202 the contemporary pacific • 31:1 (2019) otr, Overseas Territories Review. Blog. and Internet news. Tahiti. http://www http://overseasreview.blogspot.com .tahiti-infos.com Pareti, Samisoni. 2017. French in the tntv, Tahiti Nui Télévision (The country House: Pacific Islands Go French. Islands government’s television network). Business, Aug. http://tntv.pf

Polynésie Première (French Polynesia pro- tpm, Tahiti-Pacifique Magazine. gram of Outre-mer Première, the French ­Fortnightly. Tahiti. http://www.tahiti government television network for over- -pacifique.com seas departments and collectivities) http:// United Nations. . Question of French http://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/polynesie 2017 Polynesia. Resolution adopted by the Gen- Regnault, Jean-Marc. 2017. Formes eral Assembly on 7 December. UN General et méforme de la présence française en Assembly, 72nd session. a/res/72/101. Océanie. In L’Océanie Convoitée: Actes http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc des colloques, edited by Sémir Al Wardi, .asp?symbol=A/72/PV.66 [accessed 26 Aug Jean-Marc Regnault, and Jean-François 2018] Sabouret, 151–159. Papeete: ‘Api Tahiti; Paris: cnrs Éditions. unesco, United Nations Educational, ­Scientific and Cultural Organization. Rival, Yann. 2017. Investissements étrang- 2018. World Heritage List. http://whc ers en Océanie et développement durable: .unesco.org/en/list/ [accessed 26 Aug Projet de ferme aquacole de Hao et projet 2018] du Mahana Beach. In In L’Océanie Con- voitée: Actes des colloques, edited by Sémir Walker, Taaria. 1999. Rurutu: Mémoires Al Wardi, Jean-Marc Regnault, and Jean- d’avenir d’une île Australe. Papeete: François Sabouret, 337–343. Papeete: Haere Po No Tahiti. ‘Api Tahiti; Paris: cnrs Éditions. rnz, Radio New Zealand. Daily radio and Internet news. Wellington. Māori Issues http://www.radionz.co.nz The general election delivered Saura, Bruno. 2009. Tahiti Mā’ohi: Cul- 2017 ture, identité, religion et nationalisme en twenty-nine members of Parliament Polynésie française. Pirae: Au Vent des Iles. of Māori descent, twenty of whom are in government, with eight of Tahoeraa Huiraatira. 2018a. Abu Dhabi: those becoming ministers. Māori Le mandataire financier du groupe Al also featured in sporting successes, Manhal monte au créneau. Press release. Printed copy in author’s files. especially women’s rugby and men’s softball. At the same time, racism ———. 2018b. Programme Tahiti Nui against Māori became more blatant as 2035 – Des milliers d’emplois. Election decisions to allow Māori to have their program booklet. Printed copy in author’s own representation in local govern- files. ment were all successfully overturned. Tavini Huiraatira. 2018. Servir l’Avenir: Māori continue to be dispropor- Notre programme, avec vous, pour vous! tionately impacted by the effects of Election program booklet. Printed copy in poverty in stark contrast to the Pākehā author’s files. (European) population, which enjoys ti, Tahiti Infos. Weekday daily newspaper relative affluence. That drew criticism political reviews • polynesia 203 yet again from two United Nations long-serving members of Parliament. treaty bodies as Māori continue to be His father, Sir Eruera, his sister, Whetū denied our rights under both Te Tiriti (Tirikātene-Sullivan), and his nephew, o Waitangi and the United Nations Te Rino, have all served as members of Declaration on the Rights of Indig- Parliament for the Southern Māori or enous Peoples. Since coming to power Te Tai Tonga electorate (Waatea News in late 2017, the new government has 2018b). appeared to be more caring than the Artist, teacher, master carver, and last, but little has changed for the large heritage advocate Dr Cliff Whiting number of Māori struggling to survive of Te Whānau a Apanui passed away in increasingly harsh socioeconomic in July 2017. He worked on a num- conditions while still trying to protect ber of modern-day meetinghouses our natural resources from overexploi- including the spectacular Te Hono ki tation. Before reviewing these issues, Hawaiki on Rongomaraeroa Marae we will pause to remember a number at the Museum of New Zealand Te of leaders we lost during this period, Papa Tongarewa, Te Kupenga o Te all of whom spent their lives fighting Mātauranga at Palmerston North to achieve justice for Māori. Teachers’ College, Maru Kaitatea on Ngāi Tahu of Te Waipounamu (the Takahanga Marae in Kaikoura, and South Island) lost some well-loved and Tahu Pōtiki on Te Rau Aroha Marae widely respected elders and leaders. in Bluff. He also undertook large-scale Trevor Howse passed away in May murals for a number of government 2017. He helped organize and drive buildings including the New Zealand Ngāi Tahu’s treaty claim behind the MetService, the National Library of scenes, collating a vast amount of the New Zealand, and the Christchurch information that was presented to the High Court (Hunt 2017). Waitangi Tribunal. He was also part of Strong, outspoken, yet gentle Māori the Ngāi Tahu team that spearheaded rights advocate Nuki Aldridge of the negotiation process and resulted in Ngāpuhi passed away in November one of the biggest treaty claims settle- 2017. His expertise and knowledge of ments to date (Te Rūnanga o Ngāi northern history was legend, particu- Tahu 2014). So too was Kuao Langs- larly that relating to the formation of bury, who passed away in October. the collective of leaders, Te Whaka- He first took a leadership role in Ngāi minenga o Ngā Hapū o Nu Tireni, Tahu in 1961 when he was elected the who were responsible for the country’s chair of Ōtākou Rūnanga at the age first constitutional document, the of twenty-five (Waatea News 2017a). 1835 He Whakaputanga o te Rangati- Then in January 2018 it was the gentle ratanga o Nu Tireni, or the declara- elder, leader, and Māori language, tion of hapū (grouping of extended culture, and history teacher Kukupa families) sovereignty often referred Tirikātene. He provided advice and to in English as the Declaration of support for Ngāi Tahu’s leadership Independence. Nuki was a key witness and contributed to the recovery of in the hearings of the Waitangi Tribu- their dialect of the Māori language. nal on the mid-northern claims. The Tirikātene came from a family of tribunal went on to issue in 2014 its 204 the contemporary pacific • 31:1 (2019) groundbreaking findings that Ngāpuhi that it could hear claims dating back did not cede sovereignty to the British to 1840. He was a strong supporter when they signed Te Tiriti o Waitangi of the Waikato-Tainui Kīngitanga and in 1840. New Zealand’s constitutional was influential in the 1995 settlement arrangements and parliamentary of Waikato’s Tiriti o Waitangi claims institutions have all been built on the (E-tangata 2018). false assumption that Māori had ceded We bade each of these leaders and sovereignty. many others farewell over the past Ngāpuhi also lost another dedi- year as they commenced their journey cated Māori rights advocate, the to join their ancestors. highly respected broadcaster, Māori The results of the 2017 General language expert, and Vietnam War Election included the usual mixture of veteran Kingi Taurua. He passed away wins and losses for Māori. The Māori in May 2018. Taurua was steeped in Party had the biggest loss; none of its the history, traditions, and values of members returned to Parliament. They his ancestors and used his radio pro- had made too many concessions in grams to bring them to the fore. His order to sit on the government benches broadcasts of the discussions he held with their National Party coalition with other holders of such knowledge partner, denying the very Māori treaty from around the country are greatly and human rights they had been treasured. He was well known for elected to defend. In the lead-up to the challenging those he considered as elections, the Māori Party’s minister not upholding the honor and integ- of Māori Development had become rity of their ancestors, and he had increasingly embattled with his own little regard for those who bullied the constituents. people. His patience and calm consis- The election results indicated that tency often averted crises at Waitangi, no fewer than 29 members of Parlia- especially during Waitangi Day com- ment of Māori descent are now in memorations. the House, spread across five parties: Keita Walker of Ngāti Porou of the National, Labour, the Greens, New East Coast also passed away in May. Zealand First, and act New Zealand. She was a champion of Māori lan- These members owe allegiance to their guage and culture. After a long career parties first, not to Māori. There are in education, she joined the Waitangi only 7 members (in a 120-seat Parlia- Tribunal in 1993. She also sat on ment) who are specifically mandated many tribal and land boards on the to represent Māori. However, even east coast, including chairing Radio they must put their party’s wishes Ngati Porou (Waatea News 2018a). ahead of the needs of their constitu- Dr Koro Wetere of Ngāti Mania­ ents. All 7 Māori seats went to Labour poto passed away in June. He was and resulted in 8 Māori becoming the Labour member of Parliament for ministers. Voter turnout of 67 percent Western Māori from 1969 until 1996 in the Māori seats continued to be and the minister of Māori Affairs from much lower than the overall turnout 1984 until 1990. He extended the of 80 percent (Electoral Commission mandate of the Waitangi Tribunal so 2018). political reviews • polynesia 205

The new prime minister, Jacinda improvement for Māori in all areas Ardern, presented a softer, more car- will not be straightforward. Some ing, and better-informed approach Pākehā who have derived great than that of previous governments privilege and prosperity off the back when she visited Waitangi for the of Māori poverty and deprivation annual Waitangi Day commemora- are adamant that the status quo must tions in February. She acknowledged be retained. They continue to fight the 1835 basis for New Zealand’s to stop Māori recovering our rights constitution, He Whakaputanga o and the resources they stole from us. te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tireni, the None has been as blatantly racist as Declaration of Māori Sovereignty. the group calling themselves Hobson’s Te Tiriti o Waitangi, the 1840 treaty Pledge, led by a past leader of the between Māori and the British Crown, National Party. In 2017 and 2018, is derived from the declaration. All they successfully campaigned and previous governments, in keeping overturned the decisions of five city with their colonizing agenda, have and district councils to have Māori eschewed the declaration because represented on their councils. They it threatens the legitimacy of their exploited discriminatory legislation constitutional arrangements. The that allows council decisions relating prime minister made commitments to Māori membership of councils (but to lift Māori out of poverty, create not other types of membership) to be more jobs, reduce the high incarcera- overturned by a referendum. To do so, tion and youth suicide rates of Māori, Hobson’s Pledge used their extensive and ensure that Māori have adequate resources to organize large turnouts housing (tvnz 2018). Her comments of their membership to vote against followed on from Governor-General Māori becoming decision makers in Patsy Reddy’s comments at the open- local government (Hobson’s Pledge ing of Parliament at the end of 2017 2017). when she pointed out, “No one should The Human Rights Commission have to beg for their next meal. No received a number of complaints about child should be experiencing poverty. the leaflets distributed by the group That kind of inequality is degrading but was unable to take any action to to us all” (New Zealand Government prevent the behavior. The commission 2017). What Reddy did not mention had earlier run a campaign against was that it is Māori who dispropor- racism that was fronted by 2017 New tionately bear the burden of poverty Zealander of the Year and award-win- in New Zealand and that the gap ning filmmaker, actor, and comedian between Māori poverty and New Zea- Taika Waititi (Mutu 2018a, 176). He land European affluence is now a gulf. has been talking for many years now At the last count in 2015, the median about how racist New Zealand is. In wealth of New Zealand Europeans April, Waititi was reported in an Eng- was nz$114,000, five times more than lish magazine as saying that New Zea- that of Māori at nz$23,000 (Stats NZ land is “racist as fuck” (Cafolla 2018). 2016). It went unreported by New Zealand Achieving desperately needed media for four days until Waititi 206 the contemporary pacific • 31:1 (2019) himself goaded them into reacting by iwi and Tāmaki Makaurau iwi after noting their silence in a Twitter post. lands of the latter two were included Predictably, racist elements in Pākehā in the settlement of the Hauraki iwi. media attacked him mercilessly, prov- Large numbers joined protest marches ing Waititi’s point. But his message during 2017 and 2018 in an attempt drew support from the race relations to persuade the government to adhere commissioner and the prime minister to tikanga (Māori law), but they were (Cafolla 2018), as well as from a num- largely ignored. ber of other commentators. The new minister of Treaty of Any hope that New Zealand might Waitangi negotiations indicated that be moving away from its White he was prepared to discuss the prob- supremacist foundations have been lems associated with the treaty claims quickly squashed by the government’s settlement policy with the National deeply racist and divisive treaty claims Iwi Chairs Forum. However, no dis- settlement process (Mutu 2018a, cussions have eventuated. For nearly 178–180), which has continued to pit twenty-five years now, the policy Māori against Māori over the past has been controlled by government year. Divisions within Ngāpuhi, the servants who have ensured adher- country’s largest iwi (nation) over ence to its original intent—an intent the mandate have continued and that was determined unilaterally by are reported on frequently by the the government in the early 1990s media (Mutu 2018a, 178–179). Like but is not widely known or under- Ngāpuhi, Whakatāohea of Te Moana stood (McDowell forthcoming; Mutu a Toi (the eastern Bay of Plenty) and 2018b). Recent research has focused Ngāti Wai of Northland went to the on government documentation that Waitangi Tribunal over their disputes spells out the aim of successive govern- arising from the government’s man- ments’ treaty claims settlement policy: dating process. The tribunal found it is not to “settle” claims but rather that for Whakatōhea there had been to remove Māori legal rights. That “a failure to fulfill the Crown’s duty includes the legal rights won in the to act reasonably, honourably, and in Court of Appeal in the 1980s to have good faith” and recommended that governments relinquish lands that they there be a temporary halt to nego- stole and return control and owner- tiations until the issues identified ship of those lands to the Māori from in relation to the mandate could be whom they stole them. The policy addressed (Waitangi Tribunal 2018). also aims to remove our human rights For Ngāti Wai, they found that the as spelled out in Te Tiriti o Waitangi body the Crown had recognized (the and in the United Nations Declaration Ngātiwai Trust Board, which had been on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, established to administer trust funds), particularly our right to self-deter- was “not fit for purpose” to negotiate mination (McDowell forthcoming; treaty settlements (Waitangi Tribunal Mutu 2018b). Its overarching aim 2017). Meanwhile, tensions have been is to uphold the Doctrine of Discov- high between a collective of Hauraki ery in New Zealand, a doctrine that iwi and neighboring Tauranga Moana falsely asserts that Whites are inher- political reviews • polynesia 207 ently superior and therefore can take tion was that the government “issue, over the lands, lives, and resources of without delay, a timetable for debat- Indigenous peoples as and when they ing, in partnership with Maori, . . . choose (Miller and others 2010; Mutu the proposals contained in the report 2018b). Government servants are of Matike Mai Aotearoa” for con- striving to meet these goals by a dead- stitutional transformation (United line of 2020. During the period under Nations Committee on the Elimina- review the government legislated the tion of Racial Discrimination. 2017; extinguishment of the claims of five see also Jackson and Mutu 2016). claimant groupings: Ngāti Pūkenga Predictably, nothing happened. Then of Tauranga, Rangitāne of Wairarapa in March 2018, the UN Committee on and Tāmaki Nui-a-Rua, Ngāti Kahu Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ki Whangaroa of the Far North, Ngāti held an interactive dialogue with the Kahungunu ki Heretaunga Tamatea New Zealand government as part of southern Hawke’s Bay, and Ngāi of New Zealand’s periodic report- Tai ki Tāmaki of Auckland (Office of ing. During the dialogue, committee Treaty Settlements 2018). members noted repeatedly that they The Doctrine of Discovery persists were mystified that a developed and in the former British colonies of New comparatively wealthy nation such as Zealand, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand has such appalling levels the United States of America to this of socioeconomic deprivation, and day (Miller and others 2010). It has especially among Māori. The com- resulted in numerous atrocities being mittee’s report was released in May perpetrated against Māori in the same (United Nations Economic and Social or very similar ways that the other Council 2018) and strengthened the three states have abused and mis- recommendation of the Committee on treated the Indigenous peoples in the the Elimination of Racial Discrimina- territories that they took over. Since tion on constitutional transformation the 1970s, New Zealand’s persistence by recommending that the government with this White supremacist approach “take immediate steps, in partnership has led Māori to call on the United with Māori representative institu- Nations for support and assistance. tions, to implement . . . the proposals The United Nations has repeat- put forward in the 2016 Matike Mai edly criticized New Zealand for its Aotearoa report” (Jackson and Mutu treatment of Māori (Daes 1988; 2016). They also recommended that Stavenhagen 2006; Anaya 2011). the government During the period under review, two United Nations treaty bodies issued • develop a national strategy to bring further criticisms and strongly worded legislation and public policy in line with the provisions of the United recommendations for how to rem- Nations Declaration on the Rights of edy the New Zealand government’s Indigenous Peoples; unacceptable treatment of Māori. • put in place effective mechanisms to In August 2017, one of the recom- ensure meaningful participation of mendations of the UN Committee on Māori in all decision-making pro- the Elimination of Racial Discrimina- cesses affecting their rights; 208 the contemporary pacific • 31:1 (2019)

• take effective measures to ensure ment selling licenses to developers to com­pliance with the requirement of take water that does not belong to obtaining the free, prior, and informed them from the aquifer that supplies consent of Indigenous peoples, nota- the springs for commercial bottling. bly in the context of extractive and The hapū (grouping of extended fami- development activities. lies) of Porotī have been reduced to There were also strong recommenda- protesting in the streets, most recently tions regarding family violence and in September 2017, in order to stop child abuse, and adequate resourc- their water being stolen and their ing to address problems such as springs being damaged (Radio New unemployment, poverty, housing and Zealand 2017). homelessness, health, and education as Water-bottling consents are now a they impact Māori. A number of the pressing issue not only at Porotī but recommendations reflected submis- also in Whakatāne, with Ngāti Awa sions made to the committee by the appealing against resource consents National Iwi Chairs Forum’s Inde- that would allow a company to take pendent Monitoring Mechanism. The water for bottling (More 2018). The mechanism has been working through Waikato Regional Council put on this and other United Nations treaty hold an application to take water for bodies and the Expert Mechanism on bottling from the Blue Springs near the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Putaruru after an objection from the an attempt to shift the New Zealand Raukawa Settlement Trust (Waatea government toward compliance with News 2017b). Ngāti Tama at the its international obligations regarding top of the South Island are continu- Māori. ing to pursue a water conservation Despite the worsening socio­ order for their Waiporopupū springs economic situation of most Māori, after ­successfully appealing a consent we have continued to fight against to take water for bottling in 2017 excessive and unsustainable exploi- ­(Hindmarsh 2018). Underlying the tation of our natural resources. objections of Māori owners is the Fresh water continues to pose major ­government’s ongoing refusal to problems. Māori own the water but address the fact that Māori own the governments, including local govern- water, despite promises made to the ments, have usurped and then denied Supreme Court in 2013 that it would Māori ownership in order to retain do so. the benefits for themselves. As a result, In other areas of resource man- many rivers are now polluted and agement, consents for sand mining aquifers are coming under threat from in south Taranaki are awaiting the freshwater bottling companies who decision of the High Court on appeals pay nothing for the water they take from Ngāti Ruanui, Ngā Rauru, and and then sell overseas. In some rare various other groups (Stowell 2018). cases, such as the Porotī springs in The members of a marae (communal Northland, Māori have been legally meeting complex) in Northland are recognized as the owners of water. But fighting to stop the largest poultry that has not stopped the local govern- factory farm in the country being political reviews • polynesia 209 built next to their cemetery (Earley Cafolla, Anna. 2018. Taika Waititi’s and Lambly 2018). Hapū members ­Comments on Racism in New Zealand from Ihumātao near Auckland airport Got People Talking. Dazed, 10 April. drew support from the United Nations http://www.dazeddigital.com/life-culture/ Committee on the Elimination of article/39632/1/taika-waititis-comments -on-racism-in-new-zealand-got-people- Racial Discrimination in their fight to talking [accessed 10 Aug 2018] stop a housing development on their sacred stone fields (United Nations Daes, Erica-Irene A. 1988. Confidential Committee on the Elimination of Report by Professor Erica-Irene A. Daes, Chairman-Rapporteur of the United Racial Discrimination 2017). And Nations Working Group on Indigenous Ngāti Kahungunu of Hawke’s Bay Populations, on Visit to New Zealand, led a protest against a consent issued 2–7 January 1988. Athens: E A Daes. without their knowledge for a walking track that has scarred the face of their Earley, Melanie, and Annette ­Lambly. sacred Te Mata o Rongokako range 2018. Northland Marae Takes on Tegel’s Chicken Farm Proposal. Stuff, 7 June. (Treacher ). 2018 https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/ On a brighter note, we were proud 104516436/northland-marae-takes-on to celebrate the performance of our -tegels-chicken-farm-proposal [accessed Black Ferns Women’s Rugby team 12 Aug 2018] as they won not only the Women’s Electoral Commission. 2018. Report of the Rugby World Cup in Ireland in August Electoral Commission on the 2017 General 2017 but also the Rugby World Cup Election. 10 April. https://www.elections Sevens–Women’s Tournament held in .org.nz/sites/default/files/plain-page/ San Francisco in July 2018 (Rugby attachments/report_of_the_2017_general World Cup Women’s 2017; Rugby _election.pdf [accessed 10 Aug 2018] World Cup Sevens ). Almost all 2018 E-tangata. 2018. Koro Wetere: A Para- of the team are either Māori or Pacific mount Influencer. 22 July. https://e-tangata Islanders. Likewise, our national .co.nz/history/koro-wetere-a-paramount softball team, the Black Sox, won their -influencer/ [accessed 10 Aug 2018] seventh world title in the Men’s World Hindmarsh, Nina. 2018. Protecting Te Softball Championship in Canada Waikoropupū Springs’ Purity Holds Deep in July 2017. They are one of New Spiritual Significance to Iwi. Stuff, ­Zealand’s most successful sporting 27 March. https://www.stuff.co.nz/ teams (Smith 2017). environment/102590168/protecting-te margaret mutu -waikoropup-springs-purity-holds-deep -spiritual-significance-to-iwi [accessed 12 Aug 2018] References Hobson’s Pledge. 2017. Petitions to Demand Vote on Separate Maori Wards. Anaya, James. 2011. The Situation of https://www.hobsonspledge.nz/signatures Māori People in New Zealand. 31 May. _needed_for_petitions_on_local_body Geneva: United Nations Human Rights _maori_wards [accessed July ] Council. Available at http://unsr 30 2018 .jamesanaya.org/country-reports/the Hunt, Tom. 2017. 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