengths of demands for water for a growing population con­ more than 2 feet and weigh over 5 pounds tinue to escalate. (personal observation). While exotic fish flourish, our native species are declining. In the 277 miles of the Colorado River in Major Causes of Habitat Loss Grand Canyon National Park several species listed in Fishes of Arizona (W. Minckley The impact of dams on aquatic ecosystems 1973 and pers. comm.) occur either in low has long been understood by biologists even if numbers, or cannot be found at all, e.g. the ignored by dam builders and water users. The Humpback Chub (Gila ~), Bonytail Chub (Q. area above the dam is converted into a lake, elegans), Colorado Squawfish (Ptychocheilus rapidly filling with sediment. The area below lucius) and Razorback Sucker (Xyrauchen the dam too commonly becomes a dry stream bed, texanus) (Johnson 1977, C. Minckley and Blinn as is the situation with most of the Salt and 1976, Miller 19752, and Suttkus et al.
Recommended publications
  • Fitness Costs and Benefits of Egg Ejection by Gray Catbirds
    FITNESS COSTS AND BENEFITS OF EGG EJECTION BY GRAY CATBIRDS BY JANICE C. LORENZANA Ajhesis presented to the University of Manitoba in fulfillment of the thesis requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Zoology Winnipeg, Manitoba Janice C. Lorenzana (C) April 1999 National Library Bibfiot hèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395,rue Wellington Ottawa ON K 1A ON4 Onawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada Your ble Vorre derence Our fi& Narre fetefmce The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microforni. vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fi-orn it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenvise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Canada THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STZTDIES ***** COPYRIGEIT PERMISSION PAGE Fitness Costs and Benefits of Egg Ejection by Gray Catbirds BY Janice C. Lorenzana A Thesis/Practicurn submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial Mfiilment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Permission has been granted to the Library of The University of Manitoba to lend QB sell copies of this thesis/practicum, to the National Library of Canada to microfilm this thesis and to lend or seli copies of the film, and to Dissertations Abstracts International to publish an abstract of this thesis/practicum.
    [Show full text]
  • Terrestrial Ecology Enhancement
    PROTECTING NESTING BIRDS BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR VEGETATION AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS Version 3.0 May 2017 1 CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION 3 2.0 BIRDS IN PORTLAND 4 3.0 NESTING BEHAVIOR OF PORTLAND BIRDS 4 3.1 Timing 4 3.2 Nesting Habitats 5 4.0 GENERAL GUIDELINES 9 4.1 What if Work Must Occur During Avoidance Periods? 10 4.2 Who Conducts a Nesting Bird Survey? 10 5.0 SPECIFIC GUIDELINES 10 5.1 Stream Enhancement Construction Projects 10 5.2 Invasive Species Management 10 - Blackberry - Clematis - Garlic Mustard - Hawthorne - Holly and Laurel - Ivy: Ground Ivy - Ivy: Tree Ivy - Knapweed, Tansy and Thistle - Knotweed - Purple Loosestrife - Reed Canarygrass - Yellow Flag Iris 5.3 Other Vegetation Management 14 - Live Tree Removal (Native and Non-Native) - Snag Removal - Shrub Removal (Native and Non-Native) - Grassland Mowing and Ground Cover Removal (Native and Non-Native) - Controlled Burn 5.4 Other Management Activities 16 - Removing Structures - Manipulating Water Levels 6.0 SENSITIVE AREAS 17 7.0 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS 17 7.1 Species 17 7.2 Other Things to Keep in Mind 19 Best Management Practices: Avoiding Impacts on Nesting Birds Version 3.0 –May 2017 2 8.0 WHAT IF YOU FIND AN ACTIVE NEST ON A PROJECT SITE 19 DURING PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION? 9.0 WHAT IF YOU FIND A BABY BIRD OUT OF ITS NEST? 19 10.0 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AVOIDING 20 IMPACTS ON NESTING BIRDS DURING CONSTRUCTION AND REVEGETATION PROJECTS APPENDICES A—Average Arrival Dates for Birds in the Portland Metro Area 21 B—Nesting Birds by Habitat in Portland 22 C—Bird Nesting Season and Work Windows 25 D—Nest Buffer Best Management Practices: 26 Protocol for Bird Nest Surveys, Buffers and Monitoring E—Vegetation and Other Management Recommendations 38 F—Special Status Bird Species Most Closely Associated with Special 45 Status Habitats G— If You Find a Baby Bird Out of its Nest on a Project Site 48 H—Additional Things You Can Do To Help Native Birds 49 FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Roundtail Chub (Gila Robusta Robusta): a Technical Conservation Assessment
    Roundtail Chub (Gila robusta robusta): A Technical Conservation Assessment Prepared for the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project May 3, 2005 David E. Rees, Jonathan A. Ptacek, and William J. Miller Miller Ecological Consultants, Inc. 1113 Stoney Hill Drive, Suite A Fort Collins, Colorado 80525-1275 Peer Review Administered by American Fisheries Society Rees, D.E., J.A. Ptacek, and W.J. Miller. (2005, May 3). Roundtail Chub (Gila robusta robusta): a technical conservation assessment. [Online]. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region. Available: http:// www.fs.fed.us/r2/projects/scp/assessments/roundtailchub.pdf [date of access]. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank those people who promoted, assisted, and supported this species assessment for the Region 2 USDA Forest Service. Ryan Carr and Kellie Richardson conducted preliminary literature reviews and were valuable in the determination of important or usable literature. Laura Hillger provided assistance with report preparation and dissemination. Numerous individuals from Region 2 national forests were willing to discuss the status and management of this species. Thanks go to Greg Eaglin (Medicine Bow National Forest), Dave Gerhardt (San Juan National Forest), Kathy Foster (Routt National Forest), Clay Spease and Chris James (Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre, and Gunnison National Forest), Christine Hirsch (White River National Forest), as well as Gary Patton and Joy Bartlett from the Regional Office. Dan Brauh, Lory Martin, Tom Nesler, Kevin Rogers, and Allen Zincush, all of the Colorado Division of Wildlife, provided information on species distribution, management, and current regulations. AUTHORS’ BIOGRAPHIES David E. Rees studied fishery biology, aquatic ecology, and ecotoxicology at Colorado State University where he received his B.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildlife of the North Hills: Birds, Animals, Butterflies
    Wildlife of the North Hills: Birds, Animals, Butterflies Oakland, California 2005 About this Booklet The idea for this booklet grew out of a suggestion from Anne Seasons, President of the North Hills Phoenix Association, that I compile pictures of local birds in a form that could be made available to residents of the north hills. I expanded on that idea to include other local wildlife. For purposes of this booklet, the “North Hills” is defined as that area on the Berkeley/Oakland border bounded by Claremont Avenue on the north, Tunnel Road on the south, Grizzly Peak Blvd. on the east, and Domingo Avenue on the west. The species shown here are observed, heard or tracked with some regularity in this area. The lists are not a complete record of species found: more than 50 additional bird species have been observed here, smaller rodents were included without visual verification, and the compiler lacks the training to identify reptiles, bats or additional butterflies. We would like to include additional species: advice from local experts is welcome and will speed the process. A few of the species listed fall into the category of pests; but most - whether resident or visitor - are desirable additions to the neighborhood. We hope you will enjoy using this booklet to identify the wildlife you see around you. Kay Loughman November 2005 2 Contents Birds Turkey Vulture Bewick’s Wren Red-tailed Hawk Wrentit American Kestrel Ruby-crowned Kinglet California Quail American Robin Mourning Dove Hermit thrush Rock Pigeon Northern Mockingbird Band-tailed
    [Show full text]
  • September Gsat 03
    to use properties of the relict landscape The non-equilibrium landscape of the to characterize paleorelief. While elevation changes in the Sierra Nevada bear directly on several litho- southern Sierra Nevada, California spheric-scale geodynamic processes proposed for the western Cordillera, the Marin K. Clark, Gweltaz Maheo, Jason Saleeby, and Kenneth A. Farley, California elevation history of the range remains Institute of Technology, MS 100-23, Pasadena, California 91125, USA, mclark@gps. hotly debated. Several studies argue caltech.edu for an increase in range elevation in late Cenozoic time. Sedimentary evi- ABSTRACT Gubbels et al., 1993; Sugai and Ohmori, dence suggests that an increase of up The paleoelevation of the Sierra 1999; Clark et al., 2005) as in “type” to 2 km since 10 Ma has occurred due Nevada, California, is important to steady-state orogens such as Taiwan. to block faulting and westward tilting our understanding of the Cenozoic These low-relief landscapes are inter- of the range (Le Conte, 1880; Huber, geodynamic evolution of the North preted as paleolandscapes (or relict 1981; Unruh, 1991; Wakabayashi and America–Pacific plate boundary, landscapes) that preserve information Sawyer, 2001). Similarly, Stock et al. and the current debate is fueled by about erosional processes, erosion rate, (2004, 2005) document accelerated river data that argue for conflicting eleva- and relief related to past tectonic and incision between 2.7 and 1.4 Ma in the tion histories. The non-equilibrium climatic conditions. Kings River canyon, which they relate or transient landscape of the Sierra Landscape response to external forc- to a tectonically driven increase in mean Nevada contains information about ing is largely controlled by the behavior elevation.
    [Show full text]
  • Spring in South Texas
    SPRING IN SOUTH TEXAS MARCH 31–APRIL 9, 2019 Green Jay, Quinta Mazatlan, McAllen, Texas, April 5, 2019, Barry Zimmer LEADERS: BARRY ZIMMER & JACOB DRUCKER LIST COMPILED BY: BARRY ZIMMER VICTOR EMANUEL NATURE TOURS, INC. 2525 WALLINGWOOD DRIVE, SUITE 1003 AUSTIN, TEXAS 78746 WWW.VENTBIRD.COM SPRING IN SOUTH TEXAS MARCH 31–APRIL 9, 2019 By Barry Zimmer Once again, our Spring in South Texas tour had it all—virtually every South Texas specialty, wintering Whooping Cranes, plentiful migrants (both passerine and non- passerine), and rarities on several fronts. Our tour began with a brief outing to Tule Lake in north Corpus Christi prior to our first dinner. Almost immediately, we were met with a dozen or so Scissor-tailed Flycatchers lining a fence en route—what a welcoming party! Roseate Spoonbill, Crested Caracara, a very cooperative Long-billed Thrasher, and a group of close Cave Swallows rounded out the highlights. Strong north winds and unsettled weather throughout that day led us to believe that we might be in for big things ahead. The following day was indeed eventful. Although we had no big fallout in terms of numbers of individuals, the variety was excellent. Scouring migrant traps, bays, estuaries, coastal dunes, and other habitats, we tallied an astounding 133 species for the day. A dozen species of warblers included a stunningly yellow male Prothonotary, a very rare Prairie that foraged literally at our feet, two Yellow-throateds at arm’s-length, four Hooded Warblers, and 15 Northern Parulas among others. Tired of fighting headwinds, these birds barely acknowledged our presence, allowing unsurpassed studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Petition to List the Relict Leopard Frog (Rana Onca) As an Endangered Species Under the Endangered Species Act
    BEFORE THE SECRETARY OF INTERIOR PETITION TO LIST THE RELICT LEOPARD FROG (RANA ONCA) AS AN ENDANGERED SPECIES UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY SOUTHERN UTAH WILDERNESS ALLIANCE PETITIONERS May 8, 2002 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The relict leopard frog (Rana onca) has the dubious distinction of being one of the first North American amphibians thought to have become extinct. Although known to have inhabited at least 64 separate locations, the last historical collections of the species were in the 1950s and this frog was only recently rediscovered at 8 (of the original 64) locations in the early 1990s. This extremely endangered amphibian is now restricted to only 6 localities (a 91% reduction from the original 64 locations) in two disjunct areas within the Lake Mead National Recreation Area in Nevada. The relict leopard frog historically occurred in springs, seeps, and wetlands within the Virgin, Muddy, and Colorado River drainages, in Utah, Nevada, and Arizona. The Vegas Valley leopard frog, which once inhabited springs in the Las Vegas, Nevada area (and is probably now extinct), may eventually prove to be synonymous with R. onca. Relict leopard frogs were recently discovered in eight springs in the early 1990s near Lake Mead and along the Virgin River. The species has subsequently disappeared from two of these localities. Only about 500 to 1,000 adult frogs remain in the population and none of the extant locations are secure from anthropomorphic events, thus putting the species at an almost guaranteed risk of extinction. The relict leopard frog has likely been extirpated from Utah, Arizona, and from the Muddy River drainage in Nevada, and persists in only 9% of its known historical range.
    [Show full text]
  • October–December 2014 Vermilion Flycatcher Tucson Audubon 3 the Sky Island Habitat
    THE QUARTERLY NEWS MAGAZINE OF TUCSON AUDUBON SOCIETY | TUCSONAUDUBON.ORG VermFLYCATCHERilion October–December 2014 | Volume 59, Number 4 Adaptation Stormy Weather ● Urban Oases ● Cactus Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl What’s in a Name: Crissal Thrasher ● What Do Owls Need for Habitat ● Tucson Meet Your Birds Features THE QUARTERLY NEWS MAGAZINE OF TUCSON AUDUBON SOCIETY | TUCSONAUDUBON.ORG 12 What’s in a Name: Crissal Thrasher 13 What Do Owls Need for Habitat? VermFLYCATCHERilion 14 Stormy Weather October–December 2014 | Volume 59, Number 4 16 Urban Oases: Battleground for the Tucson Audubon Society is dedicated to improving the Birds quality of the environment by providing environmental 18 The Cactus Ferruginous Pygmy- leadership, information, and programs for education, conservation, and recreation. Tucson Audubon is Owl—A Prime Candidate for Climate a non-profit volunteer organization of people with a Adaptation common interest in birding and natural history. Tucson 19 Tucson Meet Your Birds Audubon maintains offices, a library, nature centers, and nature shops, the proceeds of which benefit all of its programs. Departments Tucson Audubon Society 4 Events and Classes 300 E. University Blvd. #120, Tucson, AZ 85705 629-0510 (voice) or 623-3476 (fax) 5 Events Calendar Adaptation All phone numbers are area code 520 unless otherwise stated. 6 Living with Nature Lecture Series Stormy Weather ● Urban Oases ● Cactus Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl tucsonaudubon.org What’s in a Name: Crissal Thrasher ● What Do Owls Need for Habitat ● Tucson Meet Your Birds 7 News Roundup Board Officers & Directors President—Cynthia Pruett Secretary—Ruth Russell 20 Conservation and Education News FRONT COVER: Western Screech-Owl by Vice President—Bob Hernbrode Treasurer—Richard Carlson 24 Birding Travel from Our Business Partners Guy Schmickle.
    [Show full text]
  • ECOLOGY of NORTH AMERICAN FRESHWATER FISHES
    ECOLOGY of NORTH AMERICAN FRESHWATER FISHES Tables STEPHEN T. ROSS University of California Press Berkeley Los Angeles London © 2013 by The Regents of the University of California ISBN 978-0-520-24945-5 uucp-ross-book-color.indbcp-ross-book-color.indb 1 44/5/13/5/13 88:34:34 AAMM uucp-ross-book-color.indbcp-ross-book-color.indb 2 44/5/13/5/13 88:34:34 AAMM TABLE 1.1 Families Composing 95% of North American Freshwater Fish Species Ranked by the Number of Native Species Number Cumulative Family of species percent Cyprinidae 297 28 Percidae 186 45 Catostomidae 71 51 Poeciliidae 69 58 Ictaluridae 46 62 Goodeidae 45 66 Atherinopsidae 39 70 Salmonidae 38 74 Cyprinodontidae 35 77 Fundulidae 34 80 Centrarchidae 31 83 Cottidae 30 86 Petromyzontidae 21 88 Cichlidae 16 89 Clupeidae 10 90 Eleotridae 10 91 Acipenseridae 8 92 Osmeridae 6 92 Elassomatidae 6 93 Gobiidae 6 93 Amblyopsidae 6 94 Pimelodidae 6 94 Gasterosteidae 5 95 source: Compiled primarily from Mayden (1992), Nelson et al. (2004), and Miller and Norris (2005). uucp-ross-book-color.indbcp-ross-book-color.indb 3 44/5/13/5/13 88:34:34 AAMM TABLE 3.1 Biogeographic Relationships of Species from a Sample of Fishes from the Ouachita River, Arkansas, at the Confl uence with the Little Missouri River (Ross, pers. observ.) Origin/ Pre- Pleistocene Taxa distribution Source Highland Stoneroller, Campostoma spadiceum 2 Mayden 1987a; Blum et al. 2008; Cashner et al. 2010 Blacktail Shiner, Cyprinella venusta 3 Mayden 1987a Steelcolor Shiner, Cyprinella whipplei 1 Mayden 1987a Redfi n Shiner, Lythrurus umbratilis 4 Mayden 1987a Bigeye Shiner, Notropis boops 1 Wiley and Mayden 1985; Mayden 1987a Bullhead Minnow, Pimephales vigilax 4 Mayden 1987a Mountain Madtom, Noturus eleutherus 2a Mayden 1985, 1987a Creole Darter, Etheostoma collettei 2a Mayden 1985 Orangebelly Darter, Etheostoma radiosum 2a Page 1983; Mayden 1985, 1987a Speckled Darter, Etheostoma stigmaeum 3 Page 1983; Simon 1997 Redspot Darter, Etheostoma artesiae 3 Mayden 1985; Piller et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Update on the Birds of Isla Guadalupe, Baja California
    UPDATE ON THE BIRDS OF ISLA GUADALUPE, BAJA CALIFORNIA LORENZO QUINTANA-BARRIOS and GORGONIO RUIZ-CAMPOS, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Apartado Postal 1653, Ense- nada, Baja California, 22800, México (U. S. mailing address: PMB 064, P. O. Box 189003, Coronado, California 92178-9003; [email protected] PHILIP UNITT, San Diego Natural History Museum, P. O. Box 121390, San Diego, California 92112-1390; [email protected] RICHARD A. ERICKSON, LSA Associates, 20 Executive Park, Suite 200, Irvine, California 92614; [email protected] ABSTRACT: We report 56 bird specimens of 31 species taken on Isla Guadalupe, Baja California, between 1986 and 2004 and housed at the Colección Ornitológica del Laboratorio de Vertebrados de la Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, along with other sight and specimen records. The speci- mens include the first published Guadalupe records for 10 species: the Ring-necked Duck (Aythya collaris), Long-billed Curlew (Numenius americanus), Bonaparte’s Gull (Larus philadelphia), Ash-throated Flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens), Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus), Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia), Magnolia Warbler (Dendroica magnolia), Yellow-headed Blackbird (Xan- thocephalus xanthocephalus), and Orchard Oriole (Icterus spurius). A specimen of the eastern subspecies of Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater ater) and a sight record of the Gray-cheeked Thrush (Catharus minimus) are the first reported from the Baja California Peninsula (and islands). A photographed Franklin’s Gull (Larus pipixcan) is also an island first. Currently 136 native species and three species intro- duced in North America have been recorded from the island and nearby waters.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Experimental Noise Exposure on Songbird Nesting Behaviors and Nest Success
    EFFECTS OF EXPERIMENTAL NOISE EXPOSURE ON SONGBIRD NESTING BEHAVIORS AND NEST SUCCESS A Thesis presented to the Faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Masters of Science in Biological Sciences by Tracy Irene Mulholland August 2016 © 2016 Tracy Irene Mulholland ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP TITLE: Effects of Experimental Noise Exposure on Songbird Nesting Behaviors and Nest Success AUTHOR: Tracy Irene Mulholland DATE SUBMITTED: August 2016 COMMITTEE CHAIR: Clinton D. Francis, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Biological Sciences COMMITTEE MEMBER: Emily Taylor, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Biological Sciences COMMITTEE MEMBER: Sean Lema, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Biological Sciences iii ABSTRACT Effects of Experimental Noise Exposure on Songbird Nesting Behaviors and Nest Success Tracy Irene Mulholland Anthropogenic noise is an increasingly prevalent global disturbance. Animals that rely on the acoustical environment, such as songbirds, are especially vulnerable to these sounds. Traffic noise, in particular, overlaps with the frequency range of songbirds, creating masking effects. We investigated the effects of chronic traffic noise on provisioning behaviors and breeding success of nesting western bluebirds (Sialia mexicana) and ash-throated flycatchers (Myiarchus cinerascens). Because anthropogenic noise exposure has the potential to interrupt parent-offspring communication and alter vigilance behaviors, we predicted that traffic noise would lead to changes in provisioning behaviors, such as fewer visits to the nest box, for each species. We also predicted the noise to negatively influence one or more metrics reflective of reproductive success, such as nest success, clutch size, number of nestlings or number of fledglings.
    [Show full text]
  • Landbird Monitoring in the Sonoran Desert Network 2012 Annual Report
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Landbird Monitoring in the Sonoran Desert Network 2012 Annual Report Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/SODN/NRTR—2013/744 ON THE COVER Hooded Oriole (Icterus cucullatus). Photo by Moez Ali. Landbird Monitoring in the Sonoran Desert Network 2012 Annual Report Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/SODN/NRTR—2013/744 Authors Moez Ali Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 230 Cherry Street, Suite 150 Fort Collins, Colorado 80521 Kristen Beaupré National Park Service Sonoran Desert Network 7660 E. Broadway Blvd, Suite 303 Tucson, Arizona 85710 Patricia Valentine-Darby University of West Florida Department of Biology 11000 University Parkway Pensacola, Florida 32514 Chris White Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 230 Cherry Street, Suite 150 Fort Collins, Colorado 80521 Project Contact Robert E. Bennetts National Park Service Southern Plains Network Capulin Volcano National Monument PO Box 40 Des Moines, New Mexico 88418 May 2013 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colora- do, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource manage- ment, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Technical Report Series is used to disseminate results of scientific studies in the physical, biological, and social sciences for both the advancement of science and the achievement of the National Park Service mission.
    [Show full text]