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Advanced Power Electronic Interfaces for Distributed Energy Systems

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Advanced Power Electronic Interfaces for Distributed Energy Systems A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future Advanced Power Electronic Technical Report NREL/TP-581-42672 Interfaces for Distributed March 2008 Energy Systems Part 1: Systems and Topologies W. Kramer, S. Chakraborty, B. Kroposki, and H. Thomas NREL is operated by Midwest Research Institute ● Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 Advanced Power Electronic Technical Report NREL/TP-581-42672 Interfaces for Distributed March 2008 Energy Systems Part 1: Systems and Topologies W. Kramer, S. Chakraborty, B. Kroposki, and H. Thomas Prepared under Task No. WW2C.1000 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) managed by Midwest Research Institute for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract Number DE-AC36-99GO10337. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the California Energy Commission and pursuant to an M&O Contract with the United States Department of Energy (DOE). Neither Midwest Research Institute, nor the DOE, nor the California Energy Commission, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by Midwest Research Institute, or the DOE, or the California Energy Commission. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of Midwest Research Institute, the DOE, or the California Energy Commission, or any of their employees, or the United States Government, or any agency thereof, or the State of California. This report has not been approved or disapproved by Midwest Research Institute, the DOE, or the California Energy Commission, nor has Midwest Research Institute, the DOE, or the California Energy Commission passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of the information in this report. NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: mailto:[email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste List of Acronyms AC Alternating current ACE Area control error ACRDI Active clamp resonant DC-link inverter A/D Analog to digital AIPM Advanced integrated power module APEI Advanced power electronics interface BESS Battery energy storage system CAES Compressed air energy storage CAN Controller area network CCHP Combined cooling, heating, and power CHP Combined heat and power CPU Central processing unit CVT Continuously variable transmission DBC Direct-bonded copper DC Direct current DE Distributed energy DER Distributed energy resource DFIG Doubly-fed induction generator DG Distributed generation DSP Digital signal processing EMI Electro-magnetic interference EPS Electric power system ERCOT Electric Reliability Council of Texas FESS Flywheel energy storage system FOC Field oriented controlled FPGA Field-programmable gate array GTO Gate turn-off thyristors HC Harmonic compensator HFAC High-frequency AC HFLC High-frequency link converter IC Internal combustion IEEE Institute of electrical and electronics engineers IGBT Insulated-gate bipolar transistor IM Induction machine IPEM Integrated power electronics module ISO Independent system operator MCFC Molten carbonate fuel cell MCT MOS-controlled thyristors MPP Maximum power point MPPT Maximum power point tracking NEC National electrical code NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory PAFC Phosphoric acid fuel cell PCB Printed circuit board iii PCC Point of common coupling PDM Pulse density modulation PE Power electronics PEBB Power electronics building block PEM Proton exchange membrane PEMFC Proton exchange membrane fuel cell PHEV Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle PI Proportional-integral PIER Public interest energy research PLL Phase-locked-loop PM Permanent magnet PR Proportional resonant PV Photovoltaic PWM Pulse-width modulation RPLI Resonant-phase leg inverter RPM Revolutions per minute RPS Renewable portfolio standards SCR Silicon controller rectifier SKAI Semikron advanced integration SMES Superconducting magnetic energy storage SOC State-of-charge SOFC Solid oxide fuel cell SPWM Sine pulse-width modulation UC Ultra-capacitors UL Underwriters laboratories V2G Vehicle-to-grid VAR Volt-amperes reactive VFD Variable frequency drive VRB Vanadium redox battery VSI Voltage source inverter ZVS Zero voltage switching iv Executive Summary Several distributed energy (DE) systems are expected to have a significant impact on the California energy market in the near future. These DE systems include, but are not limited to: photovoltaics (PV), wind, microturbine, fuel cells, and internal combustion engines (IC engines). In addition, several energy storage systems such as batteries and flywheels are under consideration for DE to harness excess electricity produced by the most efficient generators during low loading. This harvested energy can be released onto the grid, when needed, to eliminate the need for high-cost generators. Inclusion of storage in the distributed generation system actually provides the user dispatchability of its distributed resources which generally are renewable energy sources, like PV and solar, having no dispatchability by their own. In the future, using hybrid electric vehicles along with the utility grid in the form of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and vehicle-to-grid systems (V2G) will be a very promising option to be included in the DE classification. All of these DE technologies require specific power electronics capabilities to convert the generated power into useful power that can be directly interconnected with the utility grid and/or that can be used for consumer applications. Because of the similar functions of these power electronics capabilities, the development of an advanced power electronic interface (APEI) that is scalable to meet different power requirements, with modular design, lower cost, and improved reliability, will improve the overall cost and durability of distributed and renewable energy systems. This report presents a summary providing a convenient resource to understand the current state-of-the art power electronic interfaces for DE applications. It also outlines the power electronic topologies that are needed for an advanced power electronic interface. This report focuses on commercially available DE systems and is organized into eight application-specific areas: • Photovoltaic Systems • Wind Systems • Microturbine Systems • Fuel Cell Systems • Internal Combustion Engine Systems • Battery Storage Systems • Flywheel Systems • Plug-In Vehicles. Different power electronics topologies are discussed for each of these DE systems and a generalized topology is selected for understanding the control design. An interesting section on plug-in hybrid vehicles is also included in the report that can help to explain the new vehicle technologies that are viable to be included in the DE framework. Figure ES-1 shows a general block diagram of general power electronics interface for use with DE systems and can be subdivided into four major modules. These include: the source input converter module, an inverter module, the output interface module, and the controller module. The blue unidirectional arrows depict the power flow path for the DE sources whereas the red arrows show the bidirectional power flows for the DE storages. The input converter module can be either used with alternating current (AC)
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