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Po W Er Distribution S Ystems Power Distribution Systems 1.0-1 April 2016 Sheet 01 001 Contents i Power Distribution Systems Suggested Ground System Design Fault Settings. 1.4-6 ii Basic Principles. 1.1-1 Grounding/Ground Fault Protection Modern Electric Power Grounding—Equipment, Technologies . 1.1-1 System, MV System, 1 Goals of System Design . 1.1-2 LV System . 1.4-9 Voltage Classifications; BILs— Ground Fault Protection. 1.4-11 Basic Impulse Levels . 1.1-3 Lightning and Surge 2 Three-Phase Transformer Protection . 1.4-14 Winding Connections . 1.1-5 Grounding Electrodes . 1.4-14 3 Types of Systems—Radial, MV Equipment Surge Loop, Selective, Two-Source, Protection Considerations . 1.4-14 Sparing Transformer, Spot Surge Protection . 1.4-14 4 Network, Distribution . 1.1-6 Types of Surge Health Care Facility Protection Devices . 1.4-15 Design Considerations . 1.1-15 Power Quality 5 Generator Systems . 1.1-18 Terms, Technical Overview . 1.4-18 Generator System Design SPD . 1.4-19 Types of Generators. 1.2-1 Harmonics and 6 Generator Systems . 1.2-2 Nonlinear Loads . 1.4-21 Generator Grounding. 1.2-3 UPS . 1.4-25 Generator Controls. 1.2-4 Other Application Considerations 7 Generator Short-Circuit Secondary Voltage . 1.4-31 Characteristics . 1.2-4 Energy Conservation . 1.4-32 Systems 8 Generator Protection . 1.2-5 Building Control Systems . 1.4-33 System Analysis Distributed Energy Systems Analysis . 1.3-1 Resources . 1.4-33 9 Short-Circuit Currents . 1.3-2 Cogeneration . 1.4-33 Fault Current Waveform PV System Design Relationships . 1.3-3 Considerations . 1.4-34 10 Fault Current Calculations Emergency Power. 1.4-35 and Methods Index . 1.3-4 Peak Shaving. 1.4-36 11 Determine X and R from Sound Levels. 1.4-36 Transformer Loss Data . 1.3-19 Reference Data Voltage Drop IEEE Protective Relay Considerations . 1.3-20 12 Numbers . 1.5-1 System Application Considerations Codes and Standards . 1.5-6 Capacitors and Motor Protective 13 Power Factor . 1.4-1 Device Data. 1.5-7 Overcurrent Protection Chart of Short-Circuit and Coordination . 1.4-3 Currents for Transformers . 1.5-9 14 Protection of Conductors. 1.4-5 Transformer Full Load Circuit Breaker Cable Amperes . 1.5-10 15 Temperature Ratings . 1.4-5 Impedances Data . 1.5-11 Zone Selective Interlocking . 1.4-5 Transformer Losses . 1.5-12 Ground Fault Protection . 1.4-6 Power Equipment Losses . 1.5-13 16 NEMA Enclosure Definitions. 1.5-13 Cable R, X, Z Data. 1.5-15 Conductor Ampacities . 1.5-17 17 Conductor Temperature Ratings . 1.5-17 18 Formulas and Terms. 1.5-20 Seismic Requirements . 1.5-21 19 Power Distribution Power 20 Designing a Distribution System 21 CA08104001E For more information, visit: www.eaton.com/consultants 1.0-2 Power Distribution Systems April 2016 Sheet 01 002 This page intentionally left blank. i ii 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 For more information, visit: www.eaton.com/consultants CA08104001E Power Distribution Systems 1.1-1 April 2016 System Design Sheet 01 003 Basic Principles The basic principles or factors requiring Modern Electric Power consideration during design of the i The best distribution system is one power distribution system include: Technologies that will, cost-effectively and safely, ■ Functions of structure, present Several new factors to consider in supply adequate electric service to ii and future modern power distribution systems both present and future probable result from two relatively recent loads—this section is included to aid ■ Life and flexibility of structure changes. The first recent change is in selecting, designing and installing ■ Locations of service entrance and 1 utility deregulation. The traditional such a system. distribution equipment, locations dependence on the utility for problem and characteristics of loads, analysis, energy conservation mea- The function of the electric power locations of unit substations 2 distribution system in a building or surements and techniques, and a ■ Demand and diversity factors an installation site is to receive power simplified cost structure for electricity of loads at one or more supply points and has changed. The second change is less 3 to deliver it to the individual lamps, ■ Sources of power; including obvious to the designer yet will have motors and all other electrically normal, standby and emergency an impact on the types of equipment operated devices. The importance (see Ta b 4 0 ) and systems being designed. It is the 4 of the distribution system to the ■ Continuity and quality of diminishing quantity of qualified build- function of a building makes it almost power available and required ing electrical operators, maintenance imperative that the best system be (see Ta b 3 3 ) departments and facility engineers. 5 designed and installed. ■ Energy efficiency and management Modern electric power technologies In order to design the best distribution ■ Distribution and utilization voltages may be of use to the designer and 6 system, the system design engineer ■ Bus and/or cable feeders building owner in addressing these must have information concerning the ■ Distribution equipment and new challenges. The advent of micro- loads and a knowledge of the various motor control processor devices (smart devices) into power distribution equipment has 7 types of distribution systems that are ■ Power and lighting panelboards expanded facility owners’ options and applicable. The various categories of and motor control centers buildings have many specific design capabilities, allowing for automated ■ 8 challenges, but certain basic principles Types of lighting systems communication of vital power system are common to all. Such principles, ■ Installation methods information (both energy data and if followed, will provide a soundly ■ Power monitoring systems system operation information) and 9 executed design. ■ Electric utility requirements electrical equipment control. These technologies may be grouped as: 10 ■ Power monitoring and control ■ Building management systems interfaces 11 ■ Lighting control ■ Automated energy management 12 ■ Predictive diagnostics Various sections of this guide cover the application and selection of such 13 systems and components that may be incorporated into the power equipment being designed. See Tabs 2, 3, 4, 23 14 and 41. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 CA08104001E For more information, visit: www.eaton.com/consultants 1.1-2 Power Distribution Systems System Design April 2016 Sheet 01 004 Goals of System Design 2. Minimum Initial Investment: 4. Maximum Flexibility and i The owner’s overall budget for Expendability: In many industrial When considering the design of an first cost purchase and installation manufacturing plants, electrical electrical distribution system for of the electrical distribution sys- utilization loads are periodically ii a given customer and facility, the tem and electrical utilization relocated or changed requiring electrical engineer must consider equipment will be a key factor changes in the electrical distribu- alternate design approaches that in determining which of various tion system. Consideration of 1 best fit the following overall goals. alternate system designs are to be the layout and design of the selected. When trying to minimize electrical distribution system to 1. Safety: The No. 1 goal is to design initial investment for electrical accommodate these changes must 2 a power system that will not equipment, consideration should be considered. For example, pro- present any electrical hazard to be given to the cost of installation, viding many smaller transformers the people who use the facility, floor space requirements and or loadcenters associated with a 3 and/or the utilization equipment possible extra cooling require- given area or specific groups of fed from the electrical system. ments as well as the initial machinery may lend more flexibility It is also important to design a purchase price. for future changes than one large 4 system that is inherently safe for transformer; the use of plug-in the people who are responsible for 3. Maximum Service Continuity: busways to feed selected equip- electrical equipment maintenance The degree of service continuity ment in lieu of conduit and wire 5 and upkeep. and reliability needed will vary may facilitate future revised depending on the type and use equipment layouts. The National Electrical Code® of the facility as well as the loads 6 (NEC®), NFPA® 70 and NFPA 70E, or processes being supplied by the In addition, consideration must be as well as local electrical codes, electrical distribution system. For given to future building expansion, provide minimum standards and example, for a smaller commercial and/or increased load require- 7 requirements in the area of wiring office building, a power outage ments due to added utilization design and protection, wiring of considerable time, say several equipment when designing the methods and materials, as well hours, may be acceptable, whereas electrical distribution system. 8 as equipment for general use with in a larger commercial building or In many cases considering trans- the overall goal of providing safe industrial plant only a few minutes formers with increased capacity electrical distribution systems may be acceptable. In other facilities or fan cooling to serve unexpected 9 and equipment. such as hospitals, many critical loads as well as including spare The NEC also covers minimum loads permit a maximum of additional protective devices and/ requirements for special 10 seconds outage and certain or provision for future addition of 10 occupancies including hazardous loads, such as real-time computers, these devices may be desirable. locations and special use type cannot tolerate a loss of power for Also to be considered is increasing facilities such as health care even a few cycles. appropriate circuit capacities or 11 quantities for future growth. facilities, places of assembly, Typically, service continuity and theaters and the like, and the reliability can be increased by: Power monitoring communication 12 equipment and systems located in systems connected to electronic these facilities.
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